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The pulse object is a meta class mainly used to hold the time information of a charge pulse arriving at the collection

implant, if such information is available in the simulation. A pulse object always has a fixed time binning chosen during the

creation of the object. It inherits from [std::vector<double>](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector).

creation of the object. It inherits from [`std::vector<double>`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector).

Main parameters:

Digitization module which translates the collected charges into a digitized signal, emulating a charge sensitive amplifier with Krummenacher feedback.

For this purpose, a transfer function for a CSA with Krummenacher feedback is taken from \[[@kleczek]\]:

```math

H(s) = \frac{R_f}{(1 + \tau_f s) \cdot (1 + \tau_r s)},

```

with fall time constant

```math

\tau_f = R_f C_f

```

and rise time constant

```math

\tau_r = \frac{C_{det} \cdot C_{out}}{g_m \cdot C_f}

```

The impulse response function of this transfer function is convoluted with the charge pulse. In the time domain, the impulse response function can be written as

```math

\mathcal{L}^{-1}(H) = R_f \left( \frac{e^{-t/\tau_f}}{\tau_f - \tau_r} - \frac{e^{-t/\tau_r}}{\tau_f - \tau_r} \right).

```

This module can be steered by either providing all contributions to the transfer function as parameters within the `csa` model, or using a simplified parametrization providing rise time and feedback time.

In the latter case, the parameters are used to derive the contributions to the transfer function (see e.g. \[[@binkley]\] for calculation of transconductance).

## Usage

Example how to use the `csa` model in this module:

```ini

[CSADigitizer]

model = "csa"

```

Example for the `simple` model:

```ini

[CSADigitizer]

model = "simple"

```

Example for the `custom` model:

```ini

[CSADigitizer]

model = "custom"

---

## Description

Simple digitization module which translates the collected charges into a digitized signal proportional to the input charge. It simulates noise contributions from the readout electronics as Gaussian noise and allows for a configurable threshold. Furthermore, the linear response of an QDC as well as a TDC with configurable resolution can be simulated.

For maximum simplicity only the absolute of the charge is used and compared to a positive threshold.

## Parameters

* `threshold` : Threshold for considering the collected charge as a hit (No default value; required parameter).

* `threshold_smearing` : Standard deviation of the Gaussian uncertainty in the threshold charge value. Defaults to 30 electrons.

* `electronics_noise` : Standard deviation of the Gaussian noise in the electronics (before amplification and application of the threshold). Defaults to 110 electrons.

## Usage

The default configuration is equal to the following:

```ini

## Usage

A simulation pipeline to build an analog detector response would include `DepositionLaser`, `TransientPropagation` and

`PulseTransfer`.

Usually it is enough to run just a single event (or a few).

---

## Description

Combines individual sets of propagated charges together to a set of charges on the sensor pixels by calculating the total induced charge during their drift on neighboring pixels by calculating the difference in weighting potential.

This module requires a propagation of both electrons and holes in order to produce sensible results and only works in the presence of a weighting potential.

The resulting induced charge is summed for all propagated charge carriers and returned as a `PixelCharge` object. The number of neighboring pixels taken into account can be configured using the `distance` parameter.

## Parameters

* `distance`: Maximum distance of pixels to be considered for current induction, calculated from the pixel the charge carrier under investigation is below. A distance of `1` for example means that the induced current for the closest pixel plus all neighbors is calculated. It should be noted that the time required for simulating a single event depends almost linearly on the number of pixels the induced charge is calculated for. Usually, for Cartesian sensors a 3x3 grid (9 pixels, distance 1) should suffice since the weighting potential at a distance of more than one pixel pitch often is small enough to be neglected while the simulation time is almost tripled for `distance = 2` (5x5 grid, 25 pixels). To just calculate the induced current in the one pixel the charge carrier is below, `distance = 0` can be used. Defaults to `1`.

## Usage

```ini

[InducedTransfer]

distance = 1