From 1e6c661511c8d4b114ca52ac53cfbb0c3330f3ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chuck Atkins <chuck.atkins@kitware.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jun 2017 16:43:17 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] Fix cmake python build (#13)

* Add initial python support to CMake build

* pybind11 2017-04-07 (1df91d36)

Code extracted from:

    https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git

at commit 1df91d36cfa997c8987889234304ea5e37cc3e68 (v2.1.1).

* Build python bindings with cmake

* Adjust for adios2py -> adios2 module name
---
 CMakeLists.txt                                |   9 +-
 bindings/CMakeLists.txt                       |   6 +
 bindings/python/{source => }/ADIOSPy.cpp      |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/ADIOSPy.h        |   0
 bindings/python/CMakeLists.txt                |  30 +
 bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.cpp     |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.h       |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.inl     |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/IOPy.cpp         |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/IOPy.h           |   0
 bindings/python/Makefile                      |  48 --
 bindings/python/README.md                     |  12 -
 bindings/python/{source => }/VariablePy.cpp   |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/VariablePy.h     |   0
 .../python/{source => }/adiosPyFunctions.cpp  |   0
 .../python/{source => }/adiosPyFunctions.h    |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/adiosPyTypes.h   |   0
 bindings/python/{source => }/gluePyBind11.cpp |   4 +-
 cmake/FindPythonModule.cmake                  | 137 ++++
 .../hello/bpTimeWriter}/helloBPTimeWriter.py  |   8 +-
 .../hello/bpWriter}/helloBPWriter.py          |   8 +-
 source/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h.in                |   3 +
 thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt                     |   4 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt            |   1 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/Readme.txt                |   4 +
 .../pybind11/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h   | 108 ---
 thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h  | 191 -----
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.appveyor.yml    |  40 ++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitignore       |  37 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitmodules      |   3 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.readthedocs.yml |   3 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.travis.yml      | 194 ++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt   | 124 ++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CONTRIBUTING.md  |  37 +
 .../pybind11/pybind11/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md       |  17 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/LICENSE    |   0
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/MANIFEST.in      |   2 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/README.md  |   0
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/Doxyfile    |  19 +
 .../pybind11/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css |  11 +
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/chrono.rst    |  81 +++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst    |  85 +++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst     | 310 +++++++++
 .../docs/advanced/cast/functional.rst         | 113 +++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/index.rst     |  42 ++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst  | 158 +++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst       | 156 +++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst   | 243 +++++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/classes.rst        | 657 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/exceptions.rst     | 142 ++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/functions.rst      | 409 +++++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst  | 244 +++++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst    |  13 +
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/numpy.rst    | 379 ++++++++++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/object.rst   |  98 +++
 .../docs/advanced/pycpp/utilities.rst         |  57 ++
 .../pybind11/docs/advanced/smart_ptrs.rst     | 177 +++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/basics.rst  | 289 ++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.py       |  90 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.rst      |  99 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/changelog.rst      | 568 +++++++++++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/classes.rst | 445 ++++++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/compiling.rst      | 185 +++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/conf.py     | 332 +++++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/faq.rst     | 253 +++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/index.rst   |  45 ++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/intro.rst   |  95 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/limitations.rst    |  20 +
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11-logo.png  | Bin 0 -> 58510 bytes
 .../docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python1.png        | Bin 0 -> 44653 bytes
 .../docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python1.svg        | 427 ++++++++++++
 .../docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python2.png        | Bin 0 -> 41121 bytes
 .../docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python2.svg        | 427 ++++++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/reference.rst      |  80 +++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/release.rst |  24 +
 .../pybind11/pybind11/docs/requirements.txt   |   1 +
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/attr.h    |  69 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/cast.h    | 279 ++------
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/chrono.h  |   0
 .../include/pybind11/class_support.h          | 159 +----
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/common.h  | 287 +++-----
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/complex.h |  13 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/descr.h   |  14 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/eigen.h   | 112 ++-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/eval.h    |  33 +-
 .../include/pybind11/functional.h             |  21 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/numpy.h   | 610 ++++++----------
 .../include/pybind11/operators.h              |  47 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/options.h |   0
 .../include/pybind11/pybind11.h               | 125 ++--
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/pytypes.h |  93 +--
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/stl.h     |  99 +--
 .../include/pybind11/stl_bind.h               |  15 +-
 .../{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/typeid.h  |   0
 .../pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/__init__.py    |  11 +
 .../pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/_version.py    |   2 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.cfg        |  10 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.py         |  84 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt    | 238 +++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/conftest.py       | 239 +++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h        | 276 ++++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/object.h   | 175 +++++
 .../pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.cpp         |  58 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h  |  12 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pytest.ini |   7 +
 .../tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp       |  62 ++
 .../tests/test_alias_initialization.py        |  80 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.cpp  | 117 ++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.py   |  62 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.cpp         | 182 +++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.py | 104 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.cpp   |  65 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.py    | 120 ++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_class_args.cpp        |  68 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_class_args.py         |   8 +
 .../installed_function/CMakeLists.txt         |  12 +
 .../installed_target/CMakeLists.txt           |  22 +
 .../pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/main.cpp  |  10 +
 .../subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt      |   8 +
 .../subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt        |  15 +
 .../pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/test.py   |   5 +
 .../tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp    | 104 +++
 .../tests/test_constants_and_functions.py     |  43 ++
 .../tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp         |  41 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.py |  15 +
 .../pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp |  62 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.py  |  42 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.cpp    | 294 ++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.py     | 626 +++++++++++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.cpp     |  68 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.py      | 117 ++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.cpp     |  79 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.py      |  19 +
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval_call.py |   4 +
 .../pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.cpp        | 173 +++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.py         |  74 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.cpp       | 123 ++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.py        |  78 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp   | 400 +++++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.py    | 251 +++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.cpp        |  40 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.py         |  97 +++
 .../tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp        |  93 +++
 .../tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.py         | 108 +++
 .../tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp     | 297 ++++++++
 .../tests/test_methods_and_attributes.py      | 325 +++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.cpp  |  58 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.py   |  62 ++
 .../tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp       | 162 +++++
 .../tests/test_multiple_inheritance.py        | 111 +++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp       | 267 +++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.py        | 379 ++++++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp      | 395 +++++++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py       | 272 ++++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp   |  58 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py    | 161 +++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.cpp      |  62 ++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.py       |  50 ++
 .../tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp       |  76 ++
 .../tests/test_operator_overloading.py        |  40 ++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.cpp |  83 +++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.py  |  35 +
 .../pybind11/tests/test_python_types.cpp      | 495 +++++++++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_python_types.py       | 535 ++++++++++++++
 .../tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp    | 354 ++++++++++
 .../tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.py     | 125 ++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp         | 274 ++++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.py | 222 ++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp       | 128 ++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.py        | 198 ++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp | 347 +++++++++
 .../pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.py  | 259 +++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindEigen3.cmake  |  81 +++
 .../pybind11/tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake    | 194 ++++++
 .../pybind11/pybind11/tools/check-style.sh    |  83 +++
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/libsize.py |  38 +
 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/mkdoc.py   | 309 ++++++++
 .../pybind11/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in    |  92 +++
 .../pybind11/tools/pybind11Tools.cmake        | 197 ++++++
 thirdparty/pybind11/update.sh                 |  20 +
 180 files changed, 19905 insertions(+), 1722 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 bindings/CMakeLists.txt
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/ADIOSPy.cpp (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/ADIOSPy.h (100%)
 create mode 100644 bindings/python/CMakeLists.txt
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.cpp (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.h (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/EnginePy.inl (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/IOPy.cpp (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/IOPy.h (100%)
 delete mode 100644 bindings/python/Makefile
 delete mode 100644 bindings/python/README.md
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/VariablePy.cpp (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/VariablePy.h (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/adiosPyFunctions.cpp (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/adiosPyFunctions.h (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/adiosPyTypes.h (100%)
 rename bindings/python/{source => }/gluePyBind11.cpp (97%)
 create mode 100644 cmake/FindPythonModule.cmake
 rename {bindings/python => examples/hello/bpTimeWriter}/helloBPTimeWriter.py (83%)
 rename {bindings/python => examples/hello/bpWriter}/helloBPWriter.py (72%)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/Readme.txt
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
 delete mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.appveyor.yml
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitmodules
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.readthedocs.yml
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.travis.yml
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CONTRIBUTING.md
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/LICENSE (100%)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/MANIFEST.in
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/README.md (100%)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/Doxyfile
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/chrono.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/functional.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/index.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/classes.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/exceptions.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/functions.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/numpy.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/object.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/utilities.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/smart_ptrs.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/basics.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/changelog.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/classes.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/compiling.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/conf.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/faq.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/index.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/intro.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/limitations.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11-logo.png
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python1.png
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python1.svg
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python2.png
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11_vs_boost_python2.svg
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/reference.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/release.rst
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/requirements.txt
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/attr.h (89%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/cast.h (85%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/chrono.h (100%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/class_support.h (77%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/common.h (74%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/complex.h (70%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/descr.h (94%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/eigen.h (87%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/eval.h (79%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/functional.h (83%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/numpy.h (67%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/operators.h (84%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/options.h (100%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/pybind11.h (94%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/pytypes.h (95%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/stl.h (71%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h (97%)
 rename thirdparty/pybind11/{ => pybind11}/include/pybind11/typeid.h (100%)
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/_version.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.cfg
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/object.h
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pytest.ini
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_function/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/main.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/test.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval_call.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindEigen3.cmake
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake
 create mode 100755 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/check-style.sh
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/libsize.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/mkdoc.py
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in
 create mode 100644 thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Tools.cmake
 create mode 100755 thirdparty/pybind11/update.sh

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 26b8c5a3f..b277e4d33 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -74,13 +74,14 @@ option(ADIOS_USE_BZip2 "Enable support for BZip2 transforms" OFF)
 option(ADIOS_USE_ZFP "Enable support for ZFP transforms" OFF)
 option(ADIOS_USE_ADIOS1 "Enable support for the ADIOS 1 engine" OFF)
 option(ADIOS_USE_HDF5 "Enable support for the HDF5 engine" OFF)
+option(ADIOS_USE_Python "Enable support for Python bindings" OFF)
 
 # DataMan is not a user-settable option.  It will always be enabled if the
 # platform supports it.
 set(ADIOS_USE_DataMan ${SHARED_LIBS_SUPPORTED})
 
 include(GenerateADIOSConfig)
-GenerateADIOSConfig(MPI ZFP BZip2 ADIOS1 HDF5 DataMan)
+GenerateADIOSConfig(MPI ZFP BZip2 ADIOS1 HDF5 DataMan Python)
 install(
   FILES ${ADIOS_BINARY_DIR}/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h
   DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/adios2
@@ -100,6 +101,11 @@ add_subdirectory(thirdparty)
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 add_subdirectory(source)
 
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+# Language bindings
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+add_subdirectory(bindings)
+
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
 # Examples
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
@@ -143,4 +149,5 @@ message("    DataMan: ${ADIOS_USE_DataMan}")
 message("      ZeroMQ:  ${ADIOS_USE_DataMan_ZeroMQ}")
 message("      ZFP:     ${ADIOS_USE_DataMan_ZFP}")
 message("    HDF5:    ${ADIOS_USE_HDF5}")
+message("    Python:  ${ADIOS_USE_Python}")
 message("")
diff --git a/bindings/CMakeLists.txt b/bindings/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2aa4e17f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+if(ADIOS_USE_Python)
+  if(NOT BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+    message(ERROR "Python bindings are only supported for shared libraries")
+  endif()
+  add_subdirectory(python)
+endif()
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/ADIOSPy.cpp b/bindings/python/ADIOSPy.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/ADIOSPy.cpp
rename to bindings/python/ADIOSPy.cpp
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/ADIOSPy.h b/bindings/python/ADIOSPy.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/ADIOSPy.h
rename to bindings/python/ADIOSPy.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/CMakeLists.txt b/bindings/python/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c0627fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+find_package(PythonInterp REQUIRED)
+find_package(PythonModule REQUIRED COMPONENTS mpi4py mpi4py/mpi4py.h)
+
+pybind11_add_module(adios2py MODULE
+  ADIOSPy.h
+  ADIOSPy.cpp
+  adiosPyFunctions.h
+  adiosPyFunctions.cpp
+  adiosPyTypes.h
+  EnginePy.h
+  EnginePy.inl
+  EnginePy.cpp
+  gluePyBind11.cpp
+  IOPy.h
+  IOPy.cpp
+  VariablePy.h
+  VariablePy.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(adios2py PUBLIC adios2 PythonModule::mpi4py)
+
+set(python_package_dir ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/python${PYTHON_VERSION_MAJOR}${PYTHON_VERSION_MINOR}/site-packages)
+set_target_properties(adios2py PROPERTIES
+  PREFIX ""
+  OUTPUT_NAME adios2
+  LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${ADIOS_BINARY_DIR}/${python_package_dir}
+  RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${ADIOS_BINARY_DIR}/${python_package_dir}
+)
+install(TARGETS adios2py
+  DESTINATION ${python_package_dir}
+)
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/EnginePy.cpp b/bindings/python/EnginePy.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/EnginePy.cpp
rename to bindings/python/EnginePy.cpp
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/EnginePy.h b/bindings/python/EnginePy.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/EnginePy.h
rename to bindings/python/EnginePy.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/EnginePy.inl b/bindings/python/EnginePy.inl
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/EnginePy.inl
rename to bindings/python/EnginePy.inl
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/IOPy.cpp b/bindings/python/IOPy.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/IOPy.cpp
rename to bindings/python/IOPy.cpp
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/IOPy.h b/bindings/python/IOPy.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/IOPy.h
rename to bindings/python/IOPy.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/Makefile b/bindings/python/Makefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 53d9d5e9b..000000000
--- a/bindings/python/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#Makefile
-# Created on: Jun 8, 2017
-#     Author: William F Godoy
-
-
-MPICC:=mpic++
-
-CPPFiles:=$(shell find ./source -type f -name "*.cpp")
-OBJS:=$(patsubst %.cpp, ./bin/%.o, $(notdir $(CPPFiles)) )
-
-# Python 2.7
-PYTHON_VERSION:= 2.7
-PYTHON_INC:= /usr/include/python$(PYTHON_VERSION)
-PYTHON_LIBLOC:= /usr/lib/python$(PYTHON_VERSION)/config-x86_64-linux-gnu/
-
-# Python 3.5 ...doesn't work ImportError: dynamic module does not define init function (initadios2py)
-#PYTHON_VERSION:= 3.5
-#PYTHON_INC:= /usr/include/python$(PYTHON_VERSION)
-#PYTHON_LIBLOC:= /usr/lib/python$(PYTHON_VERSION)/config-3.5m-x86_64-linux-gnu/
-# 
-
-# ADIOS2
-ADIOS2_INC:= /usr/local/include
-ADIOS2_LIB:= /usr/local/lib
-
-# PyBind11
-PyBind11_INC:= ../../thirdparty/pybind11/include
-
-
-CFLAGS:=-c -Wall -fPIC -O0 -g -std=c++11 -Wno-deprecated-declarations
-INC:= -I$(PYTHON_INC) -I$(ADIOS2_INC) -I$(PyBind11_INC)
-LIBS:= -L$(ADIOS2_LIB) -ladios2 -L$(PYTHON_LIBLOC) -lpython$(PYTHON_VERSION)
-
- 
-# compile mesh classes
-TARGET = adios2py
-
-all: $(TARGET).so
- 
-$(TARGET).so: $(OBJS)
-	$(MPICC) -shared -o $(TARGET).so -Wl,--export-dynamic $(OBJS) $(LIBS) 
- 
-./bin/%.o: ./source/%.cpp
-	@( mkdir -p ./bin );
-	$(MPICC) $(INC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<
-	
-clean:
-	rm ./bin/*.o *.so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bindings/python/README.md b/bindings/python/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e2e686715..000000000
--- a/bindings/python/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-Python bindings for ADIOS 2.0 using PyBind11
-
-Dependencies:
-	
-	Python 2.7.x and above (still testing 3.5)
-	Numpy and MPI4PY
-	ADIOS2 shared library (libadios2.so)  
-
-Examples;
-	
-	helloBPWriter.py  from adios2/examples/hello/bpWriter
-	helloBPTimeWriter.py from adios2/examples/hello/bpTimeWriter
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/VariablePy.cpp b/bindings/python/VariablePy.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/VariablePy.cpp
rename to bindings/python/VariablePy.cpp
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/VariablePy.h b/bindings/python/VariablePy.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/VariablePy.h
rename to bindings/python/VariablePy.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/adiosPyFunctions.cpp b/bindings/python/adiosPyFunctions.cpp
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/adiosPyFunctions.cpp
rename to bindings/python/adiosPyFunctions.cpp
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/adiosPyFunctions.h b/bindings/python/adiosPyFunctions.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/adiosPyFunctions.h
rename to bindings/python/adiosPyFunctions.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/adiosPyTypes.h b/bindings/python/adiosPyTypes.h
similarity index 100%
rename from bindings/python/source/adiosPyTypes.h
rename to bindings/python/adiosPyTypes.h
diff --git a/bindings/python/source/gluePyBind11.cpp b/bindings/python/gluePyBind11.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from bindings/python/source/gluePyBind11.cpp
rename to bindings/python/gluePyBind11.cpp
index 861557aef..14ab57d1d 100644
--- a/bindings/python/source/gluePyBind11.cpp
+++ b/bindings/python/gluePyBind11.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ adios::ADIOSPy ADIOSPyInit(adios::pyObject &object, const bool debugMode)
     return adios::ADIOSPy(*mpiCommPtr, debugMode);
 }
 
-PYBIND11_PLUGIN(adios2py)
+PYBIND11_PLUGIN(adios2)
 {
     if (import_mpi4py() < 0)
     {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PYBIND11_PLUGIN(adios2py)
             "ERROR: mpi4py not loaded correctly\n"); /* Python 2.X */
     }
 
-    pybind11::module m("adios2py", "ADIOS2 Python bindings using pybind11");
+    pybind11::module m("adios2", "ADIOS2 Python bindings using pybind11");
     m.attr("adiosDebugON") = true;
     m.attr("adiosDebugOFF") = false;
     m.attr("adiosConstantDims") = true;
diff --git a/cmake/FindPythonModule.cmake b/cmake/FindPythonModule.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..492d1d28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmake/FindPythonModule.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+# Distributed under the OSI-approved Apache License, Version 2.0.  See
+# accompanying file Copyright.txt for details.
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
+#
+# PythonModule
+# -----------
+#
+# Try to find the path to a python module
+#
+# This module defines the following variables:
+#
+#   PythonModule_${module_NAME}_FOUND - System has the module in question
+#
+# and the following imported targets:
+#   PythonModule::${module_NAME}
+#
+# This is intented to be called by specifying components for the module name
+# and any additional header files and libraries that may be needed to interface
+# with it.
+#
+# For example, say you want to search for mpi4py but you also need it's header
+# files to use for interfacing with your own python bibndings that use MPI.
+# You would call:
+#
+# find_package(PythonModule REQUIRED COMPONENTS mpi4py mpi4py/mpi4py.h)
+#
+# If found, this will generate an interface target with the appropriate usage
+# requirements.
+#
+function(__get_filename_label fname var)
+  get_filename_component(fname_dir "${fname}" DIRECTORY)
+  get_filename_component(fname_nam "${fname}" NAME_WE)
+  set(fname_label "${fname_dir}_${fname_nam}")
+  string(REGEX REPLACE "[^a-zA-Z0-9_]" "_" fname_label "${fname_label}")
+  set(${var} ${fname_label} PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+# Parse out the components
+set(module_INCLUDES)
+set(module_LIBRARIES)
+foreach(comp IN LISTS PythonModule_FIND_COMPONENTS)
+  if(comp MATCHES "^[a-zA-Z0-9_]*$")
+    set(module_NAME ${comp})
+  elseif(comp MATCHES "\\.h$")
+    list(APPEND module_INCLUDES "${comp}")
+  elseif(comp MATCHES "\\${CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}")
+    list(APPEND module_LIBRARIES "${comp}")
+  else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "${comp}: Unknown python module component")
+  endif()
+endforeach()
+if(NOT module_NAME)
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "Unspecified Python module name")
+endif()
+
+if(NOT PythonModule_${module_NAME}_FOUND)
+  set(PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH "" CACHE PATH "Python module ${module_NAME}")
+  mark_as_advanced(PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH)
+
+  # Try to handle the cross compiling case
+  if(NOT PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH)
+    if(CMAKE_CROSS_COMPILING)
+      message(ERROR "find_python_module() invoked in cross-compiling mode, please set the following cache variables appropriately:")
+      message("   PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH (advanced)")
+      message("For details see ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/TryRunResults.cmake")
+      file(APPEND "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/TryRunResults.cmake" "
+set( PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH
+  \"PLEASE_FILL_OUT\"
+  CACHE PATH \"Python module ${module_NAME}\" FORCE)
+")
+    else()
+      include(CMakeFindDependencyMacro)
+      find_dependency(PythonInterp)
+      if(PythonInterp_FOUND)
+        execute_process(
+          COMMAND
+            ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}
+              -c "import ${module_NAME}; print(${module_NAME}.__path__[0])"
+          RESULT_VARIABLE result
+          OUTPUT_VARIABLE output
+          ERROR_VARIABLE error
+        )
+        if(result EQUAL 0)
+          string(STRIP "${output}" output)
+          set(PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH "${output}"
+           CACHE PATH "Python module ${module_NAME}" FORCE)
+        endif()
+      endif()
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  set(required_vars PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH)
+  set(include_vars)
+  set(library_vars)
+  if(PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH)
+    # Locate interface includes
+    foreach(inc IN LISTS module_INCLUDES)
+      __get_filename_label("${inc}" inc_label)
+      set(inc_var PythonModule_${module_NAME}_${inc_label}_INCLUDE_DIR)
+      list(APPEND include_vars ${inc_var})
+      find_path(${inc_var} ${inc}
+        HINTS ${PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH}/include
+        NO_CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH NO_DEFAULT_PATH
+      )
+    endforeach()
+
+    # Locate interface libraries
+    foreach(lib IN LISTS module_LIBRARY)
+      __get_filename_label("${lib}" lib_label)
+      set(lib_var PythonModule_${module_NAME}_${lib_label}_LIBRARY)
+      list(APPEND library_vars ${lib_var})
+      find_file(${lib_var} ${lib}
+        HINTS ${PythonModule_${module_NAME}_PATH}
+        NO_CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH NO_DEFAULT_PATH
+      )
+    endforeach()
+    list(APPEND required_vars ${include_vars} ${library_vars})
+  endif()
+
+  include(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
+  find_package_handle_standard_args(PythonModule_${module_NAME} DEFAULT_MSG
+    ${required_vars}
+  )
+endif()
+
+if(PythonModule_${module_NAME}_FOUND AND
+  NOT TARGET ${module_NAME})
+  add_library(${module_NAME} INTERFACE)
+  add_library(PythonModule::${module_NAME} ALIAS ${module_NAME})
+  foreach(inc_var IN LISTS include_vars)
+    target_include_directories(${module_NAME} INTERFACE ${${inc_var}})
+  endforeach()
+  foreach(lib_var IN LISTS library_vars)
+    target_link_libraries(${module_NAME} INTERFACE ${${lib_var}})
+  endforeach()
+endif()
diff --git a/bindings/python/helloBPTimeWriter.py b/examples/hello/bpTimeWriter/helloBPTimeWriter.py
similarity index 83%
rename from bindings/python/helloBPTimeWriter.py
rename to examples/hello/bpTimeWriter/helloBPTimeWriter.py
index 1a02fa706..dc5c81f57 100644
--- a/bindings/python/helloBPTimeWriter.py
+++ b/examples/hello/bpTimeWriter/helloBPTimeWriter.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #      Author: wfg
 
 from mpi4py import MPI
-from adios2py import *
+import adios2 
 import numpy as np
 
 
@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ myArray = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
 nx = myArray.size
 
 # ADIOS
-adios = ADIOS(comm, adiosDebugON)
+adios = adios2.ADIOS(comm, adios2.adiosDebugON)
 
 # IO
 bpIO = adios.DeclareIO("BPN2N")
 
 # Variables
 bpArray = bpIO.DefineVariable("bpArray", [size * nx], [rank * nx], [nx],
-                              adiosConstantDims)
+                              adios2.adiosConstantDims)
 bpTimeStep = bpIO.DefineVariable("bpTimeStep")
 
 # Engine
-bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adiosOpenModeWrite)
+bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adios2.adiosOpenModeWrite)
 # Doesn't work: bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adiosOpenModeWrite,
 #                                                      MPI.COMM_WORLD)
 
diff --git a/bindings/python/helloBPWriter.py b/examples/hello/bpWriter/helloBPWriter.py
similarity index 72%
rename from bindings/python/helloBPWriter.py
rename to examples/hello/bpWriter/helloBPWriter.py
index 75eb6ce59..f8c700954 100644
--- a/bindings/python/helloBPWriter.py
+++ b/examples/hello/bpWriter/helloBPWriter.py
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@
 #      Author: wfg
 
 from mpi4py import MPI
-from adios2py import *
+import adios2
 import numpy as np
 
 # User data
 myArray = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6.])
 
 # ADIOS
-adios = ADIOS(MPI.COMM_WORLD, adiosDebugON)
+adios = adios2.ADIOS(MPI.COMM_WORLD, adios2.adiosDebugON)
 
 # IO
 bpIO = adios.DeclareIO("BPN2N")
 
 # Variable
 ioArray = bpIO.DefineVariable(
-    "bpArray", [myArray.size], [0], [myArray.size], adiosConstantDims)
+    "bpArray", [myArray.size], [0], [myArray.size], adios2.adiosConstantDims)
 
 # Engine
-bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adiosOpenModeWrite)
+bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adios2.adiosOpenModeWrite)
 # bpFileWriter = bpIO.Open("myArray.bp", adiosOpenModeWrite,
 # MPI.COMM_WORLD) //doesn't work
 bpFileWriter.Write(ioArray, myArray)
diff --git a/source/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h.in b/source/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h.in
index fdbb69b58..7f5726973 100644
--- a/source/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h.in
+++ b/source/adios2/ADIOSConfig.h.in
@@ -42,4 +42,7 @@
 /* CMake Option: ADIOS_USE_DataMan=TRUE */
 #cmakedefine ADIOS2_HAVE_DATAMAN
 
+/* CMake Option: ADIOS_USE_Python=TRUE */
+#cmakedefine ADIOS2_HAVE_Python
+
 #endif /* ADIOSCONFIG_H_ */
diff --git a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
index 006157536..3e5b0fdb9 100644
--- a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,3 +4,7 @@ add_subdirectory(NLohmannJson)
 if(BUILD_TESTING)
   add_subdirectory(GTest)
 endif()
+
+if(ADIOS_USE_Python)
+  add_subdirectory(pybind11)
+endif()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fe7b1edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+add_subdirectory(pybind11)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/Readme.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/Readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8674cd8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/Readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+This is a copy of the upstream pybind11 library located at for interfacing python and C++11
+https://github.com/pybind/pybind11. Do not make changes directly to this repo
+but instead to the upstream repository.  Update this copy of pybind11 by running
+the update.sh script.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d1167d21..000000000
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-/*
-    pybind11/buffer_info.h: Python buffer object interface
-
-    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
-
-    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
-    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-*/
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "common.h"
-
-NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
-
-/// Information record describing a Python buffer object
-struct buffer_info {
-    void *ptr = nullptr;          // Pointer to the underlying storage
-    ssize_t itemsize = 0;         // Size of individual items in bytes
-    ssize_t size = 0;             // Total number of entries
-    std::string format;           // For homogeneous buffers, this should be set to format_descriptor<T>::format()
-    ssize_t ndim = 0;             // Number of dimensions
-    std::vector<ssize_t> shape;   // Shape of the tensor (1 entry per dimension)
-    std::vector<ssize_t> strides; // Number of entries between adjacent entries (for each per dimension)
-
-    buffer_info() { }
-
-    buffer_info(void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t ndim,
-                detail::any_container<ssize_t> shape_in, detail::any_container<ssize_t> strides_in)
-    : ptr(ptr), itemsize(itemsize), size(1), format(format), ndim(ndim),
-      shape(std::move(shape_in)), strides(std::move(strides_in)) {
-        if (ndim != (ssize_t) shape.size() || ndim != (ssize_t) strides.size())
-            pybind11_fail("buffer_info: ndim doesn't match shape and/or strides length");
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) ndim; ++i)
-            size *= shape[i];
-    }
-
-    template <typename T>
-    buffer_info(T *ptr, detail::any_container<ssize_t> shape_in, detail::any_container<ssize_t> strides_in)
-    : buffer_info(private_ctr_tag(), ptr, sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), static_cast<ssize_t>(shape_in->size()), std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in)) { }
-
-    buffer_info(void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t size)
-    : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, 1, {size}, {itemsize}) { }
-
-    template <typename T>
-    buffer_info(T *ptr, ssize_t size)
-    : buffer_info(ptr, sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), size) { }
-
-    explicit buffer_info(Py_buffer *view, bool ownview = true)
-    : buffer_info(view->buf, view->itemsize, view->format, view->ndim,
-            {view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, {view->strides, view->strides + view->ndim}) {
-        this->view = view;
-        this->ownview = ownview;
-    }
-
-    buffer_info(const buffer_info &) = delete;
-    buffer_info& operator=(const buffer_info &) = delete;
-
-    buffer_info(buffer_info &&other) {
-        (*this) = std::move(other);
-    }
-
-    buffer_info& operator=(buffer_info &&rhs) {
-        ptr = rhs.ptr;
-        itemsize = rhs.itemsize;
-        size = rhs.size;
-        format = std::move(rhs.format);
-        ndim = rhs.ndim;
-        shape = std::move(rhs.shape);
-        strides = std::move(rhs.strides);
-        std::swap(view, rhs.view);
-        std::swap(ownview, rhs.ownview);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    ~buffer_info() {
-        if (view && ownview) { PyBuffer_Release(view); delete view; }
-    }
-
-private:
-    struct private_ctr_tag { };
-
-    buffer_info(private_ctr_tag, void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t ndim,
-                detail::any_container<ssize_t> &&shape_in, detail::any_container<ssize_t> &&strides_in)
-    : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, ndim, std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in)) { }
-
-    Py_buffer *view = nullptr;
-    bool ownview = false;
-};
-
-NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
-
-template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> struct compare_buffer_info {
-    static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) {
-        return b.format == format_descriptor<T>::format() && b.itemsize == (ssize_t) sizeof(T);
-    }
-};
-
-template <typename T> struct compare_buffer_info<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value>> {
-    static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) {
-        return (size_t) b.itemsize == sizeof(T) && (b.format == format_descriptor<T>::value ||
-            ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(long)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "L" : "l")) ||
-            ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(size_t)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "N" : "n")));
-    }
-};
-
-NAMESPACE_END(detail)
-NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 29d0950b2..000000000
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-/*
-    pybind11/embed.h: Support for embedding the interpreter
-
-    Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
-
-    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
-    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-*/
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pybind11.h"
-#include "eval.h"
-
-#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
-#  error Embedding the interpreter is not supported with PyPy
-#endif
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-#  define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name)            \
-      extern "C" PyObject *pybind11_init_impl_##name() { \
-          return pybind11_init_wrapper_##name();         \
-      }
-#else
-#  define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name)            \
-      extern "C" void pybind11_init_impl_##name() {      \
-          pybind11_init_wrapper_##name();                \
-      }
-#endif
-
-/** \rst
-    Add a new module to the table of builtins for the interpreter. Must be
-    defined in global scope. The first macro parameter is the name of the
-    module (without quotes). The second parameter is the variable which will
-    be used as the interface to add functions and classes to the module.
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(example, m) {
-            // ... initialize functions and classes here
-            m.def("foo", []() {
-                return "Hello, World!";
-            });
-        }
- \endrst */
-#define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(name, variable)                              \
-    static void pybind11_init_##name(pybind11::module &);                     \
-    static PyObject *pybind11_init_wrapper_##name() {                         \
-        auto m = pybind11::module(#name);                                     \
-        try {                                                                 \
-            pybind11_init_##name(m);                                          \
-            return m.ptr();                                                   \
-        } catch (pybind11::error_already_set &e) {                            \
-            e.clear();                                                        \
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                     \
-            return nullptr;                                                   \
-        } catch (const std::exception &e) {                                   \
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                     \
-            return nullptr;                                                   \
-        }                                                                     \
-    }                                                                         \
-    PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name)                                       \
-    pybind11::detail::embedded_module name(#name, pybind11_init_impl_##name); \
-    void pybind11_init_##name(pybind11::module &variable)
-
-
-NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
-NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
-
-/// Python 2.7/3.x compatible version of `PyImport_AppendInittab` and error checks.
-struct embedded_module {
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    using init_t = PyObject *(*)();
-#else
-    using init_t = void (*)();
-#endif
-    embedded_module(const char *name, init_t init) {
-        if (Py_IsInitialized())
-            pybind11_fail("Can't add new modules after the interpreter has been initialized");
-
-        auto result = PyImport_AppendInittab(name, init);
-        if (result == -1)
-            pybind11_fail("Insufficient memory to add a new module");
-    }
-};
-
-NAMESPACE_END(detail)
-
-/** \rst
-    Initialize the Python interpreter. No other pybind11 or CPython API functions can be
-    called before this is done; with the exception of `PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE`. The
-    optional parameter can be used to skip the registration of signal handlers (see the
-    Python documentation for details). Calling this function again after the interpreter
-    has already been initialized is a fatal error.
- \endrst */
-inline void initialize_interpreter(bool init_signal_handlers = true) {
-    if (Py_IsInitialized())
-        pybind11_fail("The interpreter is already running");
-
-    Py_InitializeEx(init_signal_handlers ? 1 : 0);
-
-    // Make .py files in the working directory available by default
-    auto sys_path = reinterpret_borrow<list>(module::import("sys").attr("path"));
-    sys_path.append(".");
-}
-
-/** \rst
-    Shut down the Python interpreter. No pybind11 or CPython API functions can be called
-    after this. In addition, pybind11 objects must not outlive the interpreter:
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        { // BAD
-            py::initialize_interpreter();
-            auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!");
-            py::finalize_interpreter();
-        } // <-- BOOM, hello's destructor is called after interpreter shutdown
-
-        { // GOOD
-            py::initialize_interpreter();
-            { // scoped
-                auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!");
-            } // <-- OK, hello is cleaned up properly
-            py::finalize_interpreter();
-        }
-
-        { // BETTER
-            py::scoped_interpreter guard{};
-            auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!");
-        }
-
-    .. warning::
-
-        The interpreter can be restarted by calling `initialize_interpreter` again.
-        Modules created using pybind11 can be safely re-initialized. However, Python
-        itself cannot completely unload binary extension modules and there are several
-        caveats with regard to interpreter restarting. All the details can be found
-        in the CPython documentation. In short, not all interpreter memory may be
-        freed, either due to reference cycles or user-created global data.
-
- \endrst */
-inline void finalize_interpreter() {
-    handle builtins(PyEval_GetBuiltins());
-    const char *id = PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID;
-
-    detail::internals **internals_ptr_ptr = nullptr;
-    if (builtins.contains(id) && isinstance<capsule>(builtins[id]))
-        internals_ptr_ptr = capsule(builtins[id]);
-
-    Py_Finalize();
-
-    if (internals_ptr_ptr) {
-        delete *internals_ptr_ptr;
-        *internals_ptr_ptr = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-/** \rst
-    Scope guard version of `initialize_interpreter` and `finalize_interpreter`.
-    This a move-only guard and only a single instance can exist.
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        #include <pybind11/embed.h>
-
-        int main() {
-            py::scoped_interpreter guard{};
-            py::print(Hello, World!);
-        } // <-- interpreter shutdown
- \endrst */
-class scoped_interpreter {
-public:
-    scoped_interpreter(bool init_signal_handlers = true) {
-        initialize_interpreter(init_signal_handlers);
-    }
-
-    scoped_interpreter(const scoped_interpreter &) = delete;
-    scoped_interpreter(scoped_interpreter &&other) noexcept { other.is_valid = false; }
-    scoped_interpreter &operator=(const scoped_interpreter &) = delete;
-    scoped_interpreter &operator=(scoped_interpreter &&) = delete;
-
-    ~scoped_interpreter() {
-        if (is_valid)
-            finalize_interpreter();
-    }
-
-private:
-    bool is_valid = true;
-};
-
-NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.appveyor.yml b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.appveyor.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b908d0763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.appveyor.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+version: 1.0.{build}
+image:
+- Visual Studio 2017
+- Visual Studio 2015
+test: off
+platform:
+- x64
+- x86
+environment:
+  matrix:
+  - CONDA: 36
+  - CONDA: 27
+matrix:
+  fast_finish: true  # Stop remaining jobs after a job failure
+install:
+- ps: |
+    if ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64") { $env:CMAKE_ARCH = "x64" }
+    if ($env:APPVEYOR_JOB_NAME -like "*Visual Studio 2017*") { $env:CMAKE_GENERATOR = "Visual Studio 15 2017" }
+    else { $env:CMAKE_GENERATOR = "Visual Studio 14 2015" }
+    if ($env:PYTHON) {
+      if ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64") { $env:PYTHON = "$env:PYTHON-x64" }
+      $env:PATH = "C:\Python$env:PYTHON\;C:\Python$env:PYTHON\Scripts\;$env:PATH"
+      pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip wheel
+      pip install pytest numpy scipy
+    } elseif ($env:CONDA) {
+      if ($env:CONDA -eq "27") { $env:CONDA = "" }
+      if ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64") { $env:CONDA = "$env:CONDA-x64" }
+      $env:PATH = "C:\Miniconda$env:CONDA\;C:\Miniconda$env:CONDA\Scripts\;$env:PATH"
+      conda install -y -q pytest numpy scipy
+    }
+- ps: |
+    Start-FileDownload 'http://bitbucket.org/eigen/eigen/get/3.3.0.zip'
+    7z x 3.3.0.zip -y > $null
+    $env:CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH = "eigen-eigen-26667be4f70b"
+build_script:
+- cmake -G "%CMAKE_GENERATOR%" -A "%CMAKE_ARCH%" -DPYBIND11_WERROR=ON
+- set MSBuildLogger="C:\Program Files\AppVeyor\BuildAgent\Appveyor.MSBuildLogger.dll"
+- cmake --build . --config Release --target pytest -- /v:m /logger:%MSBuildLogger%
+- cmake --build . --config Release --target test_cmake_build -- /v:m /logger:%MSBuildLogger%
+on_failure: if exist "tests\test_cmake_build" type tests\test_cmake_build\*.log
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitignore b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c444c17ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+CMakeCache.txt
+CMakeFiles
+Makefile
+cmake_install.cmake
+.DS_Store
+*.so
+*.pyd
+*.dll
+*.sln
+*.sdf
+*.opensdf
+*.vcxproj
+*.filters
+example.dir
+Win32
+x64
+Release
+Debug
+.vs
+CTestTestfile.cmake
+Testing
+autogen
+MANIFEST
+/.ninja_*
+/*.ninja
+/docs/.build
+*.py[co]
+*.egg-info
+*~
+.DS_Store
+/dist
+/build
+/cmake/
+.cache/
+sosize-*.txt
+pybind11Config*.cmake
+pybind11Targets.cmake
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitmodules b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5191885e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[submodule "tools/clang"]
+	path = tools/clang
+	url = https://github.com/wjakob/clang-cindex-python3
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.readthedocs.yml b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.readthedocs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9c61617c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.readthedocs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+python:
+  version: 3
+requirements_file: docs/requirements.txt
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.travis.yml b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3e99a003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+language: cpp
+sudo: false
+matrix:
+  include:
+  - os: linux
+    env: PYTHON=2.7 CPP=11 GCC=4.8
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        sources: [ubuntu-toolchain-r-test, kubuntu-backports]
+        packages: [g++-4.8, cmake]
+  - os: linux
+    env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=11 GCC=4.8
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        sources: [ubuntu-toolchain-r-test, kubuntu-backports, deadsnakes]
+        packages: [g++-4.8, cmake, python3.5-dev]
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: PYTHON=2.7 CPP=14 GCC=6
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=14 GCC=6 DEBUG=1
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=17 GCC=7
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=17 CLANG=4.0
+  - os: osx
+    osx_image: xcode7.3
+    env: PYTHON=2.7 CPP=14 CLANG
+  - os: osx
+    osx_image: xcode7.3
+    env: PYTHON=3.6 CPP=14 CLANG
+  # Test a PyPy 2.7 build
+  - os: linux
+    dist: trusty
+    env: PYPY=5.7 PYTHON=2.7 CPP=11 GCC=4.8
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        packages: [g++-4.8, cmake]
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: ARCH=i386 PYTHON=3.5 CPP=14 GCC=6
+  # This next one does a make install *before* testing, then builds the tests against the installed version:
+  - sudo: true
+    services: docker
+    env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=14 CLANG=3.9 INSTALL=1
+    script:
+      - |
+        $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX sh -c "set -e
+        cmake ${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS} -DPYBIND11_INSTALL=1 -DPYBIND11_TEST=0
+        make install
+        cp -a tests /pybind11-tests
+        mkdir /build-tests && cd /build-tests
+        cmake ../pybind11-tests ${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS} -DPYBIND11_WERROR=ON
+        make pytest -j 2"
+  # A barebones build makes sure everything still works without optional deps (numpy/scipy/eigen)
+  # and also tests the automatic discovery functions in CMake (Python version, C++ standard).
+  - os: linux
+    env: BAREBONES
+    addons:
+      apt:
+        sources: [ubuntu-toolchain-r-test, kubuntu-backports]
+        packages: [g++-4.8, cmake]
+    install: pip install pytest
+  # Documentation build:
+  - os: linux
+    language: docs
+    env: DOCS STYLE LINT
+    install:
+    - pip install --upgrade sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme flake8 pep8-naming
+    - |
+      curl -fsSL ftp://ftp.stack.nl/pub/users/dimitri/doxygen-1.8.12.linux.bin.tar.gz | tar xz
+      export PATH="$PWD/doxygen-1.8.12/bin:$PATH"
+      pip install https://github.com/michaeljones/breathe/archive/master.zip
+    script:
+    - make -C docs html SPHINX_OPTIONS=-W
+    - tools/check-style.sh
+    - flake8
+  allow_failures:
+    - env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=17 GCC=7
+    - env: PYTHON=3.5 CPP=17 CLANG=4.0
+cache:
+  directories:
+  - $HOME/.cache/pip
+  - $HOME/Library/Caches/pip
+before_install:
+- |
+  # Configure build variables
+  if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+    if [ -n "$CLANG" ]; then
+      export CXX=clang++-$CLANG CC=clang-$CLANG COMPILER_PACKAGES="clang-$CLANG llvm-$CLANG-dev"
+      if [ "$CLANG" = "4.0" ]; then export CXXFLAGS="-stdlib=libc++"; fi
+    else
+      if [ -z "$GCC" ]; then export GCC=4.8
+      else export COMPILER_PACKAGES=g++-$GCC
+      fi
+      export CXX=g++-$GCC CC=gcc-$GCC
+    fi
+    if [ "$CLANG" = "4.0" ]; then export DOCKER=debian:sid
+    elif [ "$GCC" = "6" ] || [ -n "$CLANG" ]; then export DOCKER=${ARCH:+$ARCH/}debian:testing
+    elif [ "$GCC" = "7" ]; then export DOCKER=debian:experimental APT_GET_EXTRA="-t experimental"
+    fi
+  elif [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+    export CXX=clang++ CC=clang;
+  fi
+  if [ -n "$CPP" ]; then export CPP=-std=c++$CPP; fi
+  if [ "${PYTHON:0:1}" = "3" ]; then export PY=3; fi
+  if [ "$PYPY" = "5.7" ]; then
+    curl -fSL https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy2-v5.7.0-linux64.tar.bz2 | tar -xj
+    export PYPY_BINARY=$(echo `pwd`/pypy2-v5.7.0-linux64/bin/pypy)
+    export CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS="-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH=$PYPY_BINARY"
+  fi
+  if [ -n "$DEBUG" ]; then export CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS="-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug"; fi
+- |
+  # Initialize environment
+  if [ -n "$PYPY" ]; then
+    $PYPY_BINARY -m ensurepip
+    $PYPY_BINARY -m pip install pytest
+  elif [ -n "$DOCKER" ]; then
+    docker pull $DOCKER
+    # Disable LTO with gcc until gcc 79296 is fixed:
+    if [ -n "$GCC" ]; then export CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS="${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS} -DPYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS="; fi
+
+    export containerid=$(docker run --detach --tty \
+      --volume="$PWD":/pybind11 --workdir=/pybind11 \
+      --env="CXXFLAGS=$CXXFLAGS" \
+      --env="CC=$CC" --env="CXX=$CXX" --env="DEBIAN_FRONTEND=$DEBIAN_FRONTEND" \
+      --env=GCC_COLORS=\  \
+      $DOCKER)
+    export SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX="docker exec --tty $containerid"
+    $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX sh -c 'for s in 0 15; do sleep $s; apt-get update && apt-get -qy dist-upgrade && break; done'
+    # gcc-7 currently generates warnings; some are upstream bugs, so just turn off -Werror for now
+    if [ "$GCC" = "7" ]; then WERROR=off; fi
+  else
+    if [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then
+      pip install --user --upgrade pip virtualenv
+      virtualenv -p python$PYTHON venv
+    elif [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "osx" ]; then
+      if [ "$PY" = "3" ]; then
+        brew update; brew install python$PY;
+      else
+        curl -fsSL -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
+        sudo -H python get-pip.py
+      fi
+      pip$PY install --user --upgrade pip virtualenv
+      python$PY -m virtualenv venv
+    fi
+    source venv/bin/activate
+  fi
+install:
+- |
+  # Install dependencies
+  if [ -n "$DOCKER" ]; then
+    if [ -n "$DEBUG" ]; then
+      PY_DEBUG="python$PY-dbg python$PY-scipy-dbg"
+      export CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS="${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS} -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python${PYTHON}dm"
+    fi
+    $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX sh -c "for s in 0 15; do sleep \$s; \
+      apt-get -qy --no-install-recommends $APT_GET_EXTRA install \
+        $PY_DEBUG python$PY-dev python$PY-pytest python$PY-scipy \
+        libeigen3-dev cmake make ${COMPILER_PACKAGES} && break; done"
+
+    if [ "$CLANG" = "4.0" ]; then
+      # Neither debian nor llvm provide a libc++ deb; luckily it's fairly quick
+      # to build and install, so do it ourselves:
+      git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/llvm-mirror/llvm.git llvm-source
+      git clone https://github.com/llvm-mirror/libcxx.git llvm-source/projects/libcxx -b release_40
+      git clone https://github.com/llvm-mirror/libcxxabi.git llvm-source/projects/libcxxabi -b release_40
+      $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX sh -c "mkdir llvm-build && cd llvm-build && \
+        CXXFLAGS= cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr ../llvm-source && \
+        make -j2 install-cxxabi install-cxx && \
+        cp -a include/c++/v1/*cxxabi*.h /usr/include/c++/v1"
+
+      if [ "$CPP" = "-std=c++17" ]; then export CPP="-std=c++1z"; fi
+    fi
+  elif [ -z "$PYPY" ]; then
+    pip install numpy scipy pytest
+
+    wget -q -O eigen.tar.gz https://bitbucket.org/eigen/eigen/get/3.3.0.tar.gz
+    tar xzf eigen.tar.gz
+    export CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS="${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS} -DCMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH=$PWD/eigen-eigen-26667be4f70b"
+  fi
+script:
+- $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX cmake ${CMAKE_EXTRA_ARGS}
+    -DPYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION=$PYTHON
+    -DPYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD=$CPP
+    -DPYBIND11_WERROR=${WERROR:-ON}
+- $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX make pytest -j 2
+- $SCRIPT_RUN_PREFIX make test_cmake_build
+after_failure: cat tests/test_cmake_build/*.log
+after_script:
+- if [ -n "$DOCKER" ]; then docker stop "$containerid"; docker rm "$containerid"; fi
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16f1d67f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# CMakeLists.txt -- Build system for the pybind11 modules
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+#
+# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+
+if (POLICY CMP0048)
+  # cmake warns if loaded from a min-3.0-required parent dir, so silence the warning:
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0048 NEW)
+endif()
+
+project(pybind11)
+
+# Check if pybind11 is being used directly or via add_subdirectory
+set(PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT OFF)
+if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+  set(PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT ON)
+endif()
+
+option(PYBIND11_INSTALL "Install pybind11 header files?" ${PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(PYBIND11_TEST    "Build pybind11 test suite?"     ${PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT})
+
+list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/tools")
+
+include(pybind11Tools)
+
+# Cache variables so pybind11_add_module can be used in parent projects
+set(PYBIND11_INCLUDE_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/include" CACHE INTERNAL "")
+set(PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS} CACHE INTERNAL "")
+set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} CACHE INTERNAL "")
+set(PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX ${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX} CACHE INTERNAL "")
+set(PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION ${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION} CACHE INTERNAL "")
+
+set(PYBIND11_HEADERS
+  include/pybind11/attr.h
+  include/pybind11/cast.h
+  include/pybind11/chrono.h
+  include/pybind11/class_support.h
+  include/pybind11/common.h
+  include/pybind11/complex.h
+  include/pybind11/descr.h
+  include/pybind11/options.h
+  include/pybind11/eigen.h
+  include/pybind11/eval.h
+  include/pybind11/functional.h
+  include/pybind11/numpy.h
+  include/pybind11/operators.h
+  include/pybind11/pybind11.h
+  include/pybind11/pytypes.h
+  include/pybind11/stl.h
+  include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
+  include/pybind11/typeid.h
+)
+string(REPLACE "include/" "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/"
+       PYBIND11_HEADERS "${PYBIND11_HEADERS}")
+
+if (PYBIND11_TEST)
+  add_subdirectory(tests)
+endif()
+
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+
+# extract project version from source
+file(STRINGS "${PYBIND11_INCLUDE_DIR}/pybind11/common.h" pybind11_version_defines
+     REGEX "#define PYBIND11_VERSION_(MAJOR|MINOR|PATCH) ")
+foreach(ver ${pybind11_version_defines})
+  if (ver MATCHES "#define PYBIND11_VERSION_(MAJOR|MINOR|PATCH) +([^ ]+)$")
+    set(PYBIND11_VERSION_${CMAKE_MATCH_1} "${CMAKE_MATCH_2}" CACHE INTERNAL "")
+  endif()
+endforeach()
+set(${PROJECT_NAME}_VERSION ${PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR}.${PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR}.${PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH})
+message(STATUS "pybind11 v${${PROJECT_NAME}_VERSION}")
+
+option (USE_PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR "Install pybind11 headers in Python include directory instead of default installation prefix" OFF)
+if (USE_PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR)
+    file(RELATIVE_PATH CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+endif()
+
+if(NOT (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0))  # CMake >= 3.0
+  # Build an interface library target:
+  add_library(module INTERFACE)
+  target_include_directories(module INTERFACE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PYBIND11_INCLUDE_DIR}>
+                                              $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS}>
+                                              $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>)
+  if(WIN32 OR CYGWIN)
+    target_link_libraries(module INTERFACE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PYTHON_LIBRARIES}>)
+  elseif(APPLE)
+    target_link_libraries(module INTERFACE "-undefined dynamic_lookup")
+  endif()
+  target_compile_options(module INTERFACE $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD}>)
+
+  add_library(pybind11::module ALIAS module)  # to match exported target
+endif()
+
+if (PYBIND11_INSTALL)
+  install(FILES ${PYBIND11_HEADERS}
+          DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/pybind11)
+  # GNUInstallDirs "DATADIR" wrong here; CMake search path wants "share".
+  set(PYBIND11_CMAKECONFIG_INSTALL_DIR "share/cmake/${PROJECT_NAME}" CACHE STRING "install path for pybind11Config.cmake")
+
+  configure_package_config_file(tools/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake.in
+                                "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake"
+                                INSTALL_DESTINATION ${PYBIND11_CMAKECONFIG_INSTALL_DIR})
+  write_basic_package_version_file(${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}ConfigVersion.cmake
+                                   VERSION ${${PROJECT_NAME}_VERSION}
+                                   COMPATIBILITY AnyNewerVersion)
+  install(FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake
+                ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}ConfigVersion.cmake
+                tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake
+                tools/pybind11Tools.cmake
+          DESTINATION ${PYBIND11_CMAKECONFIG_INSTALL_DIR})
+
+  if(NOT (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0))
+    install(TARGETS module
+            EXPORT "${PROJECT_NAME}Targets")
+    install(EXPORT "${PROJECT_NAME}Targets"
+            NAMESPACE "${PROJECT_NAME}::"
+            DESTINATION ${PYBIND11_CMAKECONFIG_INSTALL_DIR})
+  endif()
+endif()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CONTRIBUTING.md b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2beaf8d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Thank you for your interest in this project! Please refer to the following
+sections on how to contribute code and bug reports.
+
+### Reporting bugs
+
+At the moment, this project is run in the spare time of a single person
+([Wenzel Jakob](http://rgl.epfl.ch/people/wjakob)) with very limited resources
+for issue tracker tickets. Thus, before submitting a question or bug report,
+please take a moment of your time and ensure that your issue isn't already
+discussed in the project documentation provided at
+[http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/latest](http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/latest).
+
+Assuming that you have identified a previously unknown problem or an important
+question, it's essential that you submit a self-contained and minimal piece of
+code that reproduces the problem. In other words: no external dependencies,
+isolate the function(s) that cause breakage, submit matched and complete C++
+and Python snippets that can be easily compiled and run on my end.
+
+## Pull requests
+Contributions are submitted, reviewed, and accepted using Github pull requests.
+Please refer to [this
+article](https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests) for details and
+adhere to the following rules to make the process as smooth as possible:
+
+* Make a new branch for every feature you're working on.
+* Make small and clean pull requests that are easy to review but make sure they
+  do add value by themselves.
+* Add tests for any new functionality and run the test suite (``make pytest``)
+  to ensure that no existing features break.
+* This project has a strong focus on providing general solutions using a
+  minimal amount of code, thus small pull requests are greatly preferred.
+
+### License
+
+pybind11 is provided under a BSD-style license that can be found in the
+``LICENSE`` file. By using, distributing, or contributing to this project, you
+agree to the terms and conditions of this license.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e5f920f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Make sure you've completed the following steps before submitting your issue -- thank you!
+You can remove this template text afterward.
+
+1. Check if your question has already been answered in the [FAQ](http://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest/faq.html) section.
+2. Make sure you've read the [documentation](http://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest/). Your issue may be addressed there.
+3. If those resources didn't help and you only have a short question (not a bug report), consider asking in the [Gitter chat room](https://gitter.im/pybind/Lobby).
+4. If you have a genuine bug report or a more complex question which is not answered in the previous items (or not suitable for chat), please fill in the details below.
+5. Include a self-contained and minimal piece of code that reproduces the problem. If that's not possible, try to make the description as clear as possible.
+
+
+#### Issue description
+
+(Provide a short description, state the expected behavior and what actually happens.)
+
+#### Reproducible example code
+
+(The code should be minimal, have no external dependencies, isolate the function(s) that cause breakage. Submit matched and complete C++ and Python snippets that can be easily compiled and run to diagnose the issue.)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/LICENSE b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/LICENSE
similarity index 100%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/LICENSE
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/LICENSE
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/MANIFEST.in b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa51d0110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+include include/pybind11/*.h
+include LICENSE README.md CONTRIBUTING.md
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/README.md b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/README.md
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/README.md
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/Doxyfile b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/Doxyfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dc8bf059
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/Doxyfile
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+PROJECT_NAME           = pybind11
+INPUT                  = ../include/pybind11/
+
+GENERATE_HTML          = NO
+GENERATE_LATEX         = NO
+GENERATE_XML           = YES
+XML_OUTPUT             = .build/doxygenxml
+XML_PROGRAMLISTING     = YES
+
+MACRO_EXPANSION        = YES
+EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF     = YES
+EXPAND_AS_DEFINED      = PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION
+
+ALIASES                = "rst=\verbatim embed:rst"
+ALIASES               += "endrst=\endverbatim"
+
+QUIET                  = YES
+WARNINGS               = YES
+WARN_IF_UNDOCUMENTED   = NO
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1071809fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/_static/theme_overrides.css
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+.wy-table-responsive table td,
+.wy-table-responsive table th {
+    white-space: initial !important;
+}
+.rst-content table.docutils td {
+    vertical-align: top !important;
+}
+div[class^='highlight'] pre {
+    white-space: pre;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+}
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/chrono.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/chrono.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c6b3d7e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/chrono.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+Chrono
+======
+
+When including the additional header file :file:`pybind11/chrono.h` conversions
+from C++11 chrono datatypes to python datetime objects are automatically enabled.
+This header also enables conversions of python floats (often from sources such
+as ``time.monotonic()``, ``time.perf_counter()`` and ``time.process_time()``)
+into durations.
+
+An overview of clocks in C++11
+------------------------------
+
+A point of confusion when using these conversions is the differences between
+clocks provided in C++11. There are three clock types defined by the C++11
+standard and users can define their own if needed. Each of these clocks have
+different properties and when converting to and from python will give different
+results.
+
+The first clock defined by the standard is ``std::chrono::system_clock``. This
+clock measures the current date and time. However, this clock changes with to
+updates to the operating system time. For example, if your time is synchronised
+with a time server this clock will change. This makes this clock a poor choice
+for timing purposes but good for measuring the wall time.
+
+The second clock defined in the standard is ``std::chrono::steady_clock``.
+This clock ticks at a steady rate and is never adjusted. This makes it excellent
+for timing purposes, however the value in this clock does not correspond to the
+current date and time. Often this clock will be the amount of time your system
+has been on, although it does not have to be. This clock will never be the same
+clock as the system clock as the system clock can change but steady clocks
+cannot.
+
+The third clock defined in the standard is ``std::chrono::high_resolution_clock``.
+This clock is the clock that has the highest resolution out of the clocks in the
+system. It is normally a typedef to either the system clock or the steady clock
+but can be its own independent clock. This is important as when using these
+conversions as the types you get in python for this clock might be different
+depending on the system.
+If it is a typedef of the system clock, python will get datetime objects, but if
+it is a different clock they will be timedelta objects.
+
+Provided conversions
+--------------------
+
+.. rubric:: C++ to Python
+
+- ``std::chrono::system_clock::time_point`` → ``datetime.datetime``
+    System clock times are converted to python datetime instances. They are
+    in the local timezone, but do not have any timezone information attached
+    to them (they are naive datetime objects).
+
+- ``std::chrono::duration`` → ``datetime.timedelta``
+    Durations are converted to timedeltas, any precision in the duration
+    greater than microseconds is lost by rounding towards zero.
+
+- ``std::chrono::[other_clocks]::time_point`` → ``datetime.timedelta``
+    Any clock time that is not the system clock is converted to a time delta.
+    This timedelta measures the time from the clocks epoch to now.
+
+.. rubric:: Python to C++
+
+- ``datetime.datetime`` → ``std::chrono::system_clock::time_point``
+    Date/time objects are converted into system clock timepoints. Any
+    timezone information is ignored and the type is treated as a naive
+    object.
+
+- ``datetime.timedelta`` → ``std::chrono::duration``
+    Time delta are converted into durations with microsecond precision.
+
+- ``datetime.timedelta`` → ``std::chrono::[other_clocks]::time_point``
+    Time deltas that are converted into clock timepoints are treated as
+    the amount of time from the start of the clocks epoch.
+
+- ``float`` → ``std::chrono::duration``
+    Floats that are passed to C++ as durations be interpreted as a number of
+    seconds. These will be converted to the duration using ``duration_cast``
+    from the float.
+
+- ``float`` → ``std::chrono::[other_clocks]::time_point``
+    Floats that are passed to C++ as time points will be interpreted as the
+    number of seconds from the start of the clocks epoch.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c854e7fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/custom.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+Custom type casters
+===================
+
+In very rare cases, applications may require custom type casters that cannot be
+expressed using the abstractions provided by pybind11, thus requiring raw
+Python C API calls. This is fairly advanced usage and should only be pursued by
+experts who are familiar with the intricacies of Python reference counting.
+
+The following snippets demonstrate how this works for a very simple ``inty``
+type that that should be convertible from Python types that provide a
+``__int__(self)`` method.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct inty { long long_value; };
+
+    void print(inty s) {
+        std::cout << s.long_value << std::endl;
+    }
+
+The following Python snippet demonstrates the intended usage from the Python side:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class A:
+        def __int__(self):
+            return 123
+
+    from example import print
+    print(A())
+
+To register the necessary conversion routines, it is necessary to add
+a partial overload to the ``pybind11::detail::type_caster<T>`` template.
+Although this is an implementation detail, adding partial overloads to this
+type is explicitly allowed.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+        template <> struct type_caster<inty> {
+        public:
+            /**
+             * This macro establishes the name 'inty' in
+             * function signatures and declares a local variable
+             * 'value' of type inty
+             */
+            PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(inty, _("inty"));
+
+            /**
+             * Conversion part 1 (Python->C++): convert a PyObject into a inty
+             * instance or return false upon failure. The second argument
+             * indicates whether implicit conversions should be applied.
+             */
+            bool load(handle src, bool) {
+                /* Extract PyObject from handle */
+                PyObject *source = src.ptr();
+                /* Try converting into a Python integer value */
+                PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Long(source);
+                if (!tmp)
+                    return false;
+                /* Now try to convert into a C++ int */
+                value.long_value = PyLong_AsLong(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+                /* Ensure return code was OK (to avoid out-of-range errors etc) */
+                return !(value.long_value == -1 && !PyErr_Occurred());
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Conversion part 2 (C++ -> Python): convert an inty instance into
+             * a Python object. The second and third arguments are used to
+             * indicate the return value policy and parent object (for
+             * ``return_value_policy::reference_internal``) and are generally
+             * ignored by implicit casters.
+             */
+            static handle cast(inty src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+                return PyLong_FromLong(src.long_value);
+            }
+        };
+    }} // namespace pybind11::detail
+
+.. warning::
+
+    When using custom type casters, it's important to declare them consistently
+    in every compilation unit of the Python extension module. Otherwise,
+    undefined behavior can ensue.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b0b08ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/eigen.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+Eigen
+#####
+
+`Eigen <http://eigen.tuxfamily.org>`_ is C++ header-based library for dense and
+sparse linear algebra. Due to its popularity and widespread adoption, pybind11
+provides transparent conversion and limited mapping support between Eigen and
+Scientific Python linear algebra data types.
+
+To enable the built-in Eigen support you must include the optional header file
+:file:`pybind11/eigen.h`.
+
+Pass-by-value
+=============
+
+When binding a function with ordinary Eigen dense object arguments (for
+example, ``Eigen::MatrixXd``), pybind11 will accept any input value that is
+already (or convertible to) a ``numpy.ndarray`` with dimensions compatible with
+the Eigen type, copy its values into a temporary Eigen variable of the
+appropriate type, then call the function with this temporary variable.
+
+Sparse matrices are similarly copied to or from
+``scipy.sparse.csr_matrix``/``scipy.sparse.csc_matrix`` objects.
+
+Pass-by-reference
+=================
+
+One major limitation of the above is that every data conversion implicitly
+involves a copy, which can be both expensive (for large matrices) and disallows
+binding functions that change their (Matrix) arguments.  Pybind11 allows you to
+work around this by using Eigen's ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixType>`` class much as you
+would when writing a function taking a generic type in Eigen itself (subject to
+some limitations discussed below).
+
+When calling a bound function accepting a ``Eigen::Ref<const MatrixType>``
+type, pybind11 will attempt to avoid copying by using an ``Eigen::Map`` object
+that maps into the source ``numpy.ndarray`` data: this requires both that the
+data types are the same (e.g. ``dtype='float64'`` and ``MatrixType::Scalar`` is
+``double``); and that the storage is layout compatible.  The latter limitation
+is discussed in detail in the section below, and requires careful
+consideration: by default, numpy matrices and eigen matrices are *not* storage
+compatible.
+
+If the numpy matrix cannot be used as is (either because its types differ, e.g.
+passing an array of integers to an Eigen paramater requiring doubles, or
+because the storage is incompatible), pybind11 makes a temporary copy and
+passes the copy instead.
+
+When a bound function parameter is instead ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixType>`` (note the
+lack of ``const``), pybind11 will only allow the function to be called if it
+can be mapped *and* if the numpy array is writeable (that is
+``a.flags.writeable`` is true).  Any access (including modification) made to
+the passed variable will be transparently carried out directly on the
+``numpy.ndarray``.
+
+This means you can can write code such as the following and have it work as
+expected:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void scale_by_2(Eigen::Ref<Eigen::VectorXd> m) {
+        v *= 2;
+    }
+
+Note, however, that you will likely run into limitations due to numpy and
+Eigen's difference default storage order for data; see the below section on
+:ref:`storage_orders` for details on how to bind code that won't run into such
+limitations.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Passing by reference is not supported for sparse types.
+
+Returning values to Python
+==========================
+
+When returning an ordinary dense Eigen matrix type to numpy (e.g.
+``Eigen::MatrixXd`` or ``Eigen::RowVectorXf``) pybind11 keeps the matrix and
+returns a numpy array that directly references the Eigen matrix: no copy of the
+data is performed.  The numpy array will have ``array.flags.owndata`` set to
+``False`` to indicate that it does not own the data, and the lifetime of the
+stored Eigen matrix will be tied to the returned ``array``.
+
+If you bind a function with a non-reference, ``const`` return type (e.g.
+``const Eigen::MatrixXd``), the same thing happens except that pybind11 also
+sets the numpy array's ``writeable`` flag to false.
+
+If you return an lvalue reference or pointer, the usual pybind11 rules apply,
+as dictated by the binding function's return value policy (see the
+documentation on :ref:`return_value_policies` for full details).  That means,
+without an explicit return value policy, lvalue references will be copied and
+pointers will be managed by pybind11.  In order to avoid copying, you should
+explictly specify an appropriate return value policy, as in the following
+example:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class MyClass {
+        Eigen::MatrixXd big_mat = Eigen::MatrixXd::Zero(10000, 10000);
+    public:
+        Eigen::MatrixXd &getMatrix() { return big_mat; }
+        const Eigen::MatrixXd &viewMatrix() { return big_mat; }
+    };
+
+    // Later, in binding code:
+    py::class_<MyClass>(m, "MyClass")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("copy_matrix", &MyClass::getMatrix) // Makes a copy!
+        .def("get_matrix", &MyClass::getMatrix, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+        .def("view_matrix", &MyClass::viewMatrix, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+        ;
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    a = MyClass()
+    m = a.get_matrix()   # flags.writeable = True,  flags.owndata = False
+    v = a.view_matrix()  # flags.writeable = False, flags.owndata = False
+    c = a.copy_matrix()  # flags.writeable = True,  flags.owndata = True
+    # m[5,6] and v[5,6] refer to the same element, c[5,6] does not.
+
+Note in this example that ``py::return_value_policy::reference_internal`` is
+used to tie the life of the MyClass object to the life of the returned arrays.
+
+You may also return an ``Eigen::Ref``, ``Eigen::Map`` or other map-like Eigen
+object (for example, the return value of ``matrix.block()`` and related
+methods) that map into a dense Eigen type.  When doing so, the default
+behaviour of pybind11 is to simply reference the returned data: you must take
+care to ensure that this data remains valid!  You may ask pybind11 to
+explicitly *copy* such a return value by using the
+``py::return_value_policy::copy`` policy when binding the function.  You may
+also use ``py::return_value_policy::reference_internal`` or a
+``py::keep_alive`` to ensure the data stays valid as long as the returned numpy
+array does.
+
+When returning such a reference of map, pybind11 additionally respects the
+readonly-status of the returned value, marking the numpy array as non-writeable
+if the reference or map was itself read-only.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Sparse types are always copied when returned.
+
+.. _storage_orders:
+
+Storage orders
+==============
+
+Passing arguments via ``Eigen::Ref`` has some limitations that you must be
+aware of in order to effectively pass matrices by reference.  First and
+foremost is that the default ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixType>`` class requires
+contiguous storage along columns (for column-major types, the default in Eigen)
+or rows if ``MatrixType`` is specifically an ``Eigen::RowMajor`` storage type.
+The former, Eigen's default, is incompatible with ``numpy``'s default row-major
+storage, and so you will not be able to pass numpy arrays to Eigen by reference
+without making one of two changes.
+
+(Note that this does not apply to vectors (or column or row matrices): for such
+types the "row-major" and "column-major" distinction is meaningless).
+
+The first approach is to change the use of ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixType>`` to the
+more general ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixType, 0, Eigen::Stride<Eigen::Dynamic,
+Eigen::Dynamic>>`` (or similar type with a fully dynamic stride type in the
+third template argument).  Since this is a rather cumbersome type, pybind11
+provides a ``py::EigenDRef<MatrixType>`` type alias for your convenience (along
+with EigenDMap for the equivalent Map, and EigenDStride for just the stride
+type).
+
+This type allows Eigen to map into any arbitrary storage order.  This is not
+the default in Eigen for performance reasons: contiguous storage allows
+vectorization that cannot be done when storage is not known to be contiguous at
+compile time.  The default ``Eigen::Ref`` stride type allows non-contiguous
+storage along the outer dimension (that is, the rows of a column-major matrix
+or columns of a row-major matrix), but not along the inner dimension.
+
+This type, however, has the added benefit of also being able to map numpy array
+slices.  For example, the following (contrived) example uses Eigen with a numpy
+slice to multiply by 2 all coefficients that are both on even rows (0, 2, 4,
+...) and in columns 2, 5, or 8:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("scale", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m, double c) { m *= c; });
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # a = np.array(...)
+    scale_by_2(myarray[0::2, 2:9:3])
+
+The second approach to avoid copying is more intrusive: rearranging the
+underlying data types to not run into the non-contiguous storage problem in the
+first place.  In particular, that means using matrices with ``Eigen::RowMajor``
+storage, where appropriate, such as:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    using RowMatrixXd = Eigen::Matrix<double, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor>;
+    // Use RowMatrixXd instead of MatrixXd
+
+Now bound functions accepting ``Eigen::Ref<RowMatrixXd>`` arguments will be
+callable with numpy's (default) arrays without involving a copying.
+
+You can, alternatively, change the storage order that numpy arrays use by
+adding the ``order='F'`` option when creating an array:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    myarray = np.array(source, order='F')
+
+Such an object will be passable to a bound function accepting an
+``Eigen::Ref<MatrixXd>`` (or similar column-major Eigen type).
+
+One major caveat with this approach, however, is that it is not entirely as
+easy as simply flipping all Eigen or numpy usage from one to the other: some
+operations may alter the storage order of a numpy array.  For example, ``a2 =
+array.transpose()`` results in ``a2`` being a view of ``array`` that references
+the same data, but in the opposite storage order!
+
+While this approach allows fully optimized vectorized calculations in Eigen, it
+cannot be used with array slices, unlike the first approach.
+
+When *returning* a matrix to Python (either a regular matrix, a reference via
+``Eigen::Ref<>``, or a map/block into a matrix), no special storage
+consideration is required: the created numpy array will have the required
+stride that allows numpy to properly interpret the array, whatever its storage
+order.
+
+Failing rather than copying
+===========================
+
+The default behaviour when binding ``Eigen::Ref<const MatrixType>`` eigen
+references is to copy matrix values when passed a numpy array that does not
+conform to the element type of ``MatrixType`` or does not have a compatible
+stride layout.  If you want to explicitly avoid copying in such a case, you
+should bind arguments using the ``py::arg().noconvert()`` annotation (as
+described in the :ref:`nonconverting_arguments` documentation).
+
+The following example shows an example of arguments that don't allow data
+copying to take place:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // The method and function to be bound:
+    class MyClass {
+        // ...
+        double some_method(const Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXd> &matrix) { /* ... */ }
+    };
+    float some_function(const Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXf> &big,
+                        const Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXf> &small) {
+        // ...
+    }
+
+    // The associated binding code:
+    using namespace pybind11::literals; // for "arg"_a
+    py::class_<MyClass>(m, "MyClass")
+        // ... other class definitions
+        .def("some_method", &MyClass::some_method, py::arg().nocopy());
+
+    m.def("some_function", &some_function,
+        "big"_a.nocopy(), // <- Don't allow copying for this arg
+        "small"_a         // <- This one can be copied if needed
+    );
+
+With the above binding code, attempting to call the the ``some_method(m)``
+method on a ``MyClass`` object, or attempting to call ``some_function(m, m2)``
+will raise a ``RuntimeError`` rather than making a temporary copy of the array.
+It will, however, allow the ``m2`` argument to be copied into a temporary if
+necessary.
+
+Note that explicitly specifying ``.noconvert()`` is not required for *mutable*
+Eigen references (e.g. ``Eigen::Ref<MatrixXd>`` without ``const`` on the
+``MatrixXd``): mutable references will never be called with a temporary copy.
+
+Vectors versus column/row matrices
+==================================
+
+Eigen and numpy have fundamentally different notions of a vector.  In Eigen, a
+vector is simply a matrix with the number of columns or rows set to 1 at
+compile time (for a column vector or row vector, respectively).  Numpy, in
+contast, has comparable 2-dimensional 1xN and Nx1 arrays, but *also* has
+1-dimensional arrays of size N.
+
+When passing a 2-dimensional 1xN or Nx1 array to Eigen, the Eigen type must
+have matching dimensions: That is, you cannot pass a 2-dimensional Nx1 numpy
+array to an Eigen value expecting a row vector, or a 1xN numpy array as a
+column vector argument.
+
+On the other hand, pybind11 allows you to pass 1-dimensional arrays of length N
+as Eigen parameters.  If the Eigen type can hold a column vector of length N it
+will be passed as such a column vector.  If not, but the Eigen type constraints
+will accept a row vector, it will be passed as a row vector.  (The column
+vector takes precendence when both are supported, for example, when passing a
+1D numpy array to a MatrixXd argument).  Note that the type need not be
+expicitly a vector: it is permitted to pass a 1D numpy array of size 5 to an
+Eigen ``Matrix<double, Dynamic, 5>``: you would end up with a 1x5 Eigen matrix.
+Passing the same to an ``Eigen::MatrixXd`` would result in a 5x1 Eigen matrix.
+
+When returning an eigen vector to numpy, the conversion is ambiguous: a row
+vector of length 4 could be returned as either a 1D array of length 4, or as a
+2D array of size 1x4.  When encoutering such a situation, pybind11 compromises
+by considering the returned Eigen type: if it is a compile-time vector--that
+is, the type has either the number of rows or columns set to 1 at compile
+time--pybind11 converts to a 1D numpy array when returning the value.  For
+instances that are a vector only at run-time (e.g. ``MatrixXd``,
+``Matrix<float, Dynamic, 4>``), pybind11 returns the vector as a 2D array to
+numpy.  If this isn't want you want, you can use ``array.reshape(...)`` to get
+a view of the same data in the desired dimensions.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_eigen.cpp` contains a complete example that
+    shows how to pass Eigen sparse and dense data types in more detail.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/functional.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/functional.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d0a01d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/functional.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+Functional
+##########
+
+The following features must be enabled by including :file:`pybind11/functional.h`.
+
+
+Callbacks and passing anonymous functions
+=========================================
+
+The C++11 standard brought lambda functions and the generic polymorphic
+function wrapper ``std::function<>`` to the C++ programming language, which
+enable powerful new ways of working with functions. Lambda functions come in
+two flavors: stateless lambda function resemble classic function pointers that
+link to an anonymous piece of code, while stateful lambda functions
+additionally depend on captured variables that are stored in an anonymous
+*lambda closure object*.
+
+Here is a simple example of a C++ function that takes an arbitrary function
+(stateful or stateless) with signature ``int -> int`` as an argument and runs
+it with the value 10.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    int func_arg(const std::function<int(int)> &f) {
+        return f(10);
+    }
+
+The example below is more involved: it takes a function of signature ``int -> int``
+and returns another function of the same kind. The return value is a stateful
+lambda function, which stores the value ``f`` in the capture object and adds 1 to
+its return value upon execution.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    std::function<int(int)> func_ret(const std::function<int(int)> &f) {
+        return [f](int i) {
+            return f(i) + 1;
+        };
+    }
+
+This example demonstrates using python named parameters in C++ callbacks which
+requires using ``py::cpp_function`` as a wrapper. Usage is similar to defining
+methods of classes:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::cpp_function func_cpp() {
+        return py::cpp_function([](int i) { return i+1; },
+           py::arg("number"));
+    }
+
+After including the extra header file :file:`pybind11/functional.h`, it is almost
+trivial to generate binding code for all of these functions.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/functional.h>
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        m.def("func_arg", &func_arg);
+        m.def("func_ret", &func_ret);
+        m.def("func_cpp", &func_cpp);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+The following interactive session shows how to call them from Python.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    $ python
+    >>> import example
+    >>> def square(i):
+    ...     return i * i
+    ...
+    >>> example.func_arg(square)
+    100L
+    >>> square_plus_1 = example.func_ret(square)
+    >>> square_plus_1(4)
+    17L
+    >>> plus_1 = func_cpp()
+    >>> plus_1(number=43)
+    44L
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Keep in mind that passing a function from C++ to Python (or vice versa)
+    will instantiate a piece of wrapper code that translates function
+    invocations between the two languages. Naturally, this translation
+    increases the computational cost of each function call somewhat. A
+    problematic situation can arise when a function is copied back and forth
+    between Python and C++ many times in a row, in which case the underlying
+    wrappers will accumulate correspondingly. The resulting long sequence of
+    C++ -> Python -> C++ -> ... roundtrips can significantly decrease
+    performance.
+
+    There is one exception: pybind11 detects case where a stateless function
+    (i.e. a function pointer or a lambda function without captured variables)
+    is passed as an argument to another C++ function exposed in Python. In this
+    case, there is no overhead. Pybind11 will extract the underlying C++
+    function pointer from the wrapped function to sidestep a potential C++ ->
+    Python -> C++ roundtrip. This is demonstrated in :file:`tests/test_callbacks.cpp`.
+
+.. note::
+
+    This functionality is very useful when generating bindings for callbacks in
+    C++ libraries (e.g. GUI libraries, asynchronous networking libraries, etc.).
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_callbacks.cpp` contains a complete example
+    that demonstrates how to work with callbacks and anonymous functions in
+    more detail.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/index.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54c10570b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Type conversions
+################
+
+Apart from enabling cross-language function calls, a fundamental problem
+that a binding tool like pybind11 must address is to provide access to
+native Python types in C++ and vice versa. There are three fundamentally
+different ways to do this—which approach is preferable for a particular type
+depends on the situation at hand.
+
+1. Use a native C++ type everywhere. In this case, the type must be wrapped
+   using pybind11-generated bindings so that Python can interact with it.
+
+2. Use a native Python type everywhere. It will need to be wrapped so that
+   C++ functions can interact with it.
+
+3. Use a native C++ type on the C++ side and a native Python type on the
+   Python side. pybind11 refers to this as a *type conversion*.
+
+   Type conversions are the most "natural" option in the sense that native
+   (non-wrapped) types are used everywhere. The main downside is that a copy
+   of the data must be made on every Python ↔ C++ transition: this is
+   needed since the C++ and Python versions of the same type generally won't
+   have the same memory layout.
+
+   pybind11 can perform many kinds of conversions automatically. An overview
+   is provided in the table ":ref:`conversion_table`".
+
+The following subsections discuss the differences between these options in more
+detail. The main focus in this section is on type conversions, which represent
+the last case of the above list.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   overview
+   strings
+   stl
+   functional
+   chrono
+   eigen
+   custom
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54c11a90a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/overview.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+Overview
+########
+
+.. rubric:: 1. Native type in C++, wrapper in Python
+
+Exposing a custom C++ type using :class:`py::class_` was covered in detail
+in the :doc:`/classes` section. There, the underlying data structure is
+always the original C++ class while the :class:`py::class_` wrapper provides
+a Python interface. Internally, when an object like this is sent from C++ to
+Python, pybind11 will just add the outer wrapper layer over the native C++
+object. Getting it back from Python is just a matter of peeling off the
+wrapper.
+
+.. rubric:: 2. Wrapper in C++, native type in Python
+
+This is the exact opposite situation. Now, we have a type which is native to
+Python, like a ``tuple`` or a ``list``. One way to get this data into C++ is
+with the :class:`py::object` family of wrappers. These are explained in more
+detail in the :doc:`/advanced/pycpp/object` section. We'll just give a quick
+example here:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void print_list(py::list my_list) {
+        for (auto item : my_list)
+            std::cout << item << " ";
+    }
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> print_list([1, 2, 3])
+    1 2 3
+
+The Python ``list`` is not converted in any way -- it's just wrapped in a C++
+:class:`py::list` class. At its core it's still a Python object. Copying a
+:class:`py::list` will do the usual reference-counting like in Python.
+Returning the object to Python will just remove the thin wrapper.
+
+.. rubric:: 3. Converting between native C++ and Python types
+
+In the previous two cases we had a native type in one language and a wrapper in
+the other. Now, we have native types on both sides and we convert between them.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void print_vector(const std::vector<int> &v) {
+        for (auto item : v)
+            std::cout << item << "\n";
+    }
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> print_vector([1, 2, 3])
+    1 2 3
+
+In this case, pybind11 will construct a new ``std::vector<int>`` and copy each
+element from the Python ``list``. The newly constructed object will be passed
+to ``print_vector``. The same thing happens in the other direction: a new
+``list`` is made to match the value returned from C++.
+
+Lots of these conversions are supported out of the box, as shown in the table
+below. They are very convenient, but keep in mind that these conversions are
+fundamentally based on copying data. This is perfectly fine for small immutable
+types but it may become quite expensive for large data structures. This can be
+avoided by overriding the automatic conversion with a custom wrapper (i.e. the
+above-mentioned approach 1). This requires some manual effort and more details
+are available in the :ref:`opaque` section.
+
+.. _conversion_table:
+
+List of all builtin conversions
+-------------------------------
+
+The following basic data types are supported out of the box (some may require
+an additional extension header to be included). To pass other data structures
+as arguments and return values, refer to the section on binding :ref:`classes`.
+
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+|  Data type                         |  Description              | Header file                   |
++====================================+===========================+===============================+
+| ``int8_t``, ``uint8_t``            | 8-bit integers            | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``int16_t``, ``uint16_t``          | 16-bit integers           | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``int32_t``, ``uint32_t``          | 32-bit integers           | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``int64_t``, ``uint64_t``          | 64-bit integers           | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``ssize_t``, ``size_t``            | Platform-dependent size   | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``float``, ``double``              | Floating point types      | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``bool``                           | Two-state Boolean type    | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``char``                           | Character literal         | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``char16_t``                       | UTF-16 character literal  | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``char32_t``                       | UTF-32 character literal  | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``wchar_t``                        | Wide character literal    | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``const char *``                   | UTF-8 string literal      | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``const char16_t *``               | UTF-16 string literal     | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``const char32_t *``               | UTF-32 string literal     | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``const wchar_t *``                | Wide string literal       | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::string``                    | STL dynamic UTF-8 string  | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::u16string``                 | STL dynamic UTF-16 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::u32string``                 | STL dynamic UTF-32 string | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::wstring``                   | STL dynamic wide string   | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::pair<T1, T2>``              | Pair of two custom types  | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::tuple<...>``                | Arbitrary tuple of types  | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::reference_wrapper<...>``    | Reference type wrapper    | :file:`pybind11/pybind11.h`   |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::complex<T>``                | Complex numbers           | :file:`pybind11/complex.h`    |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::array<T, Size>``            | STL static array          | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::vector<T>``                 | STL dynamic array         | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::valarray<T>``               | STL value array           | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::list<T>``                   | STL linked list           | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::map<T1, T2>``               | STL ordered map           | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::unordered_map<T1, T2>``     | STL unordered map         | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::set<T>``                    | STL ordered set           | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::unordered_set<T>``          | STL unordered set         | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::optional<T>``               | STL optional type (C++17) | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::experimental::optional<T>`` | STL optional type (exp.)  | :file:`pybind11/stl.h`        |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::function<...>``             | STL polymorphic function  | :file:`pybind11/functional.h` |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::chrono::duration<...>``     | STL time duration         | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h`     |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``std::chrono::time_point<...>``   | STL date/time             | :file:`pybind11/chrono.h`     |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``Eigen::Matrix<...>``             | Eigen: dense matrix       | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h`      |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``Eigen::Map<...>``                | Eigen: mapped memory      | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h`      |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
+| ``Eigen::SparseMatrix<...>``       | Eigen: sparse matrix      | :file:`pybind11/eigen.h`      |
++------------------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c76da5ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/stl.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+STL containers
+##############
+
+Automatic conversion
+====================
+
+When including the additional header file :file:`pybind11/stl.h`, conversions
+between ``std::vector<>``/``std::list<>``/``std::array<>``,
+``std::set<>``/``std::unordered_set<>``, and
+``std::map<>``/``std::unordered_map<>`` and the Python ``list``, ``set`` and
+``dict`` data structures are automatically enabled. The types ``std::pair<>``
+and ``std::tuple<>`` are already supported out of the box with just the core
+:file:`pybind11/pybind11.h` header.
+
+The major downside of these implicit conversions is that containers must be
+converted (i.e. copied) on every Python->C++ and C++->Python transition, which
+can have implications on the program semantics and performance. Please read the
+next sections for more details and alternative approaches that avoid this.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Arbitrary nesting of any of these types is possible.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_python_types.cpp` contains a complete
+    example that demonstrates how to pass STL data types in more detail.
+
+.. _opaque:
+
+Making opaque types
+===================
+
+pybind11 heavily relies on a template matching mechanism to convert parameters
+and return values that are constructed from STL data types such as vectors,
+linked lists, hash tables, etc. This even works in a recursive manner, for
+instance to deal with lists of hash maps of pairs of elementary and custom
+types, etc.
+
+However, a fundamental limitation of this approach is that internal conversions
+between Python and C++ types involve a copy operation that prevents
+pass-by-reference semantics. What does this mean?
+
+Suppose we bind the following function
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void append_1(std::vector<int> &v) {
+       v.push_back(1);
+    }
+
+and call it from Python, the following happens:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> v = [5, 6]
+   >>> append_1(v)
+   >>> print(v)
+   [5, 6]
+
+As you can see, when passing STL data structures by reference, modifications
+are not propagated back the Python side. A similar situation arises when
+exposing STL data structures using the ``def_readwrite`` or ``def_readonly``
+functions:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    /* ... definition ... */
+
+    class MyClass {
+        std::vector<int> contents;
+    };
+
+    /* ... binding code ... */
+
+    py::class_<MyClass>(m, "MyClass")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readwrite("contents", &MyClass::contents);
+
+In this case, properties can be read and written in their entirety. However, an
+``append`` operation involving such a list type has no effect:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+   >>> m = MyClass()
+   >>> m.contents = [5, 6]
+   >>> print(m.contents)
+   [5, 6]
+   >>> m.contents.append(7)
+   >>> print(m.contents)
+   [5, 6]
+
+Finally, the involved copy operations can be costly when dealing with very
+large lists. To deal with all of the above situations, pybind11 provides a
+macro named ``PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(T)`` that disables the template-based
+conversion machinery of types, thus rendering them *opaque*. The contents of
+opaque objects are never inspected or extracted, hence they *can* be passed by
+reference. For instance, to turn ``std::vector<int>`` into an opaque type, add
+the declaration
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(std::vector<int>);
+
+before any binding code (e.g. invocations to ``class_::def()``, etc.). This
+macro must be specified at the top level (and outside of any namespaces), since
+it instantiates a partial template overload. If your binding code consists of
+multiple compilation units, it must be present in every file preceding any
+usage of ``std::vector<int>``. Opaque types must also have a corresponding
+``class_`` declaration to associate them with a name in Python, and to define a
+set of available operations, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<std::vector<int>>(m, "IntVector")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("clear", &std::vector<int>::clear)
+        .def("pop_back", &std::vector<int>::pop_back)
+        .def("__len__", [](const std::vector<int> &v) { return v.size(); })
+        .def("__iter__", [](std::vector<int> &v) {
+           return py::make_iterator(v.begin(), v.end());
+        }, py::keep_alive<0, 1>()) /* Keep vector alive while iterator is used */
+        // ....
+
+The ability to expose STL containers as native Python objects is a fairly
+common request, hence pybind11 also provides an optional header file named
+:file:`pybind11/stl_bind.h` that does exactly this. The mapped containers try
+to match the behavior of their native Python counterparts as much as possible.
+
+The following example showcases usage of :file:`pybind11/stl_bind.h`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // Don't forget this
+    #include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
+
+    PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(std::vector<int>);
+    PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(std::map<std::string, double>);
+
+    // ...
+
+    // later in binding code:
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<int>>(m, "VectorInt");
+    py::bind_map<std::map<std::string, double>>(m, "MapStringDouble");
+
+Please take a look at the :ref:`macro_notes` before using the
+``PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE`` macro.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_opaque_types.cpp` contains a complete
+    example that demonstrates how to create and expose opaque types using
+    pybind11 in more detail.
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_stl_binders.cpp` shows how to use the
+    convenience STL container wrappers.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c70fb0bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/cast/strings.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+Strings, bytes and Unicode conversions
+######################################
+
+.. note::
+
+    This section discusses string handling in terms of Python 3 strings. For Python 2.7, replace all occurrences of ``str`` with ``unicode`` and ``bytes`` with ``str``.  Python 2.7 users may find it best to use ``from __future__ import unicode_literals`` to avoid unintentionally using ``str`` instead of ``unicode``.
+
+Passing Python strings to C++
+=============================
+
+When a Python ``str`` is passed from Python to a C++ function that accepts ``std::string`` or ``char *`` as arguments, pybind11 will encode the Python string to UTF-8. All Python ``str`` can be encoded in UTF-8, so this operation does not fail.
+
+The C++ language is encoding agnostic. It is the responsibility of the programmer to track encodings. It's often easiest to simply `use UTF-8 everywhere <http://utf8everywhere.org/>`_.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    m.def("utf8_test",
+        [](const std::string &s) {
+            cout << "utf-8 is icing on the cake.\n";
+            cout << s;
+        }
+    );
+    m.def("utf8_charptr",
+        [](const char *s) {
+            cout << "My favorite food is\n";
+            cout << s;
+        }
+    );
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> utf8_test('🎂')
+    utf-8 is icing on the cake.
+    🎂
+
+    >>> utf8_charptr('🍕')
+    My favorite food is
+    🍕
+
+.. note::
+
+    Some terminal emulators do not support UTF-8 or emoji fonts and may not display the example above correctly.
+
+The results are the same whether the C++ function accepts arguments by value or reference, and whether or not ``const`` is used.
+
+Passing bytes to C++
+--------------------
+
+A Python ``bytes`` object will be passed to C++ functions that accept ``std::string`` or ``char*`` *without* conversion. 
+
+
+Returning C++ strings to Python
+===============================
+
+When a C++ function returns a ``std::string`` or ``char*`` to a Python caller, **pybind11 will assume that the string is valid UTF-8** and will decode it to a native Python ``str``, using the same API as Python uses to perform ``bytes.decode('utf-8')``. If this implicit conversion fails, pybind11 will raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``. 
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    m.def("std_string_return",
+        []() {
+            return std::string("This string needs to be UTF-8 encoded");
+        }
+    );
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> isinstance(example.std_string_return(), str)
+    True
+
+
+Because UTF-8 is inclusive of pure ASCII, there is never any issue with returning a pure ASCII string to Python. If there is any possibility that the string is not pure ASCII, it is necessary to ensure the encoding is valid UTF-8.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Implicit conversion assumes that a returned ``char *`` is null-terminated. If there is no null terminator a buffer overrun will occur.
+
+Explicit conversions
+--------------------
+
+If some C++ code constructs a ``std::string`` that is not a UTF-8 string, one can perform a explicit conversion and return a ``py::str`` object. Explicit conversion has the same overhead as implicit conversion.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    // This uses the Python C API to convert Latin-1 to Unicode
+    m.def("str_output",
+        []() {
+            std::string s = "Send your r\xe9sum\xe9 to Alice in HR"; // Latin-1
+            py::str py_s = PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(s.data(), s.length());
+            return py_s;
+        }
+    );
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> str_output()
+    'Send your résumé to Alice in HR'
+
+The `Python C API <https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs>`_ provides several built-in codecs.
+
+
+One could also use a third party encoding library such as libiconv to transcode to UTF-8.
+
+Return C++ strings without conversion
+-------------------------------------
+
+If the data in a C++ ``std::string`` does not represent text and should be returned to Python as ``bytes``, then one can return the data as a ``py::bytes`` object.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    m.def("return_bytes",
+        []() {
+            std::string s("\xba\xd0\xba\xd0");  // Not valid UTF-8
+            return py::bytes(s);  // Return the data without transcoding
+        }
+    );
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> example.return_bytes()
+    b'\xba\xd0\xba\xd0'
+
+
+Note the asymmetry: pybind11 will convert ``bytes`` to ``std::string`` without encoding, but cannot convert ``std::string`` back to ``bytes`` implicitly.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    m.def("asymmetry",
+        [](std::string s) {  // Accepts str or bytes from Python
+            return s;  // Looks harmless, but implicitly converts to str
+        }
+    );    
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> isinstance(example.asymmetry(b"have some bytes"), str)
+    True
+
+    >>> example.asymmetry(b"\xba\xd0\xba\xd0")  # invalid utf-8 as bytes
+    UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xba in position 0: invalid start byte
+
+
+Wide character strings
+======================
+
+When a Python ``str`` is passed to a C++ function expecting ``std::wstring``, ``wchar_t*``, ``std::u16string`` or ``std::u32string``, the ``str`` will be encoded to UTF-16 or UTF-32 depending on how the C++ compiler implements each type, in the platform's endian. When strings of these types are returned, they are assumed to contain valid UTF-16 or UTF-32, and will be decoded to Python ``str``.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    #define UNICODE
+    #include <windows.h>
+
+    m.def("set_window_text",
+        [](HWND hwnd, std::wstring s) {
+            // Call SetWindowText with null-terminated UTF-16 string
+            ::SetWindowText(hwnd, s.c_str());
+        }
+    );
+    m.def("get_window_text",
+        [](HWND hwnd) {
+            const int buffer_size = ::GetWindowTextLength(hwnd) + 1;
+            auto buffer = std::make_unique< wchar_t[] >(buffer_size);
+
+            ::GetWindowText(hwnd, buffer.data(), buffer_size);
+
+            std::wstring text(buffer.get());
+
+            // wstring will be converted to Python str
+            return text;
+        }
+    );
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Wide character strings may not work as described on Python 2.7 or Python 3.3 compiled with ``--enable-unicode=ucs2``.
+
+Strings in multibyte encodings such as Shift-JIS must transcoded to a UTF-8/16/32 before being returned to Python.
+
+
+Character literals
+==================
+
+C++ functions that accept character literals as input will receive the first character of a Python ``str`` as their input. If the string is longer than one Unicode character, trailing characters will be ignored.
+
+When a character literal is returned from C++ (such as a ``char`` or a ``wchar_t``), it will be converted to a ``str`` that represents the single character.
+
+.. code-block:: c++
+
+    m.def("pass_char", [](char c) { return c; });
+    m.def("pass_wchar", [](wchar_t w) { return w; });
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    
+    >>> example.pass_char('A')
+    'A'
+
+While C++ will cast integers to character types (``char c = 0x65;``), pybind11 does not convert Python integers to characters implicitly. The Python function ``chr()`` can be used to convert integers to characters.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+    
+    >>> example.pass_char(0x65)
+    TypeError
+
+    >>> example.pass_char(chr(0x65))
+    'A'
+
+If the desire is to work with an 8-bit integer, use ``int8_t`` or ``uint8_t`` as the argument type.
+
+Grapheme clusters
+-----------------
+
+A single grapheme may be represented by two or more Unicode characters. For example 'é' is usually represented as U+00E9 but can also be expressed as the combining character sequence U+0065 U+0301 (that is, the letter 'e' followed by a combining acute accent). The combining character will be lost if the two-character sequence is passed as an argument, even though it renders as a single grapheme.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> example.pass_wchar('é')
+    'é'
+
+    >>> combining_e_acute = 'e' + '\u0301'
+
+    >>> combining_e_acute
+    'é'
+
+    >>> combining_e_acute == 'é'
+    False
+
+    >>> example.pass_wchar(combining_e_acute)
+    'e'
+
+Normalizing combining characters before passing the character literal to C++ may resolve *some* of these issues:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> example.pass_wchar(unicodedata.normalize('NFC', combining_e_acute))
+    'é'
+
+In some languages (Thai for example), there are `graphemes that cannot be expressed as a single Unicode code point <http://unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries>`_, so there is no way to capture them in a C++ character type.
+
+
+References
+==========
+
+* `The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!) <https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_
+* `C++ - Using STL Strings at Win32 API Boundaries <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-ca/magazine/mt238407.aspx>`_ 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/classes.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/classes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8896441b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/classes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+Classes
+#######
+
+This section presents advanced binding code for classes and it is assumed
+that you are already familiar with the basics from :doc:`/classes`.
+
+.. _overriding_virtuals:
+
+Overriding virtual functions in Python
+======================================
+
+Suppose that a C++ class or interface has a virtual function that we'd like to
+to override from within Python (we'll focus on the class ``Animal``; ``Dog`` is
+given as a specific example of how one would do this with traditional C++
+code).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Animal {
+    public:
+        virtual ~Animal() { }
+        virtual std::string go(int n_times) = 0;
+    };
+
+    class Dog : public Animal {
+    public:
+        std::string go(int n_times) override {
+            std::string result;
+            for (int i=0; i<n_times; ++i)
+                result += "woof! ";
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+Let's also suppose that we are given a plain function which calls the
+function ``go()`` on an arbitrary ``Animal`` instance.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    std::string call_go(Animal *animal) {
+        return animal->go(3);
+    }
+
+Normally, the binding code for these classes would look as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::class_<Animal> animal(m, "Animal");
+        animal
+            .def("go", &Animal::go);
+
+        py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", animal)
+            .def(py::init<>());
+
+        m.def("call_go", &call_go);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+However, these bindings are impossible to extend: ``Animal`` is not
+constructible, and we clearly require some kind of "trampoline" that
+redirects virtual calls back to Python.
+
+Defining a new type of ``Animal`` from within Python is possible but requires a
+helper class that is defined as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class PyAnimal : public Animal {
+    public:
+        /* Inherit the constructors */
+        using Animal::Animal;
+
+        /* Trampoline (need one for each virtual function) */
+        std::string go(int n_times) override {
+            PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
+                std::string, /* Return type */
+                Animal,      /* Parent class */
+                go,          /* Name of function in C++ (must match Python name) */
+                n_times      /* Argument(s) */
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+The macro :func:`PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE` should be used for pure virtual
+functions, and :func:`PYBIND11_OVERLOAD` should be used for functions which have
+a default implementation.  There are also two alternate macros
+:func:`PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME` and :func:`PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME` which
+take a string-valued name argument between the *Parent class* and *Name of the
+function* slots, which defines the name of function in Python. This is required 
+when the C++ and Python versions of the
+function have different names, e.g.  ``operator()`` vs ``__call__``.
+
+The binding code also needs a few minor adaptations (highlighted):
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+    :emphasize-lines: 4,6,7
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal /* <--- trampoline*/> animal(m, "Animal");
+        animal
+            .def(py::init<>())
+            .def("go", &Animal::go);
+
+        py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", animal)
+            .def(py::init<>());
+
+        m.def("call_go", &call_go);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+Importantly, pybind11 is made aware of the trampoline helper class by
+specifying it as an extra template argument to :class:`class_`. (This can also
+be combined with other template arguments such as a custom holder type; the
+order of template types does not matter).  Following this, we are able to
+define a constructor as usual.
+
+Bindings should be made against the actual class, not the trampoline helper class.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal /* <--- trampoline*/> animal(m, "Animal");
+        animal
+            .def(py::init<>())
+            .def("go", &PyAnimal::go); /* <--- THIS IS WRONG, use &Animal::go */
+
+Note, however, that the above is sufficient for allowing python classes to
+extend ``Animal``, but not ``Dog``: see ref:`virtual_and_inheritance` for the
+necessary steps required to providing proper overload support for inherited
+classes.
+
+The Python session below shows how to override ``Animal::go`` and invoke it via
+a virtual method call.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> from example import *
+    >>> d = Dog()
+    >>> call_go(d)
+    u'woof! woof! woof! '
+    >>> class Cat(Animal):
+    ...     def go(self, n_times):
+    ...             return "meow! " * n_times
+    ...
+    >>> c = Cat()
+    >>> call_go(c)
+    u'meow! meow! meow! '
+
+Please take a look at the :ref:`macro_notes` before using this feature.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When the overridden type returns a reference or pointer to a type that
+    pybind11 converts from Python (for example, numeric values, std::string,
+    and other built-in value-converting types), there are some limitations to
+    be aware of:
+
+    - because in these cases there is no C++ variable to reference (the value
+      is stored in the referenced Python variable), pybind11 provides one in
+      the PYBIND11_OVERLOAD macros (when needed) with static storage duration.
+      Note that this means that invoking the overloaded method on *any*
+      instance will change the referenced value stored in *all* instances of
+      that type.
+
+    - Attempts to modify a non-const reference will not have the desired
+      effect: it will change only the static cache variable, but this change
+      will not propagate to underlying Python instance, and the change will be
+      replaced the next time the overload is invoked.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp` contains a complete
+    example that demonstrates how to override virtual functions using pybind11
+    in more detail.
+
+.. _virtual_and_inheritance:
+
+Combining virtual functions and inheritance
+===========================================
+
+When combining virtual methods with inheritance, you need to be sure to provide
+an override for each method for which you want to allow overrides from derived
+python classes.  For example, suppose we extend the above ``Animal``/``Dog``
+example as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Animal {
+    public:
+        virtual std::string go(int n_times) = 0;
+        virtual std::string name() { return "unknown"; }
+    };
+    class Dog : public Animal {
+    public:
+        std::string go(int n_times) override {
+            std::string result;
+            for (int i=0; i<n_times; ++i)
+                result += bark() + " ";
+            return result;
+        }
+        virtual std::string bark() { return "woof!"; }
+    };
+
+then the trampoline class for ``Animal`` must, as described in the previous
+section, override ``go()`` and ``name()``, but in order to allow python code to
+inherit properly from ``Dog``, we also need a trampoline class for ``Dog`` that
+overrides both the added ``bark()`` method *and* the ``go()`` and ``name()``
+methods inherited from ``Animal`` (even though ``Dog`` doesn't directly
+override the ``name()`` method):
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class PyAnimal : public Animal {
+    public:
+        using Animal::Animal; // Inherit constructors
+        std::string go(int n_times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Animal, go, n_times); }
+        std::string name() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Animal, name, ); }
+    };
+    class PyDog : public Dog {
+    public:
+        using Dog::Dog; // Inherit constructors
+        std::string go(int n_times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Dog, go, n_times); }
+        std::string name() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Dog, name, ); }
+        std::string bark() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Dog, bark, ); }
+    };
+
+.. note::
+
+    Note the trailing commas in the ``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD`` calls to ``name()``
+    and ``bark()``. These are needed to portably implement a trampoline for a
+    function that does not take any arguments. For functions that take
+    a nonzero number of arguments, the trailing comma must be omitted.
+
+A registered class derived from a pybind11-registered class with virtual
+methods requires a similar trampoline class, *even if* it doesn't explicitly
+declare or override any virtual methods itself:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Husky : public Dog {};
+    class PyHusky : public Husky {
+    public:
+        using Husky::Husky; // Inherit constructors
+        std::string go(int n_times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Husky, go, n_times); }
+        std::string name() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Husky, name, ); }
+        std::string bark() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Husky, bark, ); }
+    };
+
+There is, however, a technique that can be used to avoid this duplication
+(which can be especially helpful for a base class with several virtual
+methods).  The technique involves using template trampoline classes, as
+follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    template <class AnimalBase = Animal> class PyAnimal : public AnimalBase {
+    public:
+        using AnimalBase::AnimalBase; // Inherit constructors
+        std::string go(int n_times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, AnimalBase, go, n_times); }
+        std::string name() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, AnimalBase, name, ); }
+    };
+    template <class DogBase = Dog> class PyDog : public PyAnimal<DogBase> {
+    public:
+        using PyAnimal<DogBase>::PyAnimal; // Inherit constructors
+        // Override PyAnimal's pure virtual go() with a non-pure one:
+        std::string go(int n_times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, DogBase, go, n_times); }
+        std::string bark() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, DogBase, bark, ); }
+    };
+
+This technique has the advantage of requiring just one trampoline method to be
+declared per virtual method and pure virtual method override.  It does,
+however, require the compiler to generate at least as many methods (and
+possibly more, if both pure virtual and overridden pure virtual methods are
+exposed, as above).
+
+The classes are then registered with pybind11 using:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal<>> animal(m, "Animal");
+    py::class_<Dog, PyDog<>> dog(m, "Dog");
+    py::class_<Husky, PyDog<Husky>> husky(m, "Husky");
+    // ... add animal, dog, husky definitions
+
+Note that ``Husky`` did not require a dedicated trampoline template class at
+all, since it neither declares any new virtual methods nor provides any pure
+virtual method implementations.
+
+With either the repeated-virtuals or templated trampoline methods in place, you
+can now create a python class that inherits from ``Dog``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class ShihTzu(Dog):
+        def bark(self):
+            return "yip!"
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    See the file :file:`tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp` for complete examples
+    using both the duplication and templated trampoline approaches.
+
+Extended trampoline class functionality
+=======================================
+
+The trampoline classes described in the previous sections are, by default, only
+initialized when needed.  More specifically, they are initialized when a python
+class actually inherits from a registered type (instead of merely creating an
+instance of the registered type), or when a registered constructor is only
+valid for the trampoline class but not the registered class.  This is primarily
+for performance reasons: when the trampoline class is not needed for anything
+except virtual method dispatching, not initializing the trampoline class
+improves performance by avoiding needing to do a run-time check to see if the
+inheriting python instance has an overloaded method.
+
+Sometimes, however, it is useful to always initialize a trampoline class as an
+intermediate class that does more than just handle virtual method dispatching.
+For example, such a class might perform extra class initialization, extra
+destruction operations, and might define new members and methods to enable a
+more python-like interface to a class.
+
+In order to tell pybind11 that it should *always* initialize the trampoline
+class when creating new instances of a type, the class constructors should be
+declared using ``py::init_alias<Args, ...>()`` instead of the usual
+``py::init<Args, ...>()``.  This forces construction via the trampoline class,
+ensuring member initialization and (eventual) destruction.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    See the file :file:`tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp` for complete examples
+    showing both normal and forced trampoline instantiation.
+
+.. _custom_constructors:
+
+Custom constructors
+===================
+
+The syntax for binding constructors was previously introduced, but it only
+works when a constructor with the given parameters actually exists on the C++
+side. To extend this to more general cases, let's take a look at what actually
+happens under the hood: the following statement
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Example>(m, "Example")
+        .def(py::init<int>());
+
+is short hand notation for
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Example>(m, "Example")
+        .def("__init__",
+            [](Example &instance, int arg) {
+                new (&instance) Example(arg);
+            }
+        );
+
+In other words, :func:`init` creates an anonymous function that invokes an
+in-place constructor. Memory allocation etc. is already take care of beforehand
+within pybind11.
+
+.. _classes_with_non_public_destructors:
+
+Non-public destructors
+======================
+
+If a class has a private or protected destructor (as might e.g. be the case in
+a singleton pattern), a compile error will occur when creating bindings via
+pybind11. The underlying issue is that the ``std::unique_ptr`` holder type that
+is responsible for managing the lifetime of instances will reference the
+destructor even if no deallocations ever take place. In order to expose classes
+with private or protected destructors, it is possible to override the holder
+type via a holder type argument to ``class_``. Pybind11 provides a helper class
+``py::nodelete`` that disables any destructor invocations. In this case, it is
+crucial that instances are deallocated on the C++ side to avoid memory leaks.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    /* ... definition ... */
+
+    class MyClass {
+    private:
+        ~MyClass() { }
+    };
+
+    /* ... binding code ... */
+
+    py::class_<MyClass, std::unique_ptr<MyClass, py::nodelete>>(m, "MyClass")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+
+.. _implicit_conversions:
+
+Implicit conversions
+====================
+
+Suppose that instances of two types ``A`` and ``B`` are used in a project, and
+that an ``A`` can easily be converted into an instance of type ``B`` (examples of this
+could be a fixed and an arbitrary precision number type).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<A>(m, "A")
+        /// ... members ...
+
+    py::class_<B>(m, "B")
+        .def(py::init<A>())
+        /// ... members ...
+
+    m.def("func",
+        [](const B &) { /* .... */ }
+    );
+
+To invoke the function ``func`` using a variable ``a`` containing an ``A``
+instance, we'd have to write ``func(B(a))`` in Python. On the other hand, C++
+will automatically apply an implicit type conversion, which makes it possible
+to directly write ``func(a)``.
+
+In this situation (i.e. where ``B`` has a constructor that converts from
+``A``), the following statement enables similar implicit conversions on the
+Python side:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::implicitly_convertible<A, B>();
+
+.. note::
+
+    Implicit conversions from ``A`` to ``B`` only work when ``B`` is a custom
+    data type that is exposed to Python via pybind11.
+
+.. _static_properties:
+
+Static properties
+=================
+
+The section on :ref:`properties` discussed the creation of instance properties
+that are implemented in terms of C++ getters and setters.
+
+Static properties can also be created in a similar way to expose getters and
+setters of static class attributes. Note that the implicit ``self`` argument
+also exists in this case and is used to pass the Python ``type`` subclass
+instance. This parameter will often not be needed by the C++ side, and the
+following example illustrates how to instantiate a lambda getter function
+that ignores it:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Foo>(m, "Foo")
+        .def_property_readonly_static("foo", [](py::object /* self */) { return Foo(); });
+
+Operator overloading
+====================
+
+Suppose that we're given the following ``Vector2`` class with a vector addition
+and scalar multiplication operation, all implemented using overloaded operators
+in C++.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Vector2 {
+    public:
+        Vector2(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) { }
+
+        Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x + v.x, y + v.y); }
+        Vector2 operator*(float value) const { return Vector2(x * value, y * value); }
+        Vector2& operator+=(const Vector2 &v) { x += v.x; y += v.y; return *this; }
+        Vector2& operator*=(float v) { x *= v; y *= v; return *this; }
+
+        friend Vector2 operator*(float f, const Vector2 &v) {
+            return Vector2(f * v.x, f * v.y);
+        }
+
+        std::string toString() const {
+            return "[" + std::to_string(x) + ", " + std::to_string(y) + "]";
+        }
+    private:
+        float x, y;
+    };
+
+The following snippet shows how the above operators can be conveniently exposed
+to Python.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/operators.h>
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::class_<Vector2>(m, "Vector2")
+            .def(py::init<float, float>())
+            .def(py::self + py::self)
+            .def(py::self += py::self)
+            .def(py::self *= float())
+            .def(float() * py::self)
+            .def(py::self * float())
+            .def("__repr__", &Vector2::toString);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+Note that a line like
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+            .def(py::self * float())
+
+is really just short hand notation for
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    .def("__mul__", [](const Vector2 &a, float b) {
+        return a * b;
+    }, py::is_operator())
+
+This can be useful for exposing additional operators that don't exist on the
+C++ side, or to perform other types of customization. The ``py::is_operator``
+flag marker is needed to inform pybind11 that this is an operator, which
+returns ``NotImplemented`` when invoked with incompatible arguments rather than
+throwing a type error.
+
+.. note::
+
+    To use the more convenient ``py::self`` notation, the additional
+    header file :file:`pybind11/operators.h` must be included.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp` contains a
+    complete example that demonstrates how to work with overloaded operators in
+    more detail.
+
+Pickling support
+================
+
+Python's ``pickle`` module provides a powerful facility to serialize and
+de-serialize a Python object graph into a binary data stream. To pickle and
+unpickle C++ classes using pybind11, two additional functions must be provided.
+Suppose the class in question has the following signature:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Pickleable {
+    public:
+        Pickleable(const std::string &value) : m_value(value) { }
+        const std::string &value() const { return m_value; }
+
+        void setExtra(int extra) { m_extra = extra; }
+        int extra() const { return m_extra; }
+    private:
+        std::string m_value;
+        int m_extra = 0;
+    };
+
+The binding code including the requisite ``__setstate__`` and ``__getstate__`` methods [#f3]_
+looks as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pickleable>(m, "Pickleable")
+        .def(py::init<std::string>())
+        .def("value", &Pickleable::value)
+        .def("extra", &Pickleable::extra)
+        .def("setExtra", &Pickleable::setExtra)
+        .def("__getstate__", [](const Pickleable &p) {
+            /* Return a tuple that fully encodes the state of the object */
+            return py::make_tuple(p.value(), p.extra());
+        })
+        .def("__setstate__", [](Pickleable &p, py::tuple t) {
+            if (t.size() != 2)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
+
+            /* Invoke the in-place constructor. Note that this is needed even
+               when the object just has a trivial default constructor */
+            new (&p) Pickleable(t[0].cast<std::string>());
+
+            /* Assign any additional state */
+            p.setExtra(t[1].cast<int>());
+        });
+
+An instance can now be pickled as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    try:
+        import cPickle as pickle  # Use cPickle on Python 2.7
+    except ImportError:
+        import pickle
+
+    p = Pickleable("test_value")
+    p.setExtra(15)
+    data = pickle.dumps(p, 2)
+
+Note that only the cPickle module is supported on Python 2.7. The second
+argument to ``dumps`` is also crucial: it selects the pickle protocol version
+2, since the older version 1 is not supported. Newer versions are also fine—for
+instance, specify ``-1`` to always use the latest available version. Beware:
+failure to follow these instructions will cause important pybind11 memory
+allocation routines to be skipped during unpickling, which will likely lead to
+memory corruption and/or segmentation faults.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_pickling.cpp` contains a complete example
+    that demonstrates how to pickle and unpickle types using pybind11 in more
+    detail.
+
+.. [#f3] http://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances
+
+Multiple Inheritance
+====================
+
+pybind11 can create bindings for types that derive from multiple base types
+(aka. *multiple inheritance*). To do so, specify all bases in the template
+arguments of the ``class_`` declaration:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<MyType, BaseType1, BaseType2, BaseType3>(m, "MyType")
+       ...
+
+The base types can be specified in arbitrary order, and they can even be
+interspersed with alias types and holder types (discussed earlier in this
+document)---pybind11 will automatically find out which is which. The only
+requirement is that the first template argument is the type to be declared.
+
+There are two caveats regarding the implementation of this feature:
+
+1. When only one base type is specified for a C++ type that actually has
+   multiple bases, pybind11 will assume that it does not participate in
+   multiple inheritance, which can lead to undefined behavior. In such cases,
+   add the tag ``multiple_inheritance``:
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::class_<MyType, BaseType2>(m, "MyType", py::multiple_inheritance());
+
+   The tag is redundant and does not need to be specified when multiple base
+   types are listed.
+
+2. As was previously discussed in the section on :ref:`overriding_virtuals`, it
+   is easy to create Python types that derive from C++ classes. It is even
+   possible to make use of multiple inheritance to declare a Python class which
+   has e.g. a C++ and a Python class as bases. However, any attempt to create a
+   type that has *two or more* C++ classes in its hierarchy of base types will
+   fail with a fatal error message: ``TypeError: multiple bases have instance
+   lay-out conflict``. Core Python types that are implemented in C (e.g.
+   ``dict``, ``list``, ``Exception``, etc.) also fall under this combination
+   and cannot be combined with C++ types bound using pybind11 via multiple
+   inheritance.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/exceptions.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/exceptions.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..348337916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/exceptions.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+Exceptions
+##########
+
+Built-in exception translation
+==============================
+
+When C++ code invoked from Python throws an ``std::exception``, it is
+automatically converted into a Python ``Exception``. pybind11 defines multiple
+special exception classes that will map to different types of Python
+exceptions:
+
+.. tabularcolumns:: |p{0.5\textwidth}|p{0.45\textwidth}|
+
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+|  C++ exception type                  |  Python exception type       |
++======================================+==============================+
+| :class:`std::exception`              | ``RuntimeError``             |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::bad_alloc`              | ``MemoryError``              |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::domain_error`           | ``ValueError``               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::invalid_argument`       | ``ValueError``               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::length_error`           | ``ValueError``               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::out_of_range`           | ``ValueError``               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`std::range_error`            | ``ValueError``               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`pybind11::stop_iteration`    | ``StopIteration`` (used to   |
+|                                      | implement custom iterators)  |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`pybind11::index_error`       | ``IndexError`` (used to      |
+|                                      | indicate out of bounds       |
+|                                      | accesses in ``__getitem__``, |
+|                                      | ``__setitem__``, etc.)       |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`pybind11::value_error`       | ``ValueError`` (used to      |
+|                                      | indicate wrong value passed  |
+|                                      | in ``container.remove(...)`` |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`pybind11::key_error`         | ``KeyError`` (used to        |
+|                                      | indicate out of bounds       |
+|                                      | accesses in ``__getitem__``, |
+|                                      | ``__setitem__`` in dict-like |
+|                                      | objects, etc.)               |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+| :class:`pybind11::error_already_set` | Indicates that the Python    |
+|                                      | exception flag has already   |
+|                                      | been initialized             |
++--------------------------------------+------------------------------+
+
+When a Python function invoked from C++ throws an exception, it is converted
+into a C++ exception of type :class:`error_already_set` whose string payload
+contains a textual summary.
+
+There is also a special exception :class:`cast_error` that is thrown by
+:func:`handle::call` when the input arguments cannot be converted to Python
+objects.
+
+Registering custom translators
+==============================
+
+If the default exception conversion policy described above is insufficient,
+pybind11 also provides support for registering custom exception translators.
+To register a simple exception conversion that translates a C++ exception into
+a new Python exception using the C++ exception's ``what()`` method, a helper
+function is available:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::register_exception<CppExp>(module, "PyExp");
+
+This call creates a Python exception class with the name ``PyExp`` in the given
+module and automatically converts any encountered exceptions of type ``CppExp``
+into Python exceptions of type ``PyExp``.
+
+When more advanced exception translation is needed, the function
+``py::register_exception_translator(translator)`` can be used to register
+functions that can translate arbitrary exception types (and which may include
+additional logic to do so).  The function takes a stateless callable (e.g.  a
+function pointer or a lambda function without captured variables) with the call
+signature ``void(std::exception_ptr)``.
+
+When a C++ exception is thrown, the registered exception translators are tried
+in reverse order of registration (i.e. the last registered translator gets the
+first shot at handling the exception).
+
+Inside the translator, ``std::rethrow_exception`` should be used within
+a try block to re-throw the exception.  One or more catch clauses to catch
+the appropriate exceptions should then be used with each clause using
+``PyErr_SetString`` to set a Python exception or ``ex(string)`` to set
+the python exception to a custom exception type (see below).
+
+To declare a custom Python exception type, declare a ``py::exception`` variable
+and use this in the associated exception translator (note: it is often useful
+to make this a static declaration when using it inside a lambda expression
+without requiring capturing).
+
+
+The following example demonstrates this for a hypothetical exception classes
+``MyCustomException`` and ``OtherException``: the first is translated to a
+custom python exception ``MyCustomError``, while the second is translated to a
+standard python RuntimeError:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    static py::exception<MyCustomException> exc(m, "MyCustomError");
+    py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
+        try {
+            if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        } catch (const MyCustomException &e) {
+            exc(e.what());
+        } catch (const OtherException &e) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what());
+        }
+    });
+
+Multiple exceptions can be handled by a single translator, as shown in the
+example above. If the exception is not caught by the current translator, the
+previously registered one gets a chance.
+
+If none of the registered exception translators is able to handle the
+exception, it is handled by the default converter as described in the previous
+section.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_exceptions.cpp` contains examples
+    of various custom exception translators and custom exception types.
+
+.. note::
+
+    You must call either ``PyErr_SetString`` or a custom exception's call
+    operator (``exc(string)``) for every exception caught in a custom exception
+    translator.  Failure to do so will cause Python to crash with ``SystemError:
+    error return without exception set``.
+
+    Exceptions that you do not plan to handle should simply not be caught, or
+    may be explicity (re-)thrown to delegate it to the other,
+    previously-declared existing exception translators.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/functions.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/functions.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0b0fe095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/functions.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+Functions
+#########
+
+Before proceeding with this section, make sure that you are already familiar
+with the basics of binding functions and classes, as explained in :doc:`/basics`
+and :doc:`/classes`. The following guide is applicable to both free and member
+functions, i.e. *methods* in Python.
+
+.. _return_value_policies:
+
+Return value policies
+=====================
+
+Python and C++ use fundamentally different ways of managing the memory and
+lifetime of objects managed by them. This can lead to issues when creating
+bindings for functions that return a non-trivial type. Just by looking at the
+type information, it is not clear whether Python should take charge of the
+returned value and eventually free its resources, or if this is handled on the
+C++ side. For this reason, pybind11 provides a several *return value policy*
+annotations that can be passed to the :func:`module::def` and
+:func:`class_::def` functions. The default policy is
+:enum:`return_value_policy::automatic`.
+
+Return value policies are tricky, and it's very important to get them right.
+Just to illustrate what can go wrong, consider the following simple example:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    /* Function declaration */
+    Data *get_data() { return _data; /* (pointer to a static data structure) */ }
+    ...
+
+    /* Binding code */
+    m.def("get_data", &get_data); // <-- KABOOM, will cause crash when called from Python
+
+What's going on here? When ``get_data()`` is called from Python, the return
+value (a native C++ type) must be wrapped to turn it into a usable Python type.
+In this case, the default return value policy (:enum:`return_value_policy::automatic`)
+causes pybind11 to assume ownership of the static ``_data`` instance.
+
+When Python's garbage collector eventually deletes the Python
+wrapper, pybind11 will also attempt to delete the C++ instance (via ``operator
+delete()``) due to the implied ownership. At this point, the entire application
+will come crashing down, though errors could also be more subtle and involve
+silent data corruption.
+
+In the above example, the policy :enum:`return_value_policy::reference` should have
+been specified so that the global data instance is only *referenced* without any
+implied transfer of ownership, i.e.:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("get_data", &get_data, return_value_policy::reference);
+
+On the other hand, this is not the right policy for many other situations,
+where ignoring ownership could lead to resource leaks.
+As a developer using pybind11, it's important to be familiar with the different
+return value policies, including which situation calls for which one of them.
+The following table provides an overview of available policies:
+
+.. tabularcolumns:: |p{0.5\textwidth}|p{0.45\textwidth}|
+
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Return value policy                              | Description                                                                |
++==================================================+============================================================================+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::take_ownership`      | Reference an existing object (i.e. do not create a new copy) and take      |
+|                                                  | ownership. Python will call the destructor and delete operator when the    |
+|                                                  | object's reference count reaches zero. Undefined behavior ensues when the  |
+|                                                  | C++ side does the same, or when the data was not dynamically allocated.    |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::copy`                | Create a new copy of the returned object, which will be owned by Python.   |
+|                                                  | This policy is comparably safe because the lifetimes of the two instances  |
+|                                                  | are decoupled.                                                             |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::move`                | Use ``std::move`` to move the return value contents into a new instance    |
+|                                                  | that will be owned by Python. This policy is comparably safe because the   |
+|                                                  | lifetimes of the two instances (move source and destination) are decoupled.|
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::reference`           | Reference an existing object, but do not take ownership. The C++ side is   |
+|                                                  | responsible for managing the object's lifetime and deallocating it when    |
+|                                                  | it is no longer used. Warning: undefined behavior will ensue when the C++  |
+|                                                  | side deletes an object that is still referenced and used by Python.        |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::reference_internal`  | Indicates that the lifetime of the return value is tied to the lifetime    |
+|                                                  | of a parent object, namely the implicit ``this``, or ``self`` argument of  |
+|                                                  | the called method or property. Internally, this policy works just like     |
+|                                                  | :enum:`return_value_policy::reference` but additionally applies a          |
+|                                                  | ``keep_alive<0, 1>`` *call policy* (described in the next section) that    |
+|                                                  | prevents the parent object from being garbage collected as long as the     |
+|                                                  | return value is referenced by Python. This is the default policy for       |
+|                                                  | property getters created via ``def_property``, ``def_readwrite``, etc.     |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::automatic`           | **Default policy.** This policy falls back to the policy                   |
+|                                                  | :enum:`return_value_policy::take_ownership` when the return value is a     |
+|                                                  | pointer. Otherwise, it uses :enum:`return_value_policy::move` or           |
+|                                                  | :enum:`return_value_policy::copy` for rvalue and lvalue references,        |
+|                                                  | respectively. See above for a description of what all of these different   |
+|                                                  | policies do.                                                               |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| :enum:`return_value_policy::automatic_reference` | As above, but use policy :enum:`return_value_policy::reference` when the   |
+|                                                  | return value is a pointer. This is the default conversion policy for       |
+|                                                  | function arguments when calling Python functions manually from C++ code    |
+|                                                  | (i.e. via handle::operator()). You probably won't need to use this.        |
++--------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Return value policies can also be applied to properties:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class_<MyClass>(m, "MyClass")
+        .def_property("data", &MyClass::getData, &MyClass::setData,
+                      py::return_value_policy::copy);
+
+Technically, the code above applies the policy to both the getter and the
+setter function, however, the setter doesn't really care about *return*
+value policies which makes this a convenient terse syntax. Alternatively,
+targeted arguments can be passed through the :class:`cpp_function` constructor:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class_<MyClass>(m, "MyClass")
+        .def_property("data"
+            py::cpp_function(&MyClass::getData, py::return_value_policy::copy),
+            py::cpp_function(&MyClass::setData)
+        );
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Code with invalid return value policies might access unitialized memory or
+    free data structures multiple times, which can lead to hard-to-debug
+    non-determinism and segmentation faults, hence it is worth spending the
+    time to understand all the different options in the table above.
+
+.. note::
+
+    One important aspect of the above policies is that they only apply to
+    instances which pybind11 has *not* seen before, in which case the policy
+    clarifies essential questions about the return value's lifetime and
+    ownership.  When pybind11 knows the instance already (as identified by its
+    type and address in memory), it will return the existing Python object
+    wrapper rather than creating a new copy.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The next section on :ref:`call_policies` discusses *call policies* that can be
+    specified *in addition* to a return value policy from the list above. Call
+    policies indicate reference relationships that can involve both return values
+    and parameters of functions.
+
+.. note::
+
+   As an alternative to elaborate call policies and lifetime management logic,
+   consider using smart pointers (see the section on :ref:`smart_pointers` for
+   details). Smart pointers can tell whether an object is still referenced from
+   C++ or Python, which generally eliminates the kinds of inconsistencies that
+   can lead to crashes or undefined behavior. For functions returning smart
+   pointers, it is not necessary to specify a return value policy.
+
+.. _call_policies:
+
+Additional call policies
+========================
+
+In addition to the above return value policies, further *call policies* can be
+specified to indicate dependencies between parameters. In general, call policies
+are required when the C++ object is any kind of container and another object is being
+added to the container.
+
+There is currently just
+one policy named ``keep_alive<Nurse, Patient>``, which indicates that the
+argument with index ``Patient`` should be kept alive at least until the
+argument with index ``Nurse`` is freed by the garbage collector. Argument
+indices start at one, while zero refers to the return value. For methods, index
+``1`` refers to the implicit ``this`` pointer, while regular arguments begin at
+index ``2``. Arbitrarily many call policies can be specified. When a ``Nurse``
+with value ``None`` is detected at runtime, the call policy does nothing.
+
+This feature internally relies on the ability to create a *weak reference* to
+the nurse object, which is permitted by all classes exposed via pybind11. When
+the nurse object does not support weak references, an exception will be thrown.
+
+Consider the following example: here, the binding code for a list append
+operation ties the lifetime of the newly added element to the underlying
+container:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<List>(m, "List")
+        .def("append", &List::append, py::keep_alive<1, 2>());
+
+.. note::
+
+    ``keep_alive`` is analogous to the ``with_custodian_and_ward`` (if Nurse,
+    Patient != 0) and ``with_custodian_and_ward_postcall`` (if Nurse/Patient ==
+    0) policies from Boost.Python.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_keep_alive.cpp` contains a complete example
+    that demonstrates using :class:`keep_alive` in more detail.
+
+.. _python_objects_as_args:
+
+Python objects as arguments
+===========================
+
+pybind11 exposes all major Python types using thin C++ wrapper classes. These
+wrapper classes can also be used as parameters of functions in bindings, which
+makes it possible to directly work with native Python types on the C++ side.
+For instance, the following statement iterates over a Python ``dict``:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void print_dict(py::dict dict) {
+        /* Easily interact with Python types */
+        for (auto item : dict)
+            std::cout << "key=" << std::string(py::str(item.first)) << ", "
+                      << "value=" << std::string(py::str(item.second)) << std::endl;
+    }
+
+It can be exported:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("print_dict", &print_dict);
+
+And used in Python as usual:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> print_dict({'foo': 123, 'bar': 'hello'})
+    key=foo, value=123
+    key=bar, value=hello
+
+For more information on using Python objects in C++, see :doc:`/advanced/pycpp/index`.
+
+Accepting \*args and \*\*kwargs
+===============================
+
+Python provides a useful mechanism to define functions that accept arbitrary
+numbers of arguments and keyword arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   def generic(*args, **kwargs):
+       ...  # do something with args and kwargs
+
+Such functions can also be created using pybind11:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+   void generic(py::args args, py::kwargs kwargs) {
+       /// .. do something with args
+       if (kwargs)
+           /// .. do something with kwargs
+   }
+
+   /// Binding code
+   m.def("generic", &generic);
+
+The class ``py::args`` derives from ``py::tuple`` and ``py::kwargs`` derives
+from ``py::dict``.
+
+You may also use just one or the other, and may combine these with other
+arguments as long as the ``py::args`` and ``py::kwargs`` arguments are the last
+arguments accepted by the function.
+
+Please refer to the other examples for details on how to iterate over these,
+and on how to cast their entries into C++ objects. A demonstration is also
+available in ``tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp``.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When combining \*args or \*\*kwargs with :ref:`keyword_args` you should
+    *not* include ``py::arg`` tags for the ``py::args`` and ``py::kwargs``
+    arguments.
+
+Default arguments revisited
+===========================
+
+The section on :ref:`default_args` previously discussed basic usage of default
+arguments using pybind11. One noteworthy aspect of their implementation is that
+default arguments are converted to Python objects right at declaration time.
+Consider the following example:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<MyClass>("MyClass")
+        .def("myFunction", py::arg("arg") = SomeType(123));
+
+In this case, pybind11 must already be set up to deal with values of the type
+``SomeType`` (via a prior instantiation of ``py::class_<SomeType>``), or an
+exception will be thrown.
+
+Another aspect worth highlighting is that the "preview" of the default argument
+in the function signature is generated using the object's ``__repr__`` method.
+If not available, the signature may not be very helpful, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    FUNCTIONS
+    ...
+    |  myFunction(...)
+    |      Signature : (MyClass, arg : SomeType = <SomeType object at 0x101b7b080>) -> NoneType
+    ...
+
+The first way of addressing this is by defining ``SomeType.__repr__``.
+Alternatively, it is possible to specify the human-readable preview of the
+default argument manually using the ``arg_v`` notation:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<MyClass>("MyClass")
+        .def("myFunction", py::arg_v("arg", SomeType(123), "SomeType(123)"));
+
+Sometimes it may be necessary to pass a null pointer value as a default
+argument. In this case, remember to cast it to the underlying type in question,
+like so:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<MyClass>("MyClass")
+        .def("myFunction", py::arg("arg") = (SomeType *) nullptr);
+
+.. _nonconverting_arguments:
+
+Non-converting arguments
+========================
+
+Certain argument types may support conversion from one type to another.  Some
+examples of conversions are:
+
+* :ref:`implicit_conversions` declared using ``py::implicitly_convertible<A,B>()``
+* Calling a method accepting a double with an integer argument
+* Calling a ``std::complex<float>`` argument with a non-complex python type
+  (for example, with a float).  (Requires the optional ``pybind11/complex.h``
+  header).
+* Calling a function taking an Eigen matrix reference with a numpy array of the
+  wrong type or of an incompatible data layout.  (Requires the optional
+  ``pybind11/eigen.h`` header).
+
+This behaviour is sometimes undesirable: the binding code may prefer to raise
+an error rather than convert the argument.  This behaviour can be obtained
+through ``py::arg`` by calling the ``.noconvert()`` method of the ``py::arg``
+object, such as:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
+    m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
+
+Attempting the call the second function (the one without ``.noconvert()``) with
+an integer will succeed, but attempting to call the ``.noconvert()`` version
+will fail with a ``TypeError``:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> floats_preferred(4)
+    2.0
+    >>> floats_only(4)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    TypeError: floats_only(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+        1. (f: float) -> float
+
+    Invoked with: 4
+
+You may, of course, combine this with the :var:`_a` shorthand notation (see
+:ref:`keyword_args`) and/or :ref:`default_args`.  It is also permitted to omit
+the argument name by using the ``py::arg()`` constructor without an argument
+name, i.e. by specifying ``py::arg().noconvert()``.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When specifying ``py::arg`` options it is necessary to provide the same
+    number of options as the bound function has arguments.  Thus if you want to
+    enable no-convert behaviour for just one of several arguments, you will
+    need to specify a ``py::arg()`` annotation for each argument with the
+    no-convert argument modified to ``py::arg().noconvert()``.
+
+Overload resolution order
+=========================
+
+When a function or method with multiple overloads is called from Python,
+pybind11 determines which overload to call in two passes.  The first pass
+attempts to call each overload without allowing argument conversion (as if
+every argument had been specified as ``py::arg().noconvert()`` as decribed
+above).
+
+If no overload succeeds in the no-conversion first pass, a second pass is
+attempted in which argument conversion is allowed (except where prohibited via
+an explicit ``py::arg().noconvert()`` attribute in the function definition).
+
+If the second pass also fails a ``TypeError`` is raised.
+
+Within each pass, overloads are tried in the order they were registered with
+pybind11.
+
+What this means in practice is that pybind11 will prefer any overload that does
+not require conversion of arguments to an overload that does, but otherwise prefers
+earlier-defined overloads to later-defined ones.
+
+.. note::
+
+    pybind11 does *not* further prioritize based on the number/pattern of
+    overloaded arguments.  That is, pybind11 does not prioritize a function
+    requiring one conversion over one requiring three, but only prioritizes
+    overloads requiring no conversion at all to overloads that require
+    conversion of at least one argument.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d98466512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+Miscellaneous
+#############
+
+.. _macro_notes:
+
+General notes regarding convenience macros
+==========================================
+
+pybind11 provides a few convenience macros such as
+:func:`PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE` and :func:`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE`, and
+``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_*``. Since these are "just" macros that are evaluated
+in the preprocessor (which has no concept of types), they *will* get confused
+by commas in a template argument such as ``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(MyReturnValue<T1,
+T2>, myFunc)``. In this case, the preprocessor assumes that the comma indicates
+the beginning of the next parameter. Use a ``typedef`` to bind the template to
+another name and use it in the macro to avoid this problem.
+
+
+Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)
+=============================
+
+When calling a C++ function from Python, the GIL is always held.
+The classes :class:`gil_scoped_release` and :class:`gil_scoped_acquire` can be
+used to acquire and release the global interpreter lock in the body of a C++
+function call. In this way, long-running C++ code can be parallelized using
+multiple Python threads. Taking :ref:`overriding_virtuals` as an example, this
+could be realized as follows (important changes highlighted):
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+    :emphasize-lines: 8,9,33,34
+
+    class PyAnimal : public Animal {
+    public:
+        /* Inherit the constructors */
+        using Animal::Animal;
+
+        /* Trampoline (need one for each virtual function) */
+        std::string go(int n_times) {
+            /* Acquire GIL before calling Python code */
+            py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
+
+            PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
+                std::string, /* Return type */
+                Animal,      /* Parent class */
+                go,          /* Name of function */
+                n_times      /* Argument(s) */
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal> animal(m, "Animal");
+        animal
+            .def(py::init<>())
+            .def("go", &Animal::go);
+
+        py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", animal)
+            .def(py::init<>());
+
+        m.def("call_go", [](Animal *animal) -> std::string {
+            /* Release GIL before calling into (potentially long-running) C++ code */
+            py::gil_scoped_release release;
+            return call_go(animal);
+        });
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+
+Binding sequence data types, iterators, the slicing protocol, etc.
+==================================================================
+
+Please refer to the supplemental example for details.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp` contains a
+    complete example that shows how to bind a sequence data type, including
+    length queries (``__len__``), iterators (``__iter__``), the slicing
+    protocol and other kinds of useful operations.
+
+
+Partitioning code over multiple extension modules
+=================================================
+
+It's straightforward to split binding code over multiple extension modules,
+while referencing types that are declared elsewhere. Everything "just" works
+without any special precautions. One exception to this rule occurs when
+extending a type declared in another extension module. Recall the basic example
+from Section :ref:`inheritance`.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");
+    pet.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+       .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
+
+    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet /* <- specify parent */)
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
+
+Suppose now that ``Pet`` bindings are defined in a module named ``basic``,
+whereas the ``Dog`` bindings are defined somewhere else. The challenge is of
+course that the variable ``pet`` is not available anymore though it is needed
+to indicate the inheritance relationship to the constructor of ``class_<Dog>``.
+However, it can be acquired as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::object pet = (py::object) py::module::import("basic").attr("Pet");
+
+    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet)
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
+
+Alternatively, you can specify the base class as a template parameter option to
+``class_``, which performs an automated lookup of the corresponding Python
+type. Like the above code, however, this also requires invoking the ``import``
+function once to ensure that the pybind11 binding code of the module ``basic``
+has been executed:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::module::import("basic");
+
+    py::class_<Dog, Pet>(m, "Dog")
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
+
+Naturally, both methods will fail when there are cyclic dependencies.
+
+Note that compiling code which has its default symbol visibility set to
+*hidden* (e.g. via the command line flag ``-fvisibility=hidden`` on GCC/Clang) can interfere with the
+ability to access types defined in another extension module. Workarounds
+include changing the global symbol visibility (not recommended, because it will
+lead unnecessarily large binaries) or manually exporting types that are
+accessed by multiple extension modules:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #ifdef _WIN32
+    #  define EXPORT_TYPE __declspec(dllexport)
+    #else
+    #  define EXPORT_TYPE __attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
+    #endif
+
+    class EXPORT_TYPE Dog : public Animal {
+        ...
+    };
+
+Note also that it is possible (although would rarely be required) to share arbitrary
+C++ objects between extension modules at runtime. Internal library data is shared
+between modules using capsule machinery [#f6]_ which can be also utilized for
+storing, modifying and accessing user-defined data. Note that an extension module
+will "see" other extensions' data if and only if they were built with the same
+pybind11 version. Consider the following example:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    auto data = (MyData *) py::get_shared_data("mydata");
+    if (!data)
+        data = (MyData *) py::set_shared_data("mydata", new MyData(42));
+
+If the above snippet was used in several separately compiled extension modules,
+the first one to be imported would create a ``MyData`` instance and associate
+a ``"mydata"`` key with a pointer to it. Extensions that are imported later
+would be then able to access the data behind the same pointer.
+
+.. [#f6] https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html#using-capsules
+
+Module Destructors
+==================
+
+pybind11 does not provide an explicit mechanism to invoke cleanup code at
+module destruction time. In rare cases where such functionality is required, it
+is possible to emulate it using Python capsules with a destruction callback.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    auto cleanup_callback = []() {
+        // perform cleanup here -- this function is called with the GIL held
+    };
+
+    m.add_object("_cleanup", py::capsule(cleanup_callback));
+
+Generating documentation using Sphinx
+=====================================
+
+Sphinx [#f4]_ has the ability to inspect the signatures and documentation
+strings in pybind11-based extension modules to automatically generate beautiful
+documentation in a variety formats. The python_example repository [#f5]_ contains a
+simple example repository which uses this approach.
+
+There are two potential gotchas when using this approach: first, make sure that
+the resulting strings do not contain any :kbd:`TAB` characters, which break the
+docstring parsing routines. You may want to use C++11 raw string literals,
+which are convenient for multi-line comments. Conveniently, any excess
+indentation will be automatically be removed by Sphinx. However, for this to
+work, it is important that all lines are indented consistently, i.e.:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // ok
+    m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(
+        The foo function
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+    )mydelimiter");
+
+    // *not ok*
+    m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(The foo function
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+    )mydelimiter");
+
+By default, pybind11 automatically generates and prepends a signature to the docstring of a function 
+registered with ``module::def()`` and ``class_::def()``. Sometimes this
+behavior is not desirable, because you want to provide your own signature or remove 
+the docstring completely to exclude the function from the Sphinx documentation.
+The class ``options`` allows you to selectively suppress auto-generated signatures:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::options options;
+        options.disable_function_signatures();
+        
+        m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, "A function which adds two numbers");
+        
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+Note that changes to the settings affect only function bindings created during the 
+lifetime of the ``options`` instance. When it goes out of scope at the end of the module's init function, 
+the default settings are restored to prevent unwanted side effects.
+
+.. [#f4] http://www.sphinx-doc.org
+.. [#f5] http://github.com/pybind/python_example
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6885bdcff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Python C++ interface
+####################
+
+pybind11 exposes Python types and functions using thin C++ wrappers, which
+makes it possible to conveniently call Python code from C++ without resorting
+to Python's C API.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   object
+   numpy
+   utilities
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/numpy.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/numpy.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bcc46719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/numpy.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+.. _numpy:
+
+NumPy
+#####
+
+Buffer protocol
+===============
+
+Python supports an extremely general and convenient approach for exchanging
+data between plugin libraries. Types can expose a buffer view [#f2]_, which
+provides fast direct access to the raw internal data representation. Suppose we
+want to bind the following simplistic Matrix class:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Matrix {
+    public:
+        Matrix(size_t rows, size_t cols) : m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols) {
+            m_data = new float[rows*cols];
+        }
+        float *data() { return m_data; }
+        size_t rows() const { return m_rows; }
+        size_t cols() const { return m_cols; }
+    private:
+        size_t m_rows, m_cols;
+        float *m_data;
+    };
+
+The following binding code exposes the ``Matrix`` contents as a buffer object,
+making it possible to cast Matrices into NumPy arrays. It is even possible to
+completely avoid copy operations with Python expressions like
+``np.array(matrix_instance, copy = False)``.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Matrix>(m, "Matrix", py::buffer_protocol())
+       .def_buffer([](Matrix &m) -> py::buffer_info {
+            return py::buffer_info(
+                m.data(),                               /* Pointer to buffer */
+                sizeof(float),                          /* Size of one scalar */
+                py::format_descriptor<float>::format(), /* Python struct-style format descriptor */
+                2,                                      /* Number of dimensions */
+                { m.rows(), m.cols() },                 /* Buffer dimensions */
+                { sizeof(float) * m.rows(),             /* Strides (in bytes) for each index */
+                  sizeof(float) }
+            );
+        });
+
+Supporting the buffer protocol in a new type involves specifying the special
+``py::buffer_protocol()`` tag in the ``py::class_`` constructor and calling the
+``def_buffer()`` method with a lambda function that creates a
+``py::buffer_info`` description record on demand describing a given matrix
+instance. The contents of ``py::buffer_info`` mirror the Python buffer protocol
+specification.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct buffer_info {
+        void *ptr;
+        size_t itemsize;
+        std::string format;
+        int ndim;
+        std::vector<size_t> shape;
+        std::vector<size_t> strides;
+    };
+
+To create a C++ function that can take a Python buffer object as an argument,
+simply use the type ``py::buffer`` as one of its arguments. Buffers can exist
+in a great variety of configurations, hence some safety checks are usually
+necessary in the function body. Below, you can see an basic example on how to
+define a custom constructor for the Eigen double precision matrix
+(``Eigen::MatrixXd``) type, which supports initialization from compatible
+buffer objects (e.g. a NumPy matrix).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    /* Bind MatrixXd (or some other Eigen type) to Python */
+    typedef Eigen::MatrixXd Matrix;
+
+    typedef Matrix::Scalar Scalar;
+    constexpr bool rowMajor = Matrix::Flags & Eigen::RowMajorBit;
+
+    py::class_<Matrix>(m, "Matrix", py::buffer_protocol())
+        .def("__init__", [](Matrix &m, py::buffer b) {
+            typedef Eigen::Stride<Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> Strides;
+
+            /* Request a buffer descriptor from Python */
+            py::buffer_info info = b.request();
+
+            /* Some sanity checks ... */
+            if (info.format != py::format_descriptor<Scalar>::format())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Incompatible format: expected a double array!");
+
+            if (info.ndim != 2)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Incompatible buffer dimension!");
+
+            auto strides = Strides(
+                info.strides[rowMajor ? 0 : 1] / sizeof(Scalar),
+                info.strides[rowMajor ? 1 : 0] / sizeof(Scalar));
+
+            auto map = Eigen::Map<Matrix, 0, Strides>(
+                static_cat<Scalar *>(info.ptr), info.shape[0], info.shape[1], strides);
+
+            new (&m) Matrix(map);
+        });
+
+For reference, the ``def_buffer()`` call for this Eigen data type should look
+as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    .def_buffer([](Matrix &m) -> py::buffer_info {
+        return py::buffer_info(
+            m.data(),                /* Pointer to buffer */
+            sizeof(Scalar),          /* Size of one scalar */
+            /* Python struct-style format descriptor */
+            py::format_descriptor<Scalar>::format(),
+            /* Number of dimensions */
+            2,
+            /* Buffer dimensions */
+            { (size_t) m.rows(),
+              (size_t) m.cols() },
+            /* Strides (in bytes) for each index */
+            { sizeof(Scalar) * (rowMajor ? m.cols() : 1),
+              sizeof(Scalar) * (rowMajor ? 1 : m.rows()) }
+        );
+     })
+
+For a much easier approach of binding Eigen types (although with some
+limitations), refer to the section on :doc:`/advanced/cast/eigen`.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_buffers.cpp` contains a complete example
+    that demonstrates using the buffer protocol with pybind11 in more detail.
+
+.. [#f2] http://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html
+
+Arrays
+======
+
+By exchanging ``py::buffer`` with ``py::array`` in the above snippet, we can
+restrict the function so that it only accepts NumPy arrays (rather than any
+type of Python object satisfying the buffer protocol).
+
+In many situations, we want to define a function which only accepts a NumPy
+array of a certain data type. This is possible via the ``py::array_t<T>``
+template. For instance, the following function requires the argument to be a
+NumPy array containing double precision values.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void f(py::array_t<double> array);
+
+When it is invoked with a different type (e.g. an integer or a list of
+integers), the binding code will attempt to cast the input into a NumPy array
+of the requested type. Note that this feature requires the
+:file:`pybind11/numpy.h` header to be included.
+
+Data in NumPy arrays is not guaranteed to packed in a dense manner;
+furthermore, entries can be separated by arbitrary column and row strides.
+Sometimes, it can be useful to require a function to only accept dense arrays
+using either the C (row-major) or Fortran (column-major) ordering. This can be
+accomplished via a second template argument with values ``py::array::c_style``
+or ``py::array::f_style``.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void f(py::array_t<double, py::array::c_style | py::array::forcecast> array);
+
+The ``py::array::forcecast`` argument is the default value of the second
+template parameter, and it ensures that non-conforming arguments are converted
+into an array satisfying the specified requirements instead of trying the next
+function overload.
+
+Structured types
+================
+
+In order for ``py::array_t`` to work with structured (record) types, we first
+need to register the memory layout of the type. This can be done via
+``PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE`` macro, called in the plugin definition code, which
+expects the type followed by field names:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct A {
+        int x;
+        double y;
+    };
+
+    struct B {
+        int z;
+        A a;
+    };
+
+    // ...
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(test) {
+        // ...
+
+        PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(A, x, y);
+        PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(B, z, a);
+        /* now both A and B can be used as template arguments to py::array_t */
+    }
+
+Vectorizing functions
+=====================
+
+Suppose we want to bind a function with the following signature to Python so
+that it can process arbitrary NumPy array arguments (vectors, matrices, general
+N-D arrays) in addition to its normal arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    double my_func(int x, float y, double z);
+
+After including the ``pybind11/numpy.h`` header, this is extremely simple:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("vectorized_func", py::vectorize(my_func));
+
+Invoking the function like below causes 4 calls to be made to ``my_func`` with
+each of the array elements. The significant advantage of this compared to
+solutions like ``numpy.vectorize()`` is that the loop over the elements runs
+entirely on the C++ side and can be crunched down into a tight, optimized loop
+by the compiler. The result is returned as a NumPy array of type
+``numpy.dtype.float64``.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1, 3],[5, 7]])
+    >>> y = np.array([[2, 4],[6, 8]])
+    >>> z = 3
+    >>> result = vectorized_func(x, y, z)
+
+The scalar argument ``z`` is transparently replicated 4 times.  The input
+arrays ``x`` and ``y`` are automatically converted into the right types (they
+are of type  ``numpy.dtype.int64`` but need to be ``numpy.dtype.int32`` and
+``numpy.dtype.float32``, respectively)
+
+Sometimes we might want to explicitly exclude an argument from the vectorization
+because it makes little sense to wrap it in a NumPy array. For instance,
+suppose the function signature was
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    double my_func(int x, float y, my_custom_type *z);
+
+This can be done with a stateful Lambda closure:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // Vectorize a lambda function with a capture object (e.g. to exclude some arguments from the vectorization)
+    m.def("vectorized_func",
+        [](py::array_t<int> x, py::array_t<float> y, my_custom_type *z) {
+            auto stateful_closure = [z](int x, float y) { return my_func(x, y, z); };
+            return py::vectorize(stateful_closure)(x, y);
+        }
+    );
+
+In cases where the computation is too complicated to be reduced to
+``vectorize``, it will be necessary to create and access the buffer contents
+manually. The following snippet contains a complete example that shows how this
+works (the code is somewhat contrived, since it could have been done more
+simply using ``vectorize``).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+    #include <pybind11/numpy.h>
+
+    namespace py = pybind11;
+
+    py::array_t<double> add_arrays(py::array_t<double> input1, py::array_t<double> input2) {
+        auto buf1 = input1.request(), buf2 = input2.request();
+
+        if (buf1.ndim != 1 || buf2.ndim != 1)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Number of dimensions must be one");
+
+        if (buf1.size != buf2.size)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Input shapes must match");
+
+        /* No pointer is passed, so NumPy will allocate the buffer */
+        auto result = py::array_t<double>(buf1.size);
+
+        auto buf3 = result.request();
+
+        double *ptr1 = (double *) buf1.ptr,
+               *ptr2 = (double *) buf2.ptr,
+               *ptr3 = (double *) buf3.ptr;
+
+        for (size_t idx = 0; idx < buf1.shape[0]; idx++)
+            ptr3[idx] = ptr1[idx] + ptr2[idx];
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(test) {
+        py::module m("test");
+        m.def("add_arrays", &add_arrays, "Add two NumPy arrays");
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp` contains a complete
+    example that demonstrates using :func:`vectorize` in more detail.
+
+Direct access
+=============
+
+For performance reasons, particularly when dealing with very large arrays, it
+is often desirable to directly access array elements without internal checking
+of dimensions and bounds on every access when indices are known to be already
+valid.  To avoid such checks, the ``array`` class and ``array_t<T>`` template
+class offer an unchecked proxy object that can be used for this unchecked
+access through the ``unchecked<N>`` and ``mutable_unchecked<N>`` methods,
+where ``N`` gives the required dimensionality of the array:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("sum_3d", [](py::array_t<double> x) {
+        auto r = x.unchecked<3>(); // x must have ndim = 3; can be non-writeable
+        double sum = 0;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+                for (size_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
+                    sum += r(i, j, k);
+        return sum;
+    });
+    m.def("increment_3d", [](py::array_t<double> x) {
+        auto r = x.mutable_unchecked<3>(); // Will throw if ndim != 3 or flags.writeable is false
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+                for (size_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
+                    r(i, j, k) += 1.0;
+    }, py::arg().noconvert());
+
+To obtain the proxy from an ``array`` object, you must specify both the data
+type and number of dimensions as template arguments, such as ``auto r =
+myarray.mutable_unchecked<float, 2>()``.
+
+If the number of dimensions is not known at compile time, you can omit the
+dimensions template parameter (i.e. calling ``arr_t.unchecked()`` or
+``arr.unchecked<T>()``.  This will give you a proxy object that works in the
+same way, but results in less optimizable code and thus a small efficiency
+loss in tight loops.
+
+Note that the returned proxy object directly references the array's data, and
+only reads its shape, strides, and writeable flag when constructed.  You must
+take care to ensure that the referenced array is not destroyed or reshaped for
+the duration of the returned object, typically by limiting the scope of the
+returned instance.
+
+The returned proxy object supports some of the same methods as ``py::array`` so
+that it can be used as a drop-in replacement for some existing, index-checked
+uses of ``py::array``:
+
+- ``r.ndim()`` returns the number of dimensions
+
+- ``r.data(1, 2, ...)`` and ``r.mutable_data(1, 2, ...)``` returns a pointer to
+  the ``const T`` or ``T`` data, respectively, at the given indices.  The
+  latter is only available to proxies obtained via ``a.mutable_unchecked()``.
+
+- ``itemsize()`` returns the size of an item in bytes, i.e. ``sizeof(T)``.
+
+- ``ndim()`` returns the number of dimensions.
+
+- ``shape(n)`` returns the size of dimension ``n``
+
+- ``size()`` returns the total number of elements (i.e. the product of the shapes).
+
+- ``nbytes()`` returns the number of bytes used by the referenced elements
+  (i.e. ``itemsize()`` times ``size()``).
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_numpy_array.cpp` contains additional examples
+    demonstrating the use of this feature.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/object.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/object.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae58876de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/object.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+Python types
+############
+
+Available wrappers
+==================
+
+All major Python types are available as thin C++ wrapper classes. These
+can also be used as function parameters -- see :ref:`python_objects_as_args`.
+
+Available types include :class:`handle`, :class:`object`, :class:`bool_`,
+:class:`int_`, :class:`float_`, :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, :class:`tuple`,
+:class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:`slice`, :class:`none`, :class:`capsule`,
+:class:`iterable`, :class:`iterator`, :class:`function`, :class:`buffer`,
+:class:`array`, and :class:`array_t`.
+
+Casting back and forth
+======================
+
+In this kind of mixed code, it is often necessary to convert arbitrary C++
+types to Python, which can be done using :func:`py::cast`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    MyClass *cls = ..;
+    py::object obj = py::cast(cls);
+
+The reverse direction uses the following syntax:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::object obj = ...;
+    MyClass *cls = obj.cast<MyClass *>();
+
+When conversion fails, both directions throw the exception :class:`cast_error`.
+
+.. _calling_python_functions:
+
+Calling Python functions
+========================
+
+It is also possible to call python functions via ``operator()``.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::function f = <...>;
+    py::object result_py = f(1234, "hello", some_instance);
+    MyClass &result = result_py.cast<MyClass>();
+
+Keyword arguments are also supported. In Python, there is the usual call syntax:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def f(number, say, to):
+        ...  # function code
+
+    f(1234, say="hello", to=some_instance)  # keyword call in Python
+
+In C++, the same call can be made using:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    using namespace pybind11::literals; // to bring in the `_a` literal
+    f(1234, "say"_a="hello", "to"_a=some_instance); // keyword call in C++
+
+Unpacking of ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` is also possible and can be mixed with
+other arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // * unpacking
+    py::tuple args = py::make_tuple(1234, "hello", some_instance);
+    f(*args);
+
+    // ** unpacking
+    py::dict kwargs = py::dict("number"_a=1234, "say"_a="hello", "to"_a=some_instance);
+    f(**kwargs);
+
+    // mixed keywords, * and ** unpacking
+    py::tuple args = py::make_tuple(1234);
+    py::dict kwargs = py::dict("to"_a=some_instance);
+    f(*args, "say"_a="hello", **kwargs);
+
+Generalized unpacking according to PEP448_ is also supported:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::dict kwargs1 = py::dict("number"_a=1234);
+    py::dict kwargs2 = py::dict("to"_a=some_instance);
+    f(**kwargs1, "say"_a="hello", **kwargs2);
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_python_types.cpp` contains a complete
+    example that demonstrates passing native Python types in more detail. The
+    file :file:`tests/test_callbacks.cpp` presents a few examples of calling
+    Python functions from C++, including keywords arguments and unpacking.
+
+.. _PEP448: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0448/
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/utilities.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/utilities.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba0dbef88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/utilities.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Utilities
+#########
+
+Using Python's print function in C++
+====================================
+
+The usual way to write output in C++ is using ``std::cout`` while in Python one
+would use ``print``. Since these methods use different buffers, mixing them can
+lead to output order issues. To resolve this, pybind11 modules can use the
+:func:`py::print` function which writes to Python's ``sys.stdout`` for consistency.
+
+Python's ``print`` function is replicated in the C++ API including optional
+keyword arguments ``sep``, ``end``, ``file``, ``flush``. Everything works as
+expected in Python:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::print(1, 2.0, "three"); // 1 2.0 three
+    py::print(1, 2.0, "three", "sep"_a="-"); // 1-2.0-three
+
+    auto args = py::make_tuple("unpacked", true);
+    py::print("->", *args, "end"_a="<-"); // -> unpacked True <-
+
+Evaluating Python expressions from strings and files
+====================================================
+
+pybind11 provides the :func:`eval` and :func:`eval_file` functions to evaluate
+Python expressions and statements. The following example illustrates how they
+can be used.
+
+Both functions accept a template parameter that describes how the argument
+should be interpreted. Possible choices include ``eval_expr`` (isolated
+expression), ``eval_single_statement`` (a single statement, return value is
+always ``none``), and ``eval_statements`` (sequence of statements, return value
+is always ``none``).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // At beginning of file
+    #include <pybind11/eval.h>
+
+    ...
+
+    // Evaluate in scope of main module
+    py::object scope = py::module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__");
+
+    // Evaluate an isolated expression
+    int result = py::eval("my_variable + 10", scope).cast<int>();
+
+    // Evaluate a sequence of statements
+    py::eval<py::eval_statements>(
+        "print('Hello')\n"
+        "print('world!');",
+        scope);
+
+    // Evaluate the statements in an separate Python file on disk
+    py::eval_file("script.py", scope);
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/smart_ptrs.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/smart_ptrs.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a238603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/advanced/smart_ptrs.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+Smart pointers
+##############
+
+std::unique_ptr
+===============
+
+Given a class ``Example`` with Python bindings, it's possible to return
+instances wrapped in C++11 unique pointers, like so
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Example> create_example() { return std::unique_ptr<Example>(new Example()); }
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("create_example", &create_example);
+
+In other words, there is nothing special that needs to be done. While returning
+unique pointers in this way is allowed, it is *illegal* to use them as function
+arguments. For instance, the following function signature cannot be processed
+by pybind11.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void do_something_with_example(std::unique_ptr<Example> ex) { ... }
+
+The above signature would imply that Python needs to give up ownership of an
+object that is passed to this function, which is generally not possible (for
+instance, the object might be referenced elsewhere).
+
+std::shared_ptr
+===============
+
+The binding generator for classes, :class:`class_`, can be passed a template
+type that denotes a special *holder* type that is used to manage references to
+the object.  If no such holder type template argument is given, the default for
+a type named ``Type`` is ``std::unique_ptr<Type>``, which means that the object
+is deallocated when Python's reference count goes to zero.
+
+It is possible to switch to other types of reference counting wrappers or smart
+pointers, which is useful in codebases that rely on them. For instance, the
+following snippet causes ``std::shared_ptr`` to be used instead.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Example, std::shared_ptr<Example> /* <- holder type */> obj(m, "Example");
+
+Note that any particular class can only be associated with a single holder type.
+
+One potential stumbling block when using holder types is that they need to be
+applied consistently. Can you guess what's broken about the following binding
+code?
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Child { };
+
+    class Parent {
+    public:
+       Parent() : child(std::make_shared<Child>()) { }
+       Child *get_child() { return child.get(); }  /* Hint: ** DON'T DO THIS ** */
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<Child> child;
+    };
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example");
+
+        py::class_<Child, std::shared_ptr<Child>>(m, "Child");
+
+        py::class_<Parent, std::shared_ptr<Parent>>(m, "Parent")
+           .def(py::init<>())
+           .def("get_child", &Parent::get_child);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+The following Python code will cause undefined behavior (and likely a
+segmentation fault).
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from example import Parent
+   print(Parent().get_child())
+
+The problem is that ``Parent::get_child()`` returns a pointer to an instance of
+``Child``, but the fact that this instance is already managed by
+``std::shared_ptr<...>`` is lost when passing raw pointers. In this case,
+pybind11 will create a second independent ``std::shared_ptr<...>`` that also
+claims ownership of the pointer. In the end, the object will be freed **twice**
+since these shared pointers have no way of knowing about each other.
+
+There are two ways to resolve this issue:
+
+1. For types that are managed by a smart pointer class, never use raw pointers
+   in function arguments or return values. In other words: always consistently
+   wrap pointers into their designated holder types (such as
+   ``std::shared_ptr<...>``). In this case, the signature of ``get_child()``
+   should be modified as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Child> get_child() { return child; }
+
+2. Adjust the definition of ``Child`` by specifying
+   ``std::enable_shared_from_this<T>`` (see cppreference_ for details) as a
+   base class. This adds a small bit of information to ``Child`` that allows
+   pybind11 to realize that there is already an existing
+   ``std::shared_ptr<...>`` and communicate with it. In this case, the
+   declaration of ``Child`` should look as follows:
+
+.. _cppreference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Child : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Child> { };
+
+.. _smart_pointers:
+
+Custom smart pointers
+=====================
+
+pybind11 supports ``std::unique_ptr`` and ``std::shared_ptr`` right out of the
+box. For any other custom smart pointer, transparent conversions can be enabled
+using a macro invocation similar to the following. It must be declared at the
+top namespace level before any binding code:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>);
+
+The first argument of :func:`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE` should be a
+placeholder name that is used as a template parameter of the second argument.
+Thus, feel free to use any identifier, but use it consistently on both sides;
+also, don't use the name of a type that already exists in your codebase.
+
+The macro also accepts a third optional boolean parameter that is set to false
+by default. Specify
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>, true);
+
+if ``SmartPtr<T>`` can always be initialized from a ``T*`` pointer without the
+risk of inconsistencies (such as multiple independent ``SmartPtr`` instances
+believing that they are the sole owner of the ``T*`` pointer). A common
+situation where ``true`` should be passed is when the ``T`` instances use
+*intrusive* reference counting.
+
+Please take a look at the :ref:`macro_notes` before using this feature.
+
+By default, pybind11 assumes that your custom smart pointer has a standard
+interface, i.e. provides a ``.get()`` member function to access the underlying
+raw pointer. If this is not the case, pybind11's ``holder_helper`` must be
+specialized:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // Always needed for custom holder types
+    PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, SmartPtr<T>);
+
+    // Only needed if the type's `.get()` goes by another name
+    namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+        template <typename T>
+        struct holder_helper<SmartPtr<T>> { // <-- specialization
+            static const T *get(const SmartPtr<T> &p) { return p.getPointer(); }
+        };
+    }}
+
+The above specialization informs pybind11 that the custom ``SmartPtr`` class
+provides ``.get()`` functionality via ``.getPointer()``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The file :file:`tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp` contains a complete example
+    that demonstrates how to work with custom reference-counting holder types
+    in more detail.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/basics.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/basics.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33c60049d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/basics.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+.. _basics:
+
+First steps
+###########
+
+This sections demonstrates the basic features of pybind11. Before getting
+started, make sure that development environment is set up to compile the
+included set of test cases.
+
+
+Compiling the test cases
+========================
+
+Linux/MacOS
+-----------
+
+On Linux  you'll need to install the **python-dev** or **python3-dev** packages as
+well as **cmake**. On Mac OS, the included python version works out of the box,
+but **cmake** must still be installed.
+
+After installing the prerequisites, run
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   mkdir build
+   cd build
+   cmake ..
+   make check -j 4
+
+The last line will both compile and run the tests.
+
+Windows
+-------
+
+On Windows, only **Visual Studio 2015** and newer are supported since pybind11 relies
+on various C++11 language features that break older versions of Visual Studio.
+
+To compile and run the tests:
+
+.. code-block:: batch
+
+   mkdir build
+   cd build
+   cmake ..
+   cmake --build . --config Release --target check
+
+This will create a Visual Studio project, compile and run the target, all from the
+command line.
+
+.. Note::
+
+    If all tests fail, make sure that the Python binary and the testcases are compiled
+    for the same processor type and bitness (i.e. either **i386** or **x86_64**). You
+    can specify **x86_64** as the target architecture for the generated Visual Studio
+    project using ``cmake -A x64 ..``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    Advanced users who are already familiar with Boost.Python may want to skip
+    the tutorial and look at the test cases in the :file:`tests` directory,
+    which exercise all features of pybind11.
+
+Header and namespace conventions
+================================
+
+For brevity, all code examples assume that the following two lines are present:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+
+    namespace py = pybind11;
+
+Some features may require additional headers, but those will be specified as needed.
+
+Creating bindings for a simple function
+=======================================
+
+Let's start by creating Python bindings for an extremely simple function, which
+adds two numbers and returns their result:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    int add(int i, int j) {
+        return i + j;
+    }
+
+For simplicity [#f1]_, we'll put both this function and the binding code into
+a file named :file:`example.cpp` with the following contents:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+
+    int add(int i, int j) {
+        return i + j;
+    }
+
+    namespace py = pybind11;
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers");
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+.. [#f1] In practice, implementation and binding code will generally be located
+         in separate files.
+
+The :func:`PYBIND11_PLUGIN` macro creates a function that will be called when an
+``import`` statement is issued from within Python. The next line creates a
+module named ``example`` (with the supplied docstring). The method
+:func:`module::def` generates binding code that exposes the
+``add()`` function to Python. The last line returns the internal Python object
+associated with ``m`` to the Python interpreter.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Notice how little code was needed to expose our function to Python: all
+    details regarding the function's parameters and return value were
+    automatically inferred using template metaprogramming. This overall
+    approach and the used syntax are borrowed from Boost.Python, though the
+    underlying implementation is very different.
+
+pybind11 is a header-only-library, hence it is not necessary to link against
+any special libraries (other than Python itself). On Windows, use the CMake
+build file discussed in section :ref:`cmake`. On Linux and Mac OS, the above
+example can be compiled using the following command
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ c++ -O3 -shared -std=c++11 -I <path-to-pybind11>/include `python-config --cflags --ldflags` example.cpp -o example.so
+
+In general, it is advisable to include several additional build parameters
+that can considerably reduce the size of the created binary. Refer to section
+:ref:`cmake` for a detailed example of a suitable cross-platform CMake-based
+build system.
+
+Assuming that the created file :file:`example.so` (:file:`example.pyd` on Windows)
+is located in the current directory, the following interactive Python session
+shows how to load and execute the example.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    $ python
+    Python 2.7.10 (default, Aug 22 2015, 20:33:39)
+    [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.0 (clang-700.0.59.1)] on darwin
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+    >>> import example
+    >>> example.add(1, 2)
+    3L
+    >>>
+
+.. _keyword_args:
+
+Keyword arguments
+=================
+
+With a simple modification code, it is possible to inform Python about the
+names of the arguments ("i" and "j" in this case).
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers",
+          py::arg("i"), py::arg("j"));
+
+:class:`arg` is one of several special tag classes which can be used to pass
+metadata into :func:`module::def`. With this modified binding code, we can now
+call the function using keyword arguments, which is a more readable alternative
+particularly for functions taking many parameters:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import example
+    >>> example.add(i=1, j=2)
+    3L
+
+The keyword names also appear in the function signatures within the documentation.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> help(example)
+
+    ....
+
+    FUNCTIONS
+        add(...)
+            Signature : (i: int, j: int) -> int
+
+            A function which adds two numbers
+
+A shorter notation for named arguments is also available:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // regular notation
+    m.def("add1", &add, py::arg("i"), py::arg("j"));
+    // shorthand
+    using namespace pybind11::literals;
+    m.def("add2", &add, "i"_a, "j"_a);
+
+The :var:`_a` suffix forms a C++11 literal which is equivalent to :class:`arg`.
+Note that the literal operator must first be made visible with the directive
+``using namespace pybind11::literals``. This does not bring in anything else
+from the ``pybind11`` namespace except for literals.
+
+.. _default_args:
+
+Default arguments
+=================
+
+Suppose now that the function to be bound has default arguments, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    int add(int i = 1, int j = 2) {
+        return i + j;
+    }
+
+Unfortunately, pybind11 cannot automatically extract these parameters, since they
+are not part of the function's type information. However, they are simple to specify
+using an extension of :class:`arg`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers",
+          py::arg("i") = 1, py::arg("j") = 2);
+
+The default values also appear within the documentation.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> help(example)
+
+    ....
+
+    FUNCTIONS
+        add(...)
+            Signature : (i: int = 1, j: int = 2) -> int
+
+            A function which adds two numbers
+
+The shorthand notation is also available for default arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    // regular notation
+    m.def("add1", &add, py::arg("i") = 1, py::arg("j") = 2);
+    // shorthand
+    m.def("add2", &add, "i"_a=1, "j"_a=2);
+
+Exporting variables
+===================
+
+To expose a value from C++, use the ``attr`` function to register it in a
+module as shown below. Built-in types and general objects (more on that later)
+are automatically converted when assigned as attributes, and can be explicitly
+converted using the function ``py::cast``.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+        m.attr("the_answer") = 42;
+        py::object world = py::cast("World");
+        m.attr("what") = world;
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+These are then accessible from Python:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import example
+    >>> example.the_answer
+    42
+    >>> example.what
+    'World'
+
+.. _supported_types:
+
+Supported data types
+====================
+
+A large number of data types are supported out of the box and can be used
+seamlessly as functions arguments, return values or with ``py::cast`` in general.
+For a full overview, see the :doc:`advanced/cast/index` section.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f02e92ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import random
+import os
+import time
+import datetime as dt
+
+nfns = 4  # Functions per class
+nargs = 4  # Arguments per function
+
+
+def generate_dummy_code_pybind11(nclasses=10):
+    decl = ""
+    bindings = ""
+
+    for cl in range(nclasses):
+        decl += "class cl%03i;\n" % cl
+    decl += '\n'
+
+    for cl in range(nclasses):
+        decl += "class cl%03i {\n" % cl
+        decl += "public:\n"
+        bindings += '    py::class_<cl%03i>(m, "cl%03i")\n' % (cl, cl)
+        for fn in range(nfns):
+            ret = random.randint(0, nclasses - 1)
+            params  = [random.randint(0, nclasses - 1) for i in range(nargs)]
+            decl += "    cl%03i *fn_%03i(" % (ret, fn)
+            decl += ", ".join("cl%03i *" % p for p in params)
+            decl += ");\n"
+            bindings += '        .def("fn_%03i", &cl%03i::fn_%03i)\n' % \
+                (fn, cl, fn)
+        decl += "};\n\n"
+        bindings += '        ;\n'
+
+    result = "#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>\n\n"
+    result += "namespace py = pybind11;\n\n"
+    result += decl + '\n'
+    result += "PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {\n"
+    result += "    py::module m(\"example\");"
+    result += bindings
+    result += "    return m.ptr();"
+    result += "}"
+    return result
+
+
+def generate_dummy_code_boost(nclasses=10):
+    decl = ""
+    bindings = ""
+
+    for cl in range(nclasses):
+        decl += "class cl%03i;\n" % cl
+    decl += '\n'
+
+    for cl in range(nclasses):
+        decl += "class cl%03i {\n" % cl
+        decl += "public:\n"
+        bindings += '    py::class_<cl%03i>("cl%03i")\n' % (cl, cl)
+        for fn in range(nfns):
+            ret = random.randint(0, nclasses - 1)
+            params  = [random.randint(0, nclasses - 1) for i in range(nargs)]
+            decl += "    cl%03i *fn_%03i(" % (ret, fn)
+            decl += ", ".join("cl%03i *" % p for p in params)
+            decl += ");\n"
+            bindings += '        .def("fn_%03i", &cl%03i::fn_%03i, py::return_value_policy<py::manage_new_object>())\n' % \
+                (fn, cl, fn)
+        decl += "};\n\n"
+        bindings += '        ;\n'
+
+    result = "#include <boost/python.hpp>\n\n"
+    result += "namespace py = boost::python;\n\n"
+    result += decl + '\n'
+    result += "BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(example) {\n"
+    result += bindings
+    result += "}"
+    return result
+
+
+for codegen in [generate_dummy_code_pybind11, generate_dummy_code_boost]:
+    print ("{")
+    for i in range(0, 10):
+        nclasses = 2 ** i
+        with open("test.cpp", "w") as f:
+            f.write(codegen(nclasses))
+        n1 = dt.datetime.now()
+        os.system("g++ -Os -shared -rdynamic -undefined dynamic_lookup "
+            "-fvisibility=hidden -std=c++14 test.cpp -I include "
+            "-I /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Headers -o test.so")
+        n2 = dt.datetime.now()
+        elapsed = (n2 - n1).total_seconds()
+        size = os.stat('test.so').st_size
+        print("   {%i, %f, %i}," % (nclasses * nfns, elapsed, size))
+    print ("}")
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8babaa319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/benchmark.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+Benchmark
+=========
+
+The following is the result of a synthetic benchmark comparing both compilation
+time and module size of pybind11 against Boost.Python. A detailed report about a
+Boost.Python to pybind11 conversion of a real project is available here: [#f1]_.
+
+.. [#f1] http://graylab.jhu.edu/RosettaCon2016/PyRosetta-4.pdf
+
+Setup
+-----
+
+A python script (see the ``docs/benchmark.py`` file) was used to generate a set
+of files with dummy classes whose count increases for each successive benchmark
+(between 1 and 2048 classes in powers of two). Each class has four methods with
+a randomly generated signature with a return value and four arguments. (There
+was no particular reason for this setup other than the desire to generate many
+unique function signatures whose count could be controlled in a simple way.)
+
+Here is an example of the binding code for one class:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    ...
+    class cl034 {
+    public:
+        cl279 *fn_000(cl084 *, cl057 *, cl065 *, cl042 *);
+        cl025 *fn_001(cl098 *, cl262 *, cl414 *, cl121 *);
+        cl085 *fn_002(cl445 *, cl297 *, cl145 *, cl421 *);
+        cl470 *fn_003(cl200 *, cl323 *, cl332 *, cl492 *);
+    };
+    ...
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example");
+        ...
+        py::class_<cl034>(m, "cl034")
+            .def("fn_000", &cl034::fn_000)
+            .def("fn_001", &cl034::fn_001)
+            .def("fn_002", &cl034::fn_002)
+            .def("fn_003", &cl034::fn_003)
+        ...
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+The Boost.Python version looks almost identical except that a return value
+policy had to be specified as an argument to ``def()``. For both libraries,
+compilation was done with
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    Apple LLVM version 7.0.2 (clang-700.1.81)
+
+and the following compilation flags
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    g++ -Os -shared -rdynamic -undefined dynamic_lookup -fvisibility=hidden -std=c++14
+
+Compilation time
+----------------
+
+The following log-log plot shows how the compilation time grows for an
+increasing number of class and function declarations. pybind11 includes many
+fewer headers, which initially leads to shorter compilation times, but the
+performance is ultimately fairly similar (pybind11 is 19.8 seconds faster for
+the largest largest file with 2048 classes and a total of 8192 methods -- a
+modest **1.2x** speedup relative to Boost.Python, which required 116.35
+seconds).
+
+.. only:: not latex
+
+    .. image:: pybind11_vs_boost_python1.svg
+
+.. only:: latex
+
+    .. image:: pybind11_vs_boost_python1.png
+
+Module size
+-----------
+
+Differences between the two libraries become much more pronounced when
+considering the file size of the generated Python plugin: for the largest file,
+the binary generated by Boost.Python required 16.8 MiB, which was **2.17
+times** / **9.1 megabytes** larger than the output generated by pybind11. For
+very small inputs, Boost.Python has an edge in the plot below -- however, note
+that it stores many definitions in an external library, whose size was not
+included here, hence the comparison is slightly shifted in Boost.Python's
+favor.
+
+.. only:: not latex
+
+    .. image:: pybind11_vs_boost_python2.svg
+
+.. only:: latex
+
+    .. image:: pybind11_vs_boost_python2.png
+
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/changelog.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/changelog.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aba8a2009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/changelog.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+.. _changelog:
+
+Changelog
+#########
+
+Starting with version 1.8.0, pybind11 releases use a `semantic versioning
+<http://semver.org>`_ policy.
+
+
+v2.1.1 (April 7, 2017)
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+* Fixed minimum version requirement for MSVC 2015u3
+  `#773 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/773>`_.
+
+v2.1.0 (March 22, 2017)
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+* pybind11 now performs function overload resolution in two phases. The first
+  phase only considers exact type matches, while the second allows for implicit
+  conversions to take place. A special ``noconvert()`` syntax can be used to
+  completely disable implicit conversions for specific arguments.
+  `#643 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/643>`_,
+  `#634 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/634>`_,
+  `#650 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/650>`_.
+
+* Fixed a regression where static properties no longer worked with classes
+  using multiple inheritance. The ``py::metaclass`` attribute is no longer
+  necessary (and deprecated as of this release) when binding classes with
+  static properties.
+  `#679 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/679>`_,
+
+* Classes bound using ``pybind11`` can now use custom metaclasses.
+  `#679 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/679>`_,
+
+* ``py::args`` and ``py::kwargs`` can now be mixed with other positional
+  arguments when binding functions using pybind11.
+  `#611 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/611>`_.
+
+* Improved support for C++11 unicode string and character types; added
+  extensive documentation regarding pybind11's string conversion behavior.
+  `#624 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/624>`_,
+  `#636 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/636>`_,
+  `#715 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/715>`_.
+
+* pybind11 can now avoid expensive copies when converting Eigen arrays to NumPy
+  arrays (and vice versa). `#610 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/610>`_.
+
+* The "fast path" in ``py::vectorize`` now works for any full-size group of C or
+  F-contiguous arrays. The non-fast path is also faster since it no longer performs
+  copies of the input arguments (except when type conversions are necessary).
+  `#610 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/610>`_.
+
+* Added fast, unchecked access to NumPy arrays via a proxy object.
+  `#746 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/746>`_.
+
+* Transparent support for class-specific ``operator new`` and
+  ``operator delete`` implementations.
+  `#755 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/755>`_.
+
+* Slimmer and more efficient STL-compatible iterator interface for sequence types.
+  `#662 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/662>`_.
+
+* Improved custom holder type support.
+  `#607 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/607>`_.
+
+* ``nullptr`` to ``None`` conversion fixed in various builtin type casters.
+  `#732 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/732>`_.
+
+* ``enum_`` now exposes its members via a special ``__members__`` attribute.
+  `#666 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/666>`_.
+
+* ``std::vector`` bindings created using ``stl_bind.h`` can now optionally
+  implement the buffer protocol. `#488 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/488>`_.
+
+* Automated C++ reference documentation using doxygen and breathe.
+  `#598 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/598>`_.
+
+* Added minimum compiler version assertions.
+  `#727 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/727>`_.
+
+* Improved compatibility with C++1z.
+  `#677 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/677>`_.
+
+* Improved ``py::capsule`` API. Can be used to implement cleanup
+  callbacks that are involved at module destruction time.
+  `#752 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/752>`_.
+
+* Various minor improvements and fixes.
+  `#595 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/595>`_,
+  `#588 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/588>`_,
+  `#589 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/589>`_,
+  `#603 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/603>`_,
+  `#619 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/619>`_,
+  `#648 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/648>`_,
+  `#695 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/695>`_,
+  `#720 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/720>`_,
+  `#723 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/723>`_,
+  `#729 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/729>`_,
+  `#724 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/724>`_,
+  `#742 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/742>`_,
+  `#753 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/753>`_.
+
+v2.0.1 (Jan 4, 2017)
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+* Fix pointer to reference error in type_caster on MSVC
+  `#583 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/583>`_.
+
+* Fixed a segmentation in the test suite due to a typo
+  `cd7eac <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/cd7eac>`_.
+
+v2.0.0 (Jan 1, 2017)
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+* Fixed a reference counting regression affecting types with custom metaclasses
+  (introduced in v2.0.0-rc1).
+  `#571 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/571>`_.
+
+* Quenched a CMake policy warning.
+  `#570 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/570>`_.
+
+v2.0.0-rc1 (Dec 23, 2016)
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+The pybind11 developers are excited to issue a release candidate of pybind11
+with a subsequent v2.0.0 release planned in early January next year.
+
+An incredible amount of effort by went into pybind11 over the last ~5 months,
+leading to a release that is jam-packed with exciting new features and numerous
+usability improvements. The following list links PRs or individual commits
+whenever applicable.
+
+Happy Christmas!
+
+* Support for binding C++ class hierarchies that make use of multiple
+  inheritance. `#410 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/410>`_.
+
+* PyPy support: pybind11 now supports nightly builds of PyPy and will
+  interoperate with the future 5.7 release. No code changes are necessary,
+  everything "just" works as usual. Note that we only target the Python 2.7
+  branch for now; support for 3.x will be added once its ``cpyext`` extension
+  support catches up. A few minor features remain unsupported for the time
+  being (notably dynamic attributes in custom types).
+  `#527 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/527>`_.
+
+* Significant work on the documentation -- in particular, the monolitic
+  ``advanced.rst`` file was restructured into a easier to read hierarchical
+  organization. `#448 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/448>`_.
+
+* Many NumPy-related improvements:
+
+  1. Object-oriented API to access and modify NumPy ``ndarray`` instances,
+     replicating much of the corresponding NumPy C API functionality.
+     `#402 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/402>`_.
+
+  2. NumPy array ``dtype`` array descriptors are now first-class citizens and
+     are exposed via a new class ``py::dtype``.
+
+  3. Structured dtypes can be registered using the ``PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE()``
+     macro. Special ``array`` constructors accepting dtype objects were also
+     added.
+
+     One potential caveat involving this change: format descriptor strings
+     should now be accessed via ``format_descriptor::format()`` (however, for
+     compatibility purposes, the old syntax ``format_descriptor::value`` will
+     still work for non-structured data types). `#308
+     <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/308>`_.
+
+  4. Further improvements to support structured dtypes throughout the system.
+     `#472 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/472>`_,
+     `#474 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/474>`_,
+     `#459 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/459>`_,
+     `#453 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/453>`_,
+     `#452 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/452>`_, and
+     `#505 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/505>`_.
+
+  5. Fast access operators. `#497 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/497>`_.
+
+  6. Constructors for arrays whose storage is owned by another object.
+     `#440 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/440>`_.
+
+  7. Added constructors for ``array`` and ``array_t`` explicitly accepting shape
+     and strides; if strides are not provided, they are deduced assuming
+     C-contiguity. Also added simplified constructors for 1-dimensional case.
+
+  8. Added buffer/NumPy support for ``char[N]`` and ``std::array<char, N>`` types.
+
+  9. Added ``memoryview`` wrapper type which is constructible from ``buffer_info``.
+
+* Eigen: many additional conversions and support for non-contiguous
+  arrays/slices.
+  `#427 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/427>`_,
+  `#315 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/315>`_,
+  `#316 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/316>`_,
+  `#312 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/312>`_, and
+  `#267 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/267>`_
+
+* Incompatible changes in ``class_<...>::class_()``:
+
+    1. Declarations of types that provide access via the buffer protocol must
+       now include the ``py::buffer_protocol()`` annotation as an argument to
+       the ``class_`` constructor.
+
+    2. Declarations of types that require a custom metaclass (i.e. all classes
+       which include static properties via commands such as
+       ``def_readwrite_static()``) must now include the ``py::metaclass()``
+       annotation as an argument to the ``class_`` constructor.
+
+       These two changes were necessary to make type definitions in pybind11
+       future-proof, and to support PyPy via its cpyext mechanism. `#527
+       <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/527>`_.
+
+
+    3. This version of pybind11 uses a redesigned mechnism for instantiating
+       trempoline classes that are used to override virtual methods from within
+       Python. This led to the following user-visible syntax change: instead of
+
+       .. code-block:: cpp
+
+           py::class_<TrampolineClass>("MyClass")
+             .alias<MyClass>()
+             ....
+
+       write
+
+       .. code-block:: cpp
+
+           py::class_<MyClass, TrampolineClass>("MyClass")
+             ....
+
+       Importantly, both the original and the trampoline class are now
+       specified as an arguments (in arbitrary order) to the ``py::class_``
+       template, and the ``alias<..>()`` call is gone. The new scheme has zero
+       overhead in cases when Python doesn't override any functions of the
+       underlying C++ class. `rev. 86d825
+       <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/86d825>`_.
+
+* Added ``eval`` and ``eval_file`` functions for evaluating expressions and
+  statements from a string or file. `rev. 0d3fc3
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/0d3fc3>`_.
+
+* pybind11 can now create types with a modifiable dictionary.
+  `#437 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/437>`_ and
+  `#444 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/444>`_.
+
+* Support for translation of arbitrary C++ exceptions to Python counterparts.
+  `#296 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/296>`_ and
+  `#273 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/273>`_.
+
+* Report full backtraces through mixed C++/Python code, better reporting for
+  import errors, fixed GIL management in exception processing.
+  `#537 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/537>`_,
+  `#494 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/494>`_,
+  `rev. e72d95 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/e72d95>`_, and
+  `rev. 099d6e <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/099d6e>`_.
+
+* Support for bit-level operations, comparisons, and serialization of C++
+  enumerations. `#503 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/503>`_,
+  `#508 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/508>`_,
+  `#380 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/380>`_,
+  `#309 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/309>`_.
+  `#311 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/311>`_.
+
+* The ``class_`` constructor now accepts its template arguments in any order.
+  `#385 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/385>`_.
+
+* Attribute and item accessors now have a more complete interface which makes
+  it possible to chain attributes as in
+  ``obj.attr("a")[key].attr("b").attr("method")(1, 2, 3)``. `#425
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/425>`_.
+
+* Major redesign of the default and conversion constructors in ``pytypes.h``.
+  `#464 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/464>`_.
+
+* Added built-in support for ``std::shared_ptr`` holder type. It is no longer
+  necessary to to include a declaration of the form
+  ``PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>)`` (though continuing to
+  do so won't cause an error).
+  `#454 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/454>`_.
+
+* New ``py::overload_cast`` casting operator to select among multiple possible
+  overloads of a function. An example:
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+            .def("set", py::overload_cast<int>(&Pet::set), "Set the pet's age")
+            .def("set", py::overload_cast<const std::string &>(&Pet::set), "Set the pet's name");
+
+  This feature only works on C++14-capable compilers.
+  `#541 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/541>`_.
+
+* C++ types are automatically cast to Python types, e.g. when assigning
+  them as an attribute. For instance, the following is now legal:
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::module m = /* ... */
+        m.attr("constant") = 123;
+
+  (Previously, a ``py::cast`` call was necessary to avoid a compilation error.)
+  `#551 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/551>`_.
+
+* Redesigned ``pytest``-based test suite. `#321 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/321>`_.
+
+* Instance tracking to detect reference leaks in test suite. `#324 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/324>`_
+
+* pybind11 can now distinguish between multiple different instances that are
+  located at the same memory address, but which have different types.
+  `#329 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/329>`_.
+
+* Improved logic in ``move`` return value policy.
+  `#510 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/510>`_,
+  `#297 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/297>`_.
+
+* Generalized unpacking API to permit calling Python functions from C++ using
+  notation such as ``foo(a1, a2, *args, "ka"_a=1, "kb"_a=2, **kwargs)``. `#372 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/372>`_.
+
+* ``py::print()`` function whose behavior matches that of the native Python
+  ``print()`` function. `#372 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/372>`_.
+
+* Added ``py::dict`` keyword constructor:``auto d = dict("number"_a=42,
+  "name"_a="World");``. `#372 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/372>`_.
+
+* Added ``py::str::format()`` method and ``_s`` literal: ``py::str s = "1 + 2
+  = {}"_s.format(3);``. `#372 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/372>`_.
+
+* Added ``py::repr()`` function which is equivalent to Python's builtin
+  ``repr()``. `#333 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/333>`_.
+
+* Improved construction and destruction logic for holder types. It is now
+  possible to reference instances with smart pointer holder types without
+  constructing the holder if desired. The ``PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE``
+  macro now accepts an optional second parameter to indicate whether the holder
+  type uses intrusive reference counting.
+  `#533 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/533>`_ and
+  `#561 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/561>`_.
+
+* Mapping a stateless C++ function to Python and back is now "for free" (i.e.
+  no extra indirections or argument conversion overheads). `rev. 954b79
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/954b79>`_.
+
+* Bindings for ``std::valarray<T>``.
+  `#545 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/545>`_.
+
+* Improved support for C++17 capable compilers.
+  `#562 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/562>`_.
+
+* Bindings for ``std::optional<t>``.
+  `#475 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/475>`_,
+  `#476 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/476>`_,
+  `#479 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/479>`_,
+  `#499 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/499>`_, and
+  `#501 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/501>`_.
+
+* ``stl_bind.h``: general improvements and support for ``std::map`` and
+  ``std::unordered_map``.
+  `#490 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/490>`_,
+  `#282 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/282>`_,
+  `#235 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/235>`_.
+
+* The ``std::tuple``, ``std::pair``, ``std::list``, and ``std::vector`` type
+  casters now accept any Python sequence type as input. `rev. 107285
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/107285>`_.
+
+* Improved CMake Python detection on multi-architecture Linux.
+  `#532 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/532>`_.
+
+* Infrastructure to selectively disable or enable parts of the automatically
+  generated docstrings. `#486 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/486>`_.
+
+* ``reference`` and ``reference_internal`` are now the default return value
+  properties for static and non-static properties, respectively. `#473
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/473>`_. (the previous defaults
+  were ``automatic``). `#473 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/473>`_.
+
+* Support for ``std::unique_ptr`` with non-default deleters or no deleter at
+  all (``py::nodelete``). `#384 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/384>`_.
+
+* Deprecated ``handle::call()`` method. The new syntax to call Python
+  functions is simply ``handle()``. It can also be invoked explicitly via
+  ``handle::operator<X>()``, where ``X`` is an optional return value policy.
+
+* Print more informative error messages when ``make_tuple()`` or ``cast()``
+  fail. `#262 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/262>`_.
+
+* Creation of holder types for classes deriving from
+  ``std::enable_shared_from_this<>`` now also works for ``const`` values.
+  `#260 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/260>`_.
+
+* ``make_iterator()`` improvements for better compatibility with various
+  types (now uses prefix increment operator); it now also accepts iterators
+  with different begin/end types as long as they are equality comparable.
+  `#247 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/247>`_.
+
+* ``arg()`` now accepts a wider range of argument types for default values.
+  `#244 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/244>`_.
+
+* Support ``keep_alive`` where the nurse object may be ``None``. `#341
+  <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/341>`_.
+
+* Added constructors for ``str`` and ``bytes`` from zero-terminated char
+  pointers, and from char pointers and length. Added constructors for ``str``
+  from ``bytes`` and for ``bytes`` from ``str``, which will perform UTF-8
+  decoding/encoding as required.
+
+* Many other improvements of library internals without user-visible changes
+
+
+1.8.1 (July 12, 2016)
+----------------------
+* Fixed a rare but potentially very severe issue when the garbage collector ran
+  during pybind11 type creation.
+
+1.8.0 (June 14, 2016)
+----------------------
+* Redesigned CMake build system which exports a convenient
+  ``pybind11_add_module`` function to parent projects.
+* ``std::vector<>`` type bindings analogous to Boost.Python's ``indexing_suite``
+* Transparent conversion of sparse and dense Eigen matrices and vectors (``eigen.h``)
+* Added an ``ExtraFlags`` template argument to the NumPy ``array_t<>`` wrapper
+  to disable an enforced cast that may lose precision, e.g. to create overloads
+  for different precisions and complex vs real-valued matrices.
+* Prevent implicit conversion of floating point values to integral types in
+  function arguments
+* Fixed incorrect default return value policy for functions returning a shared
+  pointer
+* Don't allow registering a type via ``class_`` twice
+* Don't allow casting a ``None`` value into a C++ lvalue reference
+* Fixed a crash in ``enum_::operator==`` that was triggered by the ``help()`` command
+* Improved detection of whether or not custom C++ types can be copy/move-constructed
+* Extended ``str`` type to also work with ``bytes`` instances
+* Added a ``"name"_a`` user defined string literal that is equivalent to ``py::arg("name")``.
+* When specifying function arguments via ``py::arg``, the test that verifies
+  the number of arguments now runs at compile time.
+* Added ``[[noreturn]]`` attribute to ``pybind11_fail()`` to quench some
+  compiler warnings
+* List function arguments in exception text when the dispatch code cannot find
+  a matching overload
+* Added ``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME`` and ``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME`` macros which
+  can be used to override virtual methods whose name differs in C++ and Python
+  (e.g. ``__call__`` and ``operator()``)
+* Various minor ``iterator`` and ``make_iterator()`` improvements
+* Transparently support ``__bool__`` on Python 2.x and Python 3.x
+* Fixed issue with destructor of unpickled object not being called
+* Minor CMake build system improvements on Windows
+* New ``pybind11::args`` and ``pybind11::kwargs`` types to create functions which
+  take an arbitrary number of arguments and keyword arguments
+* New syntax to call a Python function from C++ using ``*args`` and ``*kwargs``
+* The functions ``def_property_*`` now correctly process docstring arguments (these
+  formerly caused a segmentation fault)
+* Many ``mkdoc.py`` improvements (enumerations, template arguments, ``DOC()``
+  macro accepts more arguments)
+* Cygwin support
+* Documentation improvements (pickling support, ``keep_alive``, macro usage)
+
+1.7 (April 30, 2016)
+----------------------
+* Added a new ``move`` return value policy that triggers C++11 move semantics.
+  The automatic return value policy falls back to this case whenever a rvalue
+  reference is encountered
+* Significantly more general GIL state routines that are used instead of
+  Python's troublesome ``PyGILState_Ensure`` and ``PyGILState_Release`` API
+* Redesign of opaque types that drastically simplifies their usage
+* Extended ability to pass values of type ``[const] void *``
+* ``keep_alive`` fix: don't fail when there is no patient
+* ``functional.h``: acquire the GIL before calling a Python function
+* Added Python RAII type wrappers ``none`` and ``iterable``
+* Added ``*args`` and ``*kwargs`` pass-through parameters to
+  ``pybind11.get_include()`` function
+* Iterator improvements and fixes
+* Documentation on return value policies and opaque types improved
+
+1.6 (April 30, 2016)
+----------------------
+* Skipped due to upload to PyPI gone wrong and inability to recover
+  (https://github.com/pypa/packaging-problems/issues/74)
+
+1.5 (April 21, 2016)
+----------------------
+* For polymorphic types, use RTTI to try to return the closest type registered with pybind11
+* Pickling support for serializing and unserializing C++ instances to a byte stream in Python
+* Added a convenience routine ``make_iterator()`` which turns a range indicated
+  by a pair of C++ iterators into a iterable Python object
+* Added ``len()`` and a variadic ``make_tuple()`` function
+* Addressed a rare issue that could confuse the current virtual function
+  dispatcher and another that could lead to crashes in multi-threaded
+  applications
+* Added a ``get_include()`` function to the Python module that returns the path
+  of the directory containing the installed pybind11 header files
+* Documentation improvements: import issues, symbol visibility, pickling, limitations
+* Added casting support for ``std::reference_wrapper<>``
+
+1.4 (April 7, 2016)
+--------------------------
+* Transparent type conversion for ``std::wstring`` and ``wchar_t``
+* Allow passing ``nullptr``-valued strings
+* Transparent passing of ``void *`` pointers using capsules
+* Transparent support for returning values wrapped in ``std::unique_ptr<>``
+* Improved docstring generation for compatibility with Sphinx
+* Nicer debug error message when default parameter construction fails
+* Support for "opaque" types that bypass the transparent conversion layer for STL containers
+* Redesigned type casting interface to avoid ambiguities that could occasionally cause compiler errors
+* Redesigned property implementation; fixes crashes due to an unfortunate default return value policy
+* Anaconda package generation support
+
+1.3 (March 8, 2016)
+--------------------------
+
+* Added support for the Intel C++ compiler (v15+)
+* Added support for the STL unordered set/map data structures
+* Added support for the STL linked list data structure
+* NumPy-style broadcasting support in ``pybind11::vectorize``
+* pybind11 now displays more verbose error messages when ``arg::operator=()`` fails
+* pybind11 internal data structures now live in a version-dependent namespace to avoid ABI issues
+* Many, many bugfixes involving corner cases and advanced usage
+
+1.2 (February 7, 2016)
+--------------------------
+
+* Optional: efficient generation of function signatures at compile time using C++14
+* Switched to a simpler and more general way of dealing with function default
+  arguments. Unused keyword arguments in function calls are now detected and
+  cause errors as expected
+* New ``keep_alive`` call policy analogous to Boost.Python's ``with_custodian_and_ward``
+* New ``pybind11::base<>`` attribute to indicate a subclass relationship
+* Improved interface for RAII type wrappers in ``pytypes.h``
+* Use RAII type wrappers consistently within pybind11 itself. This
+  fixes various potential refcount leaks when exceptions occur
+* Added new ``bytes`` RAII type wrapper (maps to ``string`` in Python 2.7)
+* Made handle and related RAII classes const correct, using them more
+  consistently everywhere now
+* Got rid of the ugly ``__pybind11__`` attributes on the Python side---they are
+  now stored in a C++ hash table that is not visible in Python
+* Fixed refcount leaks involving NumPy arrays and bound functions
+* Vastly improved handling of shared/smart pointers
+* Removed an unnecessary copy operation in ``pybind11::vectorize``
+* Fixed naming clashes when both pybind11 and NumPy headers are included
+* Added conversions for additional exception types
+* Documentation improvements (using multiple extension modules, smart pointers,
+  other minor clarifications)
+* unified infrastructure for parsing variadic arguments in ``class_`` and cpp_function
+* Fixed license text (was: ZLIB, should have been: 3-clause BSD)
+* Python 3.2 compatibility
+* Fixed remaining issues when accessing types in another plugin module
+* Added enum comparison and casting methods
+* Improved SFINAE-based detection of whether types are copy-constructible
+* Eliminated many warnings about unused variables and the use of ``offsetof()``
+* Support for ``std::array<>`` conversions
+
+1.1 (December 7, 2015)
+--------------------------
+
+* Documentation improvements (GIL, wrapping functions, casting, fixed many typos)
+* Generalized conversion of integer types
+* Improved support for casting function objects
+* Improved support for ``std::shared_ptr<>`` conversions
+* Initial support for ``std::set<>`` conversions
+* Fixed type resolution issue for types defined in a separate plugin module
+* Cmake build system improvements
+* Factored out generic functionality to non-templated code (smaller code size)
+* Added a code size / compile time benchmark vs Boost.Python
+* Added an appveyor CI script
+
+1.0 (October 15, 2015)
+------------------------
+* Initial release
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/classes.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/classes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30fb2a2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/classes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+.. _classes:
+
+Object-oriented code
+####################
+
+Creating bindings for a custom type
+===================================
+
+Let's now look at a more complex example where we'll create bindings for a
+custom C++ data structure named ``Pet``. Its definition is given below:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct Pet {
+        Pet(const std::string &name) : name(name) { }
+        void setName(const std::string &name_) { name = name_; }
+        const std::string &getName() const { return name; }
+
+        std::string name;
+    };
+
+The binding code for ``Pet`` looks as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    #include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+
+    namespace py = pybind11;
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+
+        py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+            .def("setName", &Pet::setName)
+            .def("getName", &Pet::getName);
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+:class:`class_` creates bindings for a C++ *class* or *struct*-style data
+structure. :func:`init` is a convenience function that takes the types of a
+constructor's parameters as template arguments and wraps the corresponding
+constructor (see the :ref:`custom_constructors` section for details). An
+interactive Python session demonstrating this example is shown below:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    % python
+    >>> import example
+    >>> p = example.Pet('Molly')
+    >>> print(p)
+    <example.Pet object at 0x10cd98060>
+    >>> p.getName()
+    u'Molly'
+    >>> p.setName('Charly')
+    >>> p.getName()
+    u'Charly'
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    Static member functions can be bound in the same way using
+    :func:`class_::def_static`.
+
+Keyword and default arguments
+=============================
+It is possible to specify keyword and default arguments using the syntax
+discussed in the previous chapter. Refer to the sections :ref:`keyword_args`
+and :ref:`default_args` for details.
+
+Binding lambda functions
+========================
+
+Note how ``print(p)`` produced a rather useless summary of our data structure in the example above:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> print(p)
+    <example.Pet object at 0x10cd98060>
+
+To address this, we could bind an utility function that returns a human-readable
+summary to the special method slot named ``__repr__``. Unfortunately, there is no
+suitable functionality in the ``Pet`` data structure, and it would be nice if
+we did not have to change it. This can easily be accomplished by binding a
+Lambda function instead:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+            .def("setName", &Pet::setName)
+            .def("getName", &Pet::getName)
+            .def("__repr__",
+                [](const Pet &a) {
+                    return "<example.Pet named '" + a.name + "'>";
+                }
+            );
+
+Both stateless [#f1]_ and stateful lambda closures are supported by pybind11.
+With the above change, the same Python code now produces the following output:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> print(p)
+    <example.Pet named 'Molly'>
+
+.. [#f1] Stateless closures are those with an empty pair of brackets ``[]`` as the capture object.
+
+.. _properties:
+
+Instance and static fields
+==========================
+
+We can also directly expose the ``name`` field using the
+:func:`class_::def_readwrite` method. A similar :func:`class_::def_readonly`
+method also exists for ``const`` fields.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+            .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name)
+            // ... remainder ...
+
+This makes it possible to write
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> p = example.Pet('Molly')
+    >>> p.name
+    u'Molly'
+    >>> p.name = 'Charly'
+    >>> p.name
+    u'Charly'
+
+Now suppose that ``Pet::name`` was a private internal variable
+that can only be accessed via setters and getters.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    class Pet {
+    public:
+        Pet(const std::string &name) : name(name) { }
+        void setName(const std::string &name_) { name = name_; }
+        const std::string &getName() const { return name; }
+    private:
+        std::string name;
+    };
+
+In this case, the method :func:`class_::def_property`
+(:func:`class_::def_property_readonly` for read-only data) can be used to
+provide a field-like interface within Python that will transparently call
+the setter and getter functions:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+            .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+            .def_property("name", &Pet::getName, &Pet::setName)
+            // ... remainder ...
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    Similar functions :func:`class_::def_readwrite_static`,
+    :func:`class_::def_readonly_static` :func:`class_::def_property_static`,
+    and :func:`class_::def_property_readonly_static` are provided for binding
+    static variables and properties. Please also see the section on
+    :ref:`static_properties` in the advanced part of the documentation.
+
+Dynamic attributes
+==================
+
+Native Python classes can pick up new attributes dynamically:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> class Pet:
+    ...     name = 'Molly'
+    ...
+    >>> p = Pet()
+    >>> p.name = 'Charly'  # overwrite existing
+    >>> p.age = 2  # dynamically add a new attribute
+
+By default, classes exported from C++ do not support this and the only writable
+attributes are the ones explicitly defined using :func:`class_::def_readwrite`
+or :func:`class_::def_property`.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
+
+Trying to set any other attribute results in an error:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> p = example.Pet()
+    >>> p.name = 'Charly'  # OK, attribute defined in C++
+    >>> p.age = 2  # fail
+    AttributeError: 'Pet' object has no attribute 'age'
+
+To enable dynamic attributes for C++ classes, the :class:`py::dynamic_attr` tag
+must be added to the :class:`py::class_` constructor:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet", py::dynamic_attr())
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
+
+Now everything works as expected:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> p = example.Pet()
+    >>> p.name = 'Charly'  # OK, overwrite value in C++
+    >>> p.age = 2  # OK, dynamically add a new attribute
+    >>> p.__dict__  # just like a native Python class
+    {'age': 2}
+
+Note that there is a small runtime cost for a class with dynamic attributes.
+Not only because of the addition of a ``__dict__``, but also because of more
+expensive garbage collection tracking which must be activated to resolve
+possible circular references. Native Python classes incur this same cost by
+default, so this is not anything to worry about. By default, pybind11 classes
+are more efficient than native Python classes. Enabling dynamic attributes
+just brings them on par.
+
+.. _inheritance:
+
+Inheritance
+===========
+
+Suppose now that the example consists of two data structures with an
+inheritance relationship:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct Pet {
+        Pet(const std::string &name) : name(name) { }
+        std::string name;
+    };
+
+    struct Dog : Pet {
+        Dog(const std::string &name) : Pet(name) { }
+        std::string bark() const { return "woof!"; }
+    };
+
+There are two different ways of indicating a hierarchical relationship to
+pybind11: the first specifies the C++ base class as an extra template
+parameter of the :class:`class_`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+       .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+       .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
+
+    // Method 1: template parameter:
+    py::class_<Dog, Pet /* <- specify C++ parent type */>(m, "Dog")
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
+
+Alternatively, we can also assign a name to the previously bound ``Pet``
+:class:`class_` object and reference it when binding the ``Dog`` class:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");
+    pet.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+       .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
+
+    // Method 2: pass parent class_ object:
+    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet /* <- specify Python parent type */)
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
+
+Functionality-wise, both approaches are equivalent. Afterwards, instances will
+expose fields and methods of both types:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> p = example.Dog('Molly')
+    >>> p.name
+    u'Molly'
+    >>> p.bark()
+    u'woof!'
+
+Overloaded methods
+==================
+
+Sometimes there are several overloaded C++ methods with the same name taking
+different kinds of input arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct Pet {
+        Pet(const std::string &name, int age) : name(name), age(age) { }
+
+        void set(int age_) { age = age_; }
+        void set(const std::string &name_) { name = name_; }
+
+        std::string name;
+        int age;
+    };
+
+Attempting to bind ``Pet::set`` will cause an error since the compiler does not
+know which method the user intended to select. We can disambiguate by casting
+them to function pointers. Binding multiple functions to the same Python name
+automatically creates a chain of function overloads that will be tried in
+sequence.
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+       .def(py::init<const std::string &, int>())
+       .def("set", (void (Pet::*)(int)) &Pet::set, "Set the pet's age")
+       .def("set", (void (Pet::*)(const std::string &)) &Pet::set, "Set the pet's name");
+
+The overload signatures are also visible in the method's docstring:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> help(example.Pet)
+
+    class Pet(__builtin__.object)
+     |  Methods defined here:
+     |
+     |  __init__(...)
+     |      Signature : (Pet, str, int) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |  set(...)
+     |      1. Signature : (Pet, int) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |      Set the pet's age
+     |
+     |      2. Signature : (Pet, str) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |      Set the pet's name
+
+If you have a C++14 compatible compiler [#cpp14]_, you can use an alternative
+syntax to cast the overloaded function:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")
+        .def("set", py::overload_cast<int>(&Pet::set), "Set the pet's age")
+        .def("set", py::overload_cast<const std::string &>(&Pet::set), "Set the pet's name");
+
+Here, ``py::overload_cast`` only requires the parameter types to be specified.
+The return type and class are deduced. This avoids the additional noise of
+``void (Pet::*)()`` as seen in the raw cast. If a function is overloaded based
+on constness, the ``py::const_`` tag should be used:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct Widget {
+        int foo(int x, float y);
+        int foo(int x, float y) const;
+    };
+
+    py::class_<Widget>(m, "Widget")
+       .def("foo_mutable", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&Widget::foo))
+       .def("foo_const",   py::overload_cast<int, float>(&Widget::foo, py::const_));
+
+
+.. [#cpp14] A compiler which supports the ``-std=c++14`` flag
+            or Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 and newer.
+
+.. note::
+
+    To define multiple overloaded constructors, simply declare one after the
+    other using the ``.def(py::init<...>())`` syntax. The existing machinery
+    for specifying keyword and default arguments also works.
+
+Enumerations and internal types
+===============================
+
+Let's now suppose that the example class contains an internal enumeration type,
+e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct Pet {
+        enum Kind {
+            Dog = 0,
+            Cat
+        };
+
+        Pet(const std::string &name, Kind type) : name(name), type(type) { }
+
+        std::string name;
+        Kind type;
+    };
+
+The binding code for this example looks as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");
+
+    pet.def(py::init<const std::string &, Pet::Kind>())
+        .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name)
+        .def_readwrite("type", &Pet::type);
+
+    py::enum_<Pet::Kind>(pet, "Kind")
+        .value("Dog", Pet::Kind::Dog)
+        .value("Cat", Pet::Kind::Cat)
+        .export_values();
+
+To ensure that the ``Kind`` type is created within the scope of ``Pet``, the
+``pet`` :class:`class_` instance must be supplied to the :class:`enum_`.
+constructor. The :func:`enum_::export_values` function exports the enum entries
+into the parent scope, which should be skipped for newer C++11-style strongly
+typed enums.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> p = Pet('Lucy', Pet.Cat)
+    >>> p.type
+    Kind.Cat
+    >>> int(p.type)
+    1L
+
+The entries defined by the enumeration type are exposed in the ``__members__`` property:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> Pet.Kind.__members__
+    {'Dog': Kind.Dog, 'Cat': Kind.Cat}
+
+.. note::
+
+    When the special tag ``py::arithmetic()`` is specified to the ``enum_``
+    constructor, pybind11 creates an enumeration that also supports rudimentary
+    arithmetic and bit-level operations like comparisons, and, or, xor, negation,
+    etc.
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        py::enum_<Pet::Kind>(pet, "Kind", py::arithmetic())
+           ...
+
+    By default, these are omitted to conserve space.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/compiling.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/compiling.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7053dbf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/compiling.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+Build systems
+#############
+
+Building with setuptools
+========================
+
+For projects on PyPI, building with setuptools is the way to go. Sylvain Corlay
+has kindly provided an example project which shows how to set up everything,
+including automatic generation of documentation using Sphinx. Please refer to
+the [python_example]_ repository.
+
+.. [python_example] https://github.com/pybind/python_example
+
+Building with cppimport
+========================
+
+ cppimport is a small Python import hook that determines whether there is a C++
+ source file whose name matches the requested module. If there is, the file is
+ compiled as a Python extension using pybind11 and placed in the same folder as
+ the C++ source file. Python is then able to find the module and load it.
+
+.. [cppimport] https://github.com/tbenthompson/cppimport
+
+.. _cmake:
+
+Building with CMake
+===================
+
+For C++ codebases that have an existing CMake-based build system, a Python
+extension module can be created with just a few lines of code:
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+    project(example)
+
+    add_subdirectory(pybind11)
+    pybind11_add_module(example example.cpp)
+
+This assumes that the pybind11 repository is located in a subdirectory named
+:file:`pybind11` and that the code is located in a file named :file:`example.cpp`.
+The CMake command ``add_subdirectory`` will import the pybind11 project which
+provides the ``pybind11_add_module`` function. It will take care of all the
+details needed to build a Python extension module on any platform.
+
+A working sample project, including a way to invoke CMake from :file:`setup.py` for
+PyPI integration, can be found in the [cmake_example]_  repository.
+
+.. [cmake_example] https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example
+
+pybind11_add_module
+-------------------
+
+To ease the creation of Python extension modules, pybind11 provides a CMake
+function with the following signature:
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+    pybind11_add_module(<name> [MODULE | SHARED] [EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL]
+                        [NO_EXTRAS] [THIN_LTO] source1 [source2 ...])
+
+This function behaves very much like CMake's builtin ``add_library`` (in fact,
+it's a wrapper function around that command). It will add a library target
+called ``<name>`` to be built from the listed source files. In addition, it
+will take care of all the Python-specific compiler and linker flags as well
+as the OS- and Python-version-specific file extension. The produced target
+``<name>`` can be further manipulated with regular CMake commands.
+
+``MODULE`` or ``SHARED`` may be given to specify the type of library. If no
+type is given, ``MODULE`` is used by default which ensures the creation of a
+Python-exclusive module. Specifying ``SHARED`` will create a more traditional
+dynamic library which can also be linked from elsewhere. ``EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL``
+removes this target from the default build (see CMake docs for details).
+
+Since pybind11 is a template library, ``pybind11_add_module`` adds compiler
+flags to ensure high quality code generation without bloat arising from long
+symbol names and duplication of code in different translation units. The
+additional flags enable LTO (Link Time Optimization), set default visibility
+to *hidden* and strip unneeded symbols. See the :ref:`FAQ entry <faq:symhidden>`
+for a more detailed explanation. These optimizations are never applied in
+``Debug`` mode. If ``NO_EXTRAS`` is given, they will always be disabled, even
+in ``Release`` mode. However, this will result in code bloat and is generally
+not recommended.
+
+As stated above, LTO is enabled by default. Some newer compilers also support
+different flavors of LTO such as `ThinLTO`_. Setting ``THIN_LTO`` will cause
+the function to prefer this flavor if available. The function falls back to
+regular LTO if ``-flto=thin`` is not available.
+
+.. _ThinLTO: http://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThinLTO.html
+
+Configuration variables
+-----------------------
+
+By default, pybind11 will compile modules with the latest C++ standard
+available on the target compiler. To override this, the standard flag can
+be given explicitly in ``PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD``:
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+    set(PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD -std=c++11)
+    add_subdirectory(pybind11)  # or find_package(pybind11)
+
+Note that this and all other configuration variables must be set **before** the
+call to ``add_subdiretory`` or ``find_package``. The variables can also be set
+when calling CMake from the command line using the ``-D<variable>=<value>`` flag.
+
+The target Python version can be selected by setting ``PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION``
+or an exact Python installation can be specified with ``PYTHON_EXECUTABLE``.
+For example:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    cmake -DPYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION=3.6 ..
+    # or
+    cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=path/to/python ..
+
+find_package vs. add_subdirectory
+---------------------------------
+
+For CMake-based projects that don't include the pybind11 repository internally,
+an external installation can be detected through ``find_package(pybind11)``.
+See the `Config file`_ docstring for details of relevant CMake variables.
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+    project(example)
+
+    find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED)
+    pybind11_add_module(example example.cpp)
+
+Once detected, the aforementioned ``pybind11_add_module`` can be employed as
+before. The function usage and configuration variables are identical no matter
+if pybind11 is added as a subdirectory or found as an installed package. You
+can refer to the same [cmake_example]_ repository for a full sample project
+-- just swap out ``add_subdirectory`` for ``find_package``.
+
+.. _Config file: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in
+
+Advanced: interface library target
+----------------------------------
+
+When using a version of CMake greater than 3.0, pybind11 can additionally
+be used as a special *interface library* . The target ``pybind11::module``
+is available with pybind11 headers, Python headers and libraries as needed,
+and C++ compile definitions attached. This target is suitable for linking
+to an independently constructed (through ``add_library``, not
+``pybind11_add_module``) target in the consuming project.
+
+.. code-block:: cmake
+
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
+    project(example)
+
+    find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED)  # or add_subdirectory(pybind11)
+
+    add_library(example MODULE main.cpp)
+    target_link_libraries(example PRIVATE pybind11::module)
+    set_target_properties(example PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}"
+                                             SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Since pybind11 is a metatemplate library, it is crucial that certain
+    compiler flags are provided to ensure high quality code generation. In
+    contrast to the ``pybind11_add_module()`` command, the CMake interface
+    library only provides the *minimal* set of parameters to ensure that the
+    code using pybind11 compiles, but it does **not** pass these extra compiler
+    flags (i.e. this is up to you).
+
+    These include Link Time Optimization (``-flto`` on GCC/Clang/ICPC, ``/GL``
+    and ``/LTCG`` on Visual Studio). Default-hidden symbols on GCC/Clang/ICPC
+    (``-fvisibility=hidden``) and .OBJ files with many sections on Visual Studio
+    (``/bigobj``). The :ref:`FAQ <faq:symhidden>` contains an
+    explanation on why these are needed.
+
+Generating binding code automatically
+=====================================
+
+The ``Binder`` project is a tool for automatic generation of pybind11 binding
+code by introspecting existing C++ codebases using LLVM/Clang. See the
+[binder]_ documentation for details.
+
+.. [binder] http://cppbinder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/about.html
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/conf.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09604cfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# pybind11 documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Sun Oct 11 19:23:48 2015.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
+# containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import sys
+import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+
+# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
+extensions = ['breathe']
+
+breathe_projects = {'pybind11': '.build/doxygenxml/'}
+breathe_default_project = 'pybind11'
+breathe_domain_by_extension = {'h': 'cpp'}
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['.templates']
+
+# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
+# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
+# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = 'pybind11'
+copyright = '2016, Wenzel Jakob'
+author = 'Wenzel Jakob'
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = '2.1'
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = '2.1.1'
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#
+# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
+# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
+language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+exclude_patterns = ['.build', 'release.rst']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
+# documents.
+default_role = 'any'
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+#pygments_style = 'monokai'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
+#keep_warnings = False
+
+# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
+todo_include_todos = False
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+
+on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
+
+if not on_rtd:  # only import and set the theme if we're building docs locally
+    import sphinx_rtd_theme
+    html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+    html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
+
+    html_context = {
+        'css_files': [
+            '_static/theme_overrides.css'
+        ]
+    }
+else:
+    html_context = {
+        'css_files': [
+            '//media.readthedocs.org/css/sphinx_rtd_theme.css',            
+            '//media.readthedocs.org/css/readthedocs-doc-embed.css',    
+            '_static/theme_overrides.css'
+        ]
+    }
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+#html_theme_path = []
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
+# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
+# directly to the root of the documentation.
+#html_extra_path = []
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_domain_indices = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+#html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#html_show_sphinx = True
+
+# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#html_show_copyright = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = None
+
+# Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
+# Sphinx supports the following languages:
+#   'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'h', 'it', 'ja'
+#   'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'r', 'sv', 'tr'
+#html_search_language = 'en'
+
+# A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
+# Now only 'ja' uses this config value
+#html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
+
+# The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
+# implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
+#html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'pybind11doc'
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
+
+latex_elements = {
+# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#'pointsize': '10pt',
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+'preamble': '\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{}',
+
+# Latex figure (float) alignment
+#'figure_align': 'htbp',
+}
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title,
+#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
+latex_documents = [
+  (master_doc, 'pybind11.tex', 'pybind11 Documentation',
+   'Wenzel Jakob', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+# latex_logo = 'pybind11-logo.png'
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# If true, show page references after internal links.
+#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+#latex_show_urls = False
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_domain_indices = True
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [
+    (master_doc, 'pybind11', 'pybind11 Documentation',
+     [author], 1)
+]
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+#man_show_urls = False
+
+
+# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
+
+# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author,
+#  dir menu entry, description, category)
+texinfo_documents = [
+  (master_doc, 'pybind11', 'pybind11 Documentation',
+   author, 'pybind11', 'One line description of project.',
+   'Miscellaneous'),
+]
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#texinfo_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+
+# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
+#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+
+# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
+#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+
+primary_domain = 'cpp'
+highlight_language = 'cpp'
+
+
+def generate_doxygen_xml(app):
+    build_dir = '.build'
+    if not os.path.exists(build_dir):
+        os.mkdir(build_dir)
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.call(['doxygen', '--version'])
+        retcode = subprocess.call(['doxygen'])
+        if retcode < 0:
+            sys.stderr.write("doxygen error code: {}\n".format(-retcode))
+    except OSError as e:
+        sys.stderr.write("doxygen execution failed: {}\n".format(e))
+
+
+def setup(app):
+    """Add hook for building doxygen xml when needed"""
+    app.connect("builder-inited", generate_doxygen_xml)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/faq.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/faq.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34002b42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/faq.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+Frequently asked questions
+##########################
+
+"ImportError: dynamic module does not define init function"
+===========================================================
+
+1. Make sure that the name specified in ``pybind::module`` and
+   ``PYBIND11_PLUGIN`` is consistent and identical to the filename of the
+   extension library. The latter should not contain any extra prefixes (e.g.
+   ``test.so`` instead of ``libtest.so``).
+
+2. If the above did not fix your issue, then you are likely using an
+   incompatible version of Python (for instance, the extension library was
+   compiled against Python 2, while the interpreter is running on top of some
+   version of Python 3, or vice versa)
+
+"Symbol not found: ``__Py_ZeroStruct`` / ``_PyInstanceMethod_Type``"
+========================================================================
+
+See item 2 of the first answer.
+
+"SystemError: dynamic module not initialized properly"
+======================================================
+
+See item 2 of the first answer.
+
+The Python interpreter immediately crashes when importing my module
+===================================================================
+
+See item 2 of the first answer.
+
+CMake doesn't detect the right Python version
+=============================================
+
+The CMake-based build system will try to automatically detect the installed
+version of Python and link against that. When this fails, or when there are
+multiple versions of Python and it finds the wrong one, delete
+``CMakeCache.txt`` and then invoke CMake as follows:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE:FILEPATH=<path-to-python-executable> .
+
+Limitations involving reference arguments
+=========================================
+
+In C++, it's fairly common to pass arguments using mutable references or
+mutable pointers, which allows both read and write access to the value
+supplied by the caller. This is sometimes done for efficiency reasons, or to
+realize functions that have multiple return values. Here are two very basic
+examples:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void increment(int &i) { i++; }
+    void increment_ptr(int *i) { (*i)++; }
+
+In Python, all arguments are passed by reference, so there is no general
+issue in binding such code from Python.
+
+However, certain basic Python types (like ``str``, ``int``, ``bool``,
+``float``, etc.) are **immutable**. This means that the following attempt
+to port the function to Python doesn't have the same effect on the value
+provided by the caller -- in fact, it does nothing at all.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def increment(i):
+        i += 1 # nope..
+
+pybind11 is also affected by such language-level conventions, which means that
+binding ``increment`` or ``increment_ptr`` will also create Python functions
+that don't modify their arguments.
+
+Although inconvenient, one workaround is to encapsulate the immutable types in
+a custom type that does allow modifications.
+
+An other alternative involves binding a small wrapper lambda function that
+returns a tuple with all output arguments (see the remainder of the
+documentation for examples on binding lambda functions). An example:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    int foo(int &i) { i++; return 123; }
+
+and the binding code
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+   m.def("foo", [](int i) { int rv = foo(i); return std::make_tuple(rv, i); });
+
+
+How can I reduce the build time?
+================================
+
+It's good practice to split binding code over multiple files, as in the
+following example:
+
+:file:`example.cpp`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void init_ex1(py::module &);
+    void init_ex2(py::module &);
+    /* ... */
+
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+        py::module m("example", "pybind example plugin");
+
+        init_ex1(m);
+        init_ex2(m);
+        /* ... */
+
+        return m.ptr();
+    }
+
+:file:`ex1.cpp`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void init_ex1(py::module &m) {
+        m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; });
+    }
+
+:file:`ex2.cpp`:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    void init_ex1(py::module &m) {
+        m.def("sub", [](int a, int b) { return a - b; });
+    }
+
+:command:`python`:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import example
+    >>> example.add(1, 2)
+    3
+    >>> example.sub(1, 1)
+    0
+
+As shown above, the various ``init_ex`` functions should be contained in
+separate files that can be compiled independently from one another, and then
+linked together into the same final shared object.  Following this approach
+will:
+
+1. reduce memory requirements per compilation unit.
+
+2. enable parallel builds (if desired).
+
+3. allow for faster incremental builds. For instance, when a single class
+   definition is changed, only a subset of the binding code will generally need
+   to be recompiled.
+
+"recursive template instantiation exceeded maximum depth of 256"
+================================================================
+
+If you receive an error about excessive recursive template evaluation, try
+specifying a larger value, e.g. ``-ftemplate-depth=1024`` on GCC/Clang. The
+culprit is generally the generation of function signatures at compile time
+using C++14 template metaprogramming.
+
+
+.. _`faq:symhidden`:
+
+How can I create smaller binaries?
+==================================
+
+To do its job, pybind11 extensively relies on a programming technique known as
+*template metaprogramming*, which is a way of performing computation at compile
+time using type information. Template metaprogamming usually instantiates code
+involving significant numbers of deeply nested types that are either completely
+removed or reduced to just a few instructions during the compiler's optimization
+phase. However, due to the nested nature of these types, the resulting symbol
+names in the compiled extension library can be extremely long. For instance,
+the included test suite contains the following symbol:
+
+.. only:: html
+
+    .. code-block:: none
+
+        _​_​Z​N​8​p​y​b​i​n​d​1​1​1​2​c​p​p​_​f​u​n​c​t​i​o​n​C​1​I​v​8​E​x​a​m​p​l​e​2​J​R​N​S​t​3​_​_​1​6​v​e​c​t​o​r​I​N​S​3​_​1​2​b​a​s​i​c​_​s​t​r​i​n​g​I​w​N​S​3​_​1​1​c​h​a​r​_​t​r​a​i​t​s​I​w​E​E​N​S​3​_​9​a​l​l​o​c​a​t​o​r​I​w​E​E​E​E​N​S​8​_​I​S​A​_​E​E​E​E​E​J​N​S​_​4​n​a​m​e​E​N​S​_​7​s​i​b​l​i​n​g​E​N​S​_​9​i​s​_​m​e​t​h​o​d​E​A​2​8​_​c​E​E​E​M​T​0​_​F​T​_​D​p​T​1​_​E​D​p​R​K​T​2​_
+
+.. only:: not html
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        __ZN8pybind1112cpp_functionC1Iv8Example2JRNSt3__16vectorINS3_12basic_stringIwNS3_11char_traitsIwEENS3_9allocatorIwEEEENS8_ISA_EEEEEJNS_4nameENS_7siblingENS_9is_methodEA28_cEEEMT0_FT_DpT1_EDpRKT2_
+
+which is the mangled form of the following function type:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+    pybind11::cpp_function::cpp_function<void, Example2, std::__1::vector<std::__1::basic_string<wchar_t, std::__1::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::__1::allocator<wchar_t> >, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::basic_string<wchar_t, std::__1::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::__1::allocator<wchar_t> > > >&, pybind11::name, pybind11::sibling, pybind11::is_method, char [28]>(void (Example2::*)(std::__1::vector<std::__1::basic_string<wchar_t, std::__1::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::__1::allocator<wchar_t> >, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::basic_string<wchar_t, std::__1::char_traits<wchar_t>, std::__1::allocator<wchar_t> > > >&), pybind11::name const&, pybind11::sibling const&, pybind11::is_method const&, char const (&) [28])
+
+The memory needed to store just the mangled name of this function (196 bytes)
+is larger than the actual piece of code (111 bytes) it represents! On the other
+hand, it's silly to even give this function a name -- after all, it's just a
+tiny cog in a bigger piece of machinery that is not exposed to the outside
+world. So we'll generally only want to export symbols for those functions which
+are actually called from the outside.
+
+This can be achieved by specifying the parameter ``-fvisibility=hidden`` to GCC
+and Clang, which sets the default symbol visibility to *hidden*. It's best to
+do this only for release builds, since the symbol names can be helpful in
+debugging sessions. On Visual Studio, symbols are already hidden by default, so
+nothing needs to be done there. Needless to say, this has a tremendous impact
+on the final binary size of the resulting extension library.
+
+Another aspect that can require a fair bit of code are function signature
+descriptions. pybind11 automatically generates human-readable function
+signatures for docstrings, e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+     |  __init__(...)
+     |      __init__(*args, **kwargs)
+     |      Overloaded function.
+     |
+     |      1. __init__(example.Example1) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |      Docstring for overload #1 goes here
+     |
+     |      2. __init__(example.Example1, int) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |      Docstring for overload #2 goes here
+     |
+     |      3. __init__(example.Example1, example.Example1) -> NoneType
+     |
+     |      Docstring for overload #3 goes here
+
+
+In C++11 mode, these are generated at run time using string concatenation,
+which can amount to 10-20% of the size of the resulting binary. If you can,
+enable C++14 language features (using ``-std=c++14`` for GCC/Clang), in which
+case signatures are efficiently pre-generated at compile time. Unfortunately,
+Visual Studio's C++14 support (``constexpr``) is not good enough as of April
+2016, so it always uses the more expensive run-time approach.
+
+Working with ancient Visual Studio 2009 builds on Windows
+=========================================================
+
+The official Windows distributions of Python are compiled using truly
+ancient versions of Visual Studio that lack good C++11 support. Some users
+implicitly assume that it would be impossible to load a plugin built with
+Visual Studio 2015 into a Python distribution that was compiled using Visual
+Studio 2009. However, no such issue exists: it's perfectly legitimate to
+interface DLLs that are built with different compilers and/or C libraries.
+Common gotchas to watch out for involve not ``free()``-ing memory region
+that that were ``malloc()``-ed in another shared library, using data
+structures with incompatible ABIs, and so on. pybind11 is very careful not
+to make these types of mistakes.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/index.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cedf65209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+.. only: not latex
+
+    .. image:: pybind11-logo.png
+
+pybind11 --- Seamless operability between C++11 and Python
+==========================================================
+
+.. only: not latex
+
+    Contents:
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   intro
+   changelog
+
+.. toctree::
+   :caption: The Basics
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   basics
+   classes
+   compiling
+
+.. toctree::
+   :caption: Advanced Topics
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   advanced/functions
+   advanced/classes
+   advanced/exceptions
+   advanced/smart_ptrs
+   advanced/cast/index
+   advanced/pycpp/index
+   advanced/misc
+
+.. toctree::
+   :caption: Extra Information
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   faq
+   benchmark
+   limitations
+   reference
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/intro.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/intro.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2149c18db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/intro.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+.. image:: pybind11-logo.png
+
+About this project
+==================
+**pybind11** is a lightweight header-only library that exposes C++ types in Python
+and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of existing C++ code. Its
+goals and syntax are similar to the excellent `Boost.Python`_ library by David
+Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional extension modules by
+inferring type information using compile-time introspection.
+
+.. _Boost.Python: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/index.html
+
+The main issue with Boost.Python—and the reason for creating such a similar
+project—is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite of utility
+libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in existence. This
+compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and workarounds are
+necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler specimens. Now that
+C++11-compatible compilers are widely available, this heavy machinery has
+become an excessively large and unnecessary dependency.
+Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python with
+everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding generation. Without
+comments, the core header files only require ~4K lines of code and depend on
+Python (2.7 or 3.x, or PyPy2.7 >= 5.7) and the C++ standard library. This
+compact implementation was possible thanks to some of the new C++11 language
+features (specifically: tuples, lambda functions and variadic templates). Since
+its creation, this library has grown beyond Boost.Python in many ways, leading
+to dramatically simpler binding code in many common situations.
+
+Core features
+*************
+The following core C++ features can be mapped to Python
+
+- Functions accepting and returning custom data structures per value, reference, or pointer
+- Instance methods and static methods
+- Overloaded functions
+- Instance attributes and static attributes
+- Arbitrary exception types
+- Enumerations
+- Callbacks
+- Iterators and ranges
+- Custom operators
+- Single and multiple inheritance
+- STL data structures
+- Iterators and ranges
+- Smart pointers with reference counting like ``std::shared_ptr``
+- Internal references with correct reference counting
+- C++ classes with virtual (and pure virtual) methods can be extended in Python
+
+Goodies
+*******
+In addition to the core functionality, pybind11 provides some extra goodies:
+
+- Python 2.7, 3.x, and PyPy (PyPy2.7 >= 5.7) are supported with an
+  implementation-agnostic interface.
+
+- It is possible to bind C++11 lambda functions with captured variables. The
+  lambda capture data is stored inside the resulting Python function object.
+
+- pybind11 uses C++11 move constructors and move assignment operators whenever
+  possible to efficiently transfer custom data types.
+
+- It's easy to expose the internal storage of custom data types through
+  Pythons' buffer protocols. This is handy e.g. for fast conversion between
+  C++ matrix classes like Eigen and NumPy without expensive copy operations.
+
+- pybind11 can automatically vectorize functions so that they are transparently
+  applied to all entries of one or more NumPy array arguments.
+
+- Python's slice-based access and assignment operations can be supported with
+  just a few lines of code.
+
+- Everything is contained in just a few header files; there is no need to link
+  against any additional libraries.
+
+- Binaries are generally smaller by a factor of at least 2 compared to
+  equivalent bindings generated by Boost.Python. A recent pybind11 conversion
+  of `PyRosetta`_, an enormous Boost.Python binding project, reported a binary
+  size reduction of **5.4x** and compile time reduction by **5.8x**.
+
+- When supported by the compiler, two new C++14 features (relaxed constexpr and
+  return value deduction) are used to precompute function signatures at compile
+  time, leading to smaller binaries.
+
+- With little extra effort, C++ types can be pickled and unpickled similar to
+  regular Python objects.
+
+.. _PyRosetta: http://graylab.jhu.edu/RosettaCon2016/PyRosetta-4.pdf
+
+Supported compilers
+*******************
+
+1. Clang/LLVM (any non-ancient version with C++11 support)
+2. GCC 4.8 or newer
+3. Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 or newer
+4. Intel C++ compiler v15 or newer
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/limitations.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/limitations.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1a4f1aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/limitations.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Limitations
+###########
+
+pybind11 strives to be a general solution to binding generation, but it also has
+certain limitations:
+
+- pybind11 casts away ``const``-ness in function arguments and return values.
+  This is in line with the Python language, which has no concept of ``const``
+  values. This means that some additional care is needed to avoid bugs that
+  would be caught by the type checker in a traditional C++ program.
+
+- The NumPy interface ``pybind11::array`` greatly simplifies accessing
+  numerical data from C++ (and vice versa), but it's not a full-blown array
+  class like ``Eigen::Array`` or ``boost.multi_array``.
+
+These features could be implemented but would lead to a significant increase in
+complexity. I've decided to draw the line here to keep this project simple and
+compact. Users who absolutely require these features are encouraged to fork
+pybind11.
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11-logo.png b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/pybind11-logo.png
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diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/reference.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/reference.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d211f7e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/reference.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+.. _reference:
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Please be advised that the reference documentation discussing pybind11
+    internals is currently incomplete. Please refer to the previous sections
+    and the pybind11 header files for the nitty gritty details.
+
+Reference
+#########
+
+Macros
+======
+
+.. doxygendefine:: PYBIND11_PLUGIN
+
+.. _core_types:
+
+Convenience classes for arbitrary Python types
+==============================================
+
+Common member functions
+-----------------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: object_api
+    :members:
+
+Without reference counting
+--------------------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: handle
+    :members:
+
+With reference counting
+-----------------------
+
+.. doxygenclass:: object
+    :members:
+
+.. doxygenfunction:: reinterpret_borrow
+
+.. doxygenfunction:: reinterpret_steal
+
+Convenience classes for specific Python types
+=============================================
+
+.. doxygenclass:: module
+    :members:
+
+.. doxygengroup:: pytypes
+    :members:
+
+.. _extras:
+
+Passing extra arguments to ``def`` or ``class_``
+================================================
+
+.. doxygengroup:: annotations
+    :members:
+
+Python build-in functions
+=========================
+
+.. doxygengroup:: python_builtins
+    :members:
+
+Exceptions
+==========
+
+.. doxygenclass:: error_already_set
+    :members:
+
+.. doxygenclass:: builtin_exception
+    :members:
+
+
+Literals
+========
+
+.. doxygennamespace:: literals
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/release.rst b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/release.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30d159a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/release.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+To release a new version of pybind11:
+
+- Update the version number and push to pypi
+    - Update ``pybind11/_version.py`` (set release version, remove 'dev').
+    - Update ``PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR`` etc. in ``include/pybind11/common.h``.
+    - Ensure that all the information in ``setup.py`` is up-to-date.
+    - Update version in ``docs/conf.py``.
+    - Tag release date in ``docs/changelog.rst``.
+    - ``git add`` and ``git commit``.
+    - if new minor version: ``git checkout -b vX.Y``, ``git push -u origin vX.Y``
+    - ``git tag -a vX.Y.Z -m 'vX.Y.Z release'``.
+    - ``git push``
+    - ``git push --tags``.
+    - ``python setup.py sdist upload``.
+    - ``python setup.py bdist_wheel upload``.
+- Update conda-forge (https://github.com/conda-forge/pybind11-feedstock) via PR
+    - change version number in ``recipe/meta.yml``
+    - update checksum to match the one computed by pypi
+- Get back to work
+    - Update ``_version.py`` (add 'dev' and increment minor).
+    - Update version in ``docs/conf.py``
+    - Update version macros in ``include/pybind11/common.h``
+    - ``git add`` and ``git commit``.
+      ``git push``
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/requirements.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3818fe80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/docs/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+breathe == 4.5.0
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h
similarity index 89%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h
index 9f858d034..e38a1a32d 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-    pybind11/attr.h: Infrastructure for processing custom
+    pybind11/pybind11.h: Infrastructure for processing custom
     type and function attributes
 
     Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ struct metaclass {
     handle value;
 
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("py::metaclass() is no longer required. It's turned on by default now.")
-    metaclass() {}
+    metaclass() = default;
 
     /// Override pybind11's default metaclass
     explicit metaclass(handle value) : value(value) { }
@@ -67,44 +67,6 @@ struct metaclass {
 /// Annotation to mark enums as an arithmetic type
 struct arithmetic { };
 
-/** \rst
-    A call policy which places one or more guard variables (``Ts...``) around the function call.
-
-    For example, this definition:
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        m.def("foo", foo, py::call_guard<T>());
-
-    is equivalent to the following pseudocode:
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        m.def("foo", [](args...) {
-            T scope_guard;
-            return foo(args...); // forwarded arguments
-        });
- \endrst */
-template <typename... Ts> struct call_guard;
-
-template <> struct call_guard<> { using type = detail::void_type; };
-
-template <typename T>
-struct call_guard<T> {
-    static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<T>::value,
-                  "The guard type must be default constructible");
-
-    using type = T;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename... Ts>
-struct call_guard<T, Ts...> {
-    struct type {
-        T guard{}; // Compose multiple guard types with left-to-right default-constructor order
-        typename call_guard<Ts...>::type next{};
-    };
-};
-
 /// @} annotations
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
@@ -123,10 +85,9 @@ struct argument_record {
     const char *descr; ///< Human-readable version of the argument value
     handle value;      ///< Associated Python object
     bool convert : 1;  ///< True if the argument is allowed to convert when loading
-    bool none : 1;     ///< True if None is allowed when loading
 
-    argument_record(const char *name, const char *descr, handle value, bool convert, bool none)
-        : name(name), descr(descr), value(value), convert(convert), none(none) { }
+    argument_record(const char *name, const char *descr, handle value, bool convert)
+        : name(name), descr(descr), value(value), convert(convert) { }
 };
 
 /// Internal data structure which holds metadata about a bound function (signature, overloads, etc.)
@@ -267,7 +228,7 @@ struct type_record {
             dynamic_attr = true;
 
         if (caster)
-            base_info->implicit_casts.emplace_back(type, caster);
+            base_info->implicit_casts.push_back(std::make_pair(type, caster));
     }
 };
 
@@ -339,8 +300,8 @@ template <> struct process_attribute<is_operator> : process_attribute_default<is
 template <> struct process_attribute<arg> : process_attribute_default<arg> {
     static void init(const arg &a, function_record *r) {
         if (r->is_method && r->args.empty())
-            r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr, handle(), true /*convert*/, false /*none not allowed*/);
-        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, nullptr, handle(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none);
+            r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr, handle(), true /*convert*/);
+        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, nullptr, handle(), !a.flag_noconvert);
     }
 };
 
@@ -348,7 +309,7 @@ template <> struct process_attribute<arg> : process_attribute_default<arg> {
 template <> struct process_attribute<arg_v> : process_attribute_default<arg_v> {
     static void init(const arg_v &a, function_record *r) {
         if (r->is_method && r->args.empty())
-            r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr /*descr*/, handle() /*parent*/, true /*convert*/, false /*none not allowed*/);
+            r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr /*descr*/, handle() /*parent*/, true /*convert*/);
 
         if (!a.value) {
 #if !defined(NDEBUG)
@@ -371,7 +332,7 @@ template <> struct process_attribute<arg_v> : process_attribute_default<arg_v> {
                           "Compile in debug mode for more information.");
 #endif
         }
-        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, a.descr, a.value.inc_ref(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none);
+        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, a.descr, a.value.inc_ref(), !a.flag_noconvert);
     }
 };
 
@@ -413,10 +374,7 @@ struct process_attribute<metaclass> : process_attribute_default<metaclass> {
 template <>
 struct process_attribute<arithmetic> : process_attribute_default<arithmetic> {};
 
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct process_attribute<call_guard<Ts...>> : process_attribute_default<call_guard<Ts...>> { };
-
-/**
+/***
  * Process a keep_alive call policy -- invokes keep_alive_impl during the
  * pre-call handler if both Nurse, Patient != 0 and use the post-call handler
  * otherwise
@@ -452,13 +410,6 @@ template <typename... Args> struct process_attributes {
     }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-using is_call_guard = is_instantiation<call_guard, T>;
-
-/// Extract the ``type`` from the first `call_guard` in `Extras...` (or `void_type` if none found)
-template <typename... Extra>
-using extract_guard_t = typename exactly_one_t<is_call_guard, call_guard<>, Extra...>::type;
-
 /// Check the number of named arguments at compile time
 template <typename... Extra,
           size_t named = constexpr_sum(std::is_base_of<arg, Extra>::value...),
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h
similarity index 85%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h
index 0226a6efd..fe19075e4 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #include "descr.h"
 #include <array>
 #include <limits>
-#include <tuple>
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ inline PyTypeObject *make_default_metaclass();
 /// Additional type information which does not fit into the PyTypeObject
 struct type_info {
     PyTypeObject *type;
-    const std::type_info *cpptype;
     size_t type_size;
     void *(*operator_new)(size_t);
     void (*init_holder)(PyObject *, const void *);
@@ -35,30 +33,21 @@ struct type_info {
     std::vector<bool (*)(PyObject *, void *&)> *direct_conversions;
     buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *) = nullptr;
     void *get_buffer_data = nullptr;
-    /* A simple type never occurs as a (direct or indirect) parent
+    /** A simple type never occurs as a (direct or indirect) parent
      * of a class that makes use of multiple inheritance */
-    bool simple_type : 1;
-    /* True if there is no multiple inheritance in this type's inheritance tree */
-    bool simple_ancestors : 1;
+    bool simple_type = true;
     /* for base vs derived holder_type checks */
-    bool default_holder : 1;
+    bool default_holder = true;
 };
 
-// Store the static internals pointer in a version-specific function so that we're guaranteed it
-// will be distinct for modules compiled for different pybind11 versions.  Without this, some
-// compilers (i.e. gcc) can use the same static pointer storage location across different .so's,
-// even though the `get_internals()` function itself is local to each shared object.
-template <int = PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR, int = PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR>
-internals *&get_internals_ptr() { static internals *internals_ptr = nullptr; return internals_ptr; }
-
 PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline internals &get_internals() {
-    internals *&internals_ptr = get_internals_ptr();
+    static internals *internals_ptr = nullptr;
     if (internals_ptr)
         return *internals_ptr;
     handle builtins(PyEval_GetBuiltins());
     const char *id = PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID;
     if (builtins.contains(id) && isinstance<capsule>(builtins[id])) {
-        internals_ptr = *static_cast<internals **>(capsule(builtins[id]));
+        internals_ptr = capsule(builtins[id]);
     } else {
         internals_ptr = new internals();
         #if defined(WITH_THREAD)
@@ -68,7 +57,7 @@ PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline internals &get_internals() {
             PyThread_set_key_value(internals_ptr->tstate, tstate);
             internals_ptr->istate = tstate->interp;
         #endif
-        builtins[id] = capsule(&internals_ptr);
+        builtins[id] = capsule(internals_ptr);
         internals_ptr->registered_exception_translators.push_front(
             [](std::exception_ptr p) -> void {
                 try {
@@ -206,10 +195,8 @@ inline PyThreadState *get_thread_state_unchecked() {
 #endif
 }
 
-// Forward declarations
+// Forward declaration
 inline void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient);
-inline void register_instance(void *self, const type_info *tinfo);
-inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type, bool allocate_value = true);
 
 class type_caster_generic {
 public:
@@ -226,8 +213,6 @@ public:
         if (!src || !typeinfo)
             return false;
         if (src.is_none()) {
-            // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode):
-            if (!convert) return false;
             value = nullptr;
             return true;
         }
@@ -283,25 +268,41 @@ public:
     }
 
     PYBIND11_NOINLINE static handle cast(const void *_src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent,
-                                         const detail::type_info *tinfo,
+                                         const std::type_info *type_info,
+                                         const std::type_info *type_info_backup,
                                          void *(*copy_constructor)(const void *),
                                          void *(*move_constructor)(const void *),
                                          const void *existing_holder = nullptr) {
-        if (!tinfo) // no type info: error will be set already
-            return handle();
-
         void *src = const_cast<void *>(_src);
         if (src == nullptr)
-            return none().release();
+            return none().inc_ref();
+
+        auto &internals = get_internals();
+
+        auto it = internals.registered_types_cpp.find(std::type_index(*type_info));
+        if (it == internals.registered_types_cpp.end()) {
+            type_info = type_info_backup;
+            it = internals.registered_types_cpp.find(std::type_index(*type_info));
+        }
+
+        if (it == internals.registered_types_cpp.end()) {
+            std::string tname = type_info->name();
+            detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+            std::string msg = "Unregistered type : " + tname;
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+            return handle();
+        }
+
+        auto tinfo = (const detail::type_info *) it->second;
 
-        auto it_instances = get_internals().registered_instances.equal_range(src);
+        auto it_instances = internals.registered_instances.equal_range(src);
         for (auto it_i = it_instances.first; it_i != it_instances.second; ++it_i) {
             auto instance_type = detail::get_type_info(Py_TYPE(it_i->second));
             if (instance_type && instance_type == tinfo)
                 return handle((PyObject *) it_i->second).inc_ref();
         }
 
-        auto inst = reinterpret_steal<object>(make_new_instance(tinfo->type, false /* don't allocate value */));
+        auto inst = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyType_GenericAlloc(tinfo->type, 0));
 
         auto wrapper = (instance<void> *) inst.ptr();
 
@@ -351,64 +352,24 @@ public:
                 throw cast_error("unhandled return_value_policy: should not happen!");
         }
 
-        register_instance(wrapper, tinfo);
         tinfo->init_holder(inst.ptr(), existing_holder);
 
+        internals.registered_instances.emplace(wrapper->value, inst.ptr());
+
         return inst.release();
     }
 
 protected:
-
-    // Called to do type lookup and wrap the pointer and type in a pair when a dynamic_cast
-    // isn't needed or can't be used.  If the type is unknown, sets the error and returns a pair
-    // with .second = nullptr.  (p.first = nullptr is not an error: it becomes None).
-    PYBIND11_NOINLINE static std::pair<const void *, const type_info *> src_and_type(
-            const void *src, const std::type_info *cast_type, const std::type_info *rtti_type = nullptr) {
-        auto &internals = get_internals();
-        auto it = internals.registered_types_cpp.find(std::type_index(*cast_type));
-        if (it != internals.registered_types_cpp.end())
-            return {src, (const type_info *) it->second};
-
-        // Not found, set error:
-        std::string tname = (rtti_type ? rtti_type : cast_type)->name();
-        detail::clean_type_id(tname);
-        std::string msg = "Unregistered type : " + tname;
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
-        return {nullptr, nullptr};
-    }
-
     const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr;
     void *value = nullptr;
     object temp;
 };
 
-/**
- * Determine suitable casting operator for pointer-or-lvalue-casting type casters.  The type caster
- * needs to provide `operator T*()` and `operator T&()` operators.
- *
- * If the type supports moving the value away via an `operator T&&() &&` method, it should use
- * `movable_cast_op_type` instead.
- */
+/* Determine suitable casting operator */
 template <typename T>
-using cast_op_type =
-    conditional_t<std::is_pointer<remove_reference_t<T>>::value,
-        typename std::add_pointer<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
-        typename std::add_lvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type>;
-
-/**
- * Determine suitable casting operator for a type caster with a movable value.  Such a type caster
- * needs to provide `operator T*()`, `operator T&()`, and `operator T&&() &&`.  The latter will be
- * called in appropriate contexts where the value can be moved rather than copied.
- *
- * These operator are automatically provided when using the PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER macro.
- */
-template <typename T>
-using movable_cast_op_type =
-    conditional_t<std::is_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value,
-        typename std::add_pointer<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
-    conditional_t<std::is_rvalue_reference<T>::value,
-        typename std::add_rvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
-        typename std::add_lvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type>>;
+using cast_op_type = typename std::conditional<std::is_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value,
+    typename std::add_pointer<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
+    typename std::add_lvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type>::type;
 
 // std::is_copy_constructible isn't quite enough: it lets std::vector<T> (and similar) through when
 // T is non-copyable, but code containing such a copy constructor fails to actually compile.
@@ -441,51 +402,20 @@ public:
         return cast(&src, return_value_policy::move, parent);
     }
 
-    // Returns a (pointer, type_info) pair taking care of necessary RTTI type lookup for a
-    // polymorphic type.  If the instance isn't derived, returns the non-RTTI base version.
-    template <typename T = itype, enable_if_t<std::is_polymorphic<T>::value, int> = 0>
-    static std::pair<const void *, const type_info *> src_and_type(const itype *src) {
-        const void *vsrc = src;
-        auto &internals = get_internals();
-        auto cast_type = &typeid(itype);
-        const std::type_info *instance_type = nullptr;
-        if (vsrc) {
-            instance_type = &typeid(*src);
-            if (instance_type != cast_type) {
-                // This is a base pointer to a derived type; if it is a pybind11-registered type, we
-                // can get the correct derived pointer (which may be != base pointer) by a
-                // dynamic_cast to most derived type:
-                auto it = internals.registered_types_cpp.find(std::type_index(*instance_type));
-                if (it != internals.registered_types_cpp.end())
-                    return {dynamic_cast<const void *>(src), (const type_info *) it->second};
-            }
-        }
-        // Otherwise we have either a nullptr, an `itype` pointer, or an unknown derived pointer, so
-        // don't do a cast
-        return type_caster_generic::src_and_type(vsrc, cast_type, instance_type);
-    }
-
-    // Non-polymorphic type, so no dynamic casting; just call the generic version directly
-    template <typename T = itype, enable_if_t<!std::is_polymorphic<T>::value, int> = 0>
-    static std::pair<const void *, const type_info *> src_and_type(const itype *src) {
-        return type_caster_generic::src_and_type(src, &typeid(itype));
-    }
-
     static handle cast(const itype *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
-        auto st = src_and_type(src);
         return type_caster_generic::cast(
-            st.first, policy, parent, st.second,
+            src, policy, parent, src ? &typeid(*src) : nullptr, &typeid(type),
             make_copy_constructor(src), make_move_constructor(src));
     }
 
     static handle cast_holder(const itype *src, const void *holder) {
-        auto st = src_and_type(src);
         return type_caster_generic::cast(
-            st.first, return_value_policy::take_ownership, {}, st.second,
+            src, return_value_policy::take_ownership, {},
+            src ? &typeid(*src) : nullptr, &typeid(type),
             nullptr, nullptr, holder);
     }
 
-    template <typename T> using cast_op_type = cast_op_type<T>;
+    template <typename T> using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<T>;
 
     operator itype*() { return (type *) value; }
     operator itype&() { if (!value) throw reference_cast_error(); return *((itype *) value); }
@@ -521,30 +451,17 @@ template <typename type> using make_caster = type_caster<intrinsic_t<type>>;
 template <typename T> typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<T> cast_op(make_caster<T> &caster) {
     return caster.operator typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<T>();
 }
-template <typename T> typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<typename std::add_rvalue_reference<T>::type>
-cast_op(make_caster<T> &&caster) {
-    return std::move(caster).operator
-        typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<typename std::add_rvalue_reference<T>::type>();
+template <typename T> typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<T> cast_op(make_caster<T> &&caster) {
+    return cast_op<T>(caster);
 }
 
-template <typename type> class type_caster<std::reference_wrapper<type>> {
-private:
-    using caster_t = make_caster<type>;
-    caster_t subcaster;
-    using subcaster_cast_op_type = typename caster_t::template cast_op_type<type>;
-    static_assert(std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<type>::type &, subcaster_cast_op_type>::value,
-            "std::reference_wrapper<T> caster requires T to have a caster with an `T &` operator");
+template <typename type> class type_caster<std::reference_wrapper<type>> : public type_caster_base<type> {
 public:
-    bool load(handle src, bool convert) { return subcaster.load(src, convert); }
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return caster_t::name(); }
     static handle cast(const std::reference_wrapper<type> &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
-        // It is definitely wrong to take ownership of this pointer, so mask that rvp
-        if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership || policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
-            policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference;
-        return caster_t::cast(&src.get(), policy, parent);
+        return type_caster_base<type>::cast(&src.get(), policy, parent);
     }
     template <typename T> using cast_op_type = std::reference_wrapper<type>;
-    operator std::reference_wrapper<type>() { return subcaster.operator subcaster_cast_op_type&(); }
+    operator std::reference_wrapper<type>() { return std::ref(*((type *) this->value)); }
 };
 
 #define PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name) \
@@ -558,8 +475,7 @@ public:
         } \
         operator type*() { return &value; } \
         operator type&() { return value; } \
-        operator type&&() && { return std::move(value); } \
-        template <typename _T> using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::movable_cast_op_type<_T>
+        template <typename _T> using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>
 
 
 template <typename CharT> using is_std_char_type = any_of<
@@ -607,7 +523,7 @@ public:
             (std::is_integral<T>::value && sizeof(py_type) != sizeof(T) &&
                (py_value < (py_type) std::numeric_limits<T>::min() ||
                 py_value > (py_type) std::numeric_limits<T>::max()))) {
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
             bool type_error = PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError);
 #else
             bool type_error = PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError);
@@ -648,11 +564,7 @@ public:
 
 template<typename T> struct void_caster {
 public:
-    bool load(handle src, bool) {
-        if (src && src.is_none())
-            return true;
-        return false;
-    }
+    bool load(handle, bool) { return false; }
     static handle cast(T, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
         return none().inc_ref();
     }
@@ -703,7 +615,7 @@ private:
     void *value = nullptr;
 };
 
-template <> class type_caster<std::nullptr_t> : public void_caster<std::nullptr_t> { };
+template <> class type_caster<std::nullptr_t> : public type_caster<void_type> { };
 
 template <> class type_caster<bool> {
 public:
@@ -743,9 +655,9 @@ struct type_caster<std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Allocator>, enable_if_t<is_s
             return false;
         } else if (!PyUnicode_Check(load_src.ptr())) {
 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-            return load_bytes(load_src);
-#else
+            return false;
             // The below is a guaranteed failure in Python 3 when PyUnicode_Check returns false
+#else
             if (!PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(load_src.ptr()))
                 return false;
             temp = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyUnicode_FromObject(load_src.ptr()));
@@ -790,28 +702,6 @@ private:
         return PyUnicode_Decode(buffer, nbytes, UTF_N == 8 ? "utf-8" : UTF_N == 16 ? "utf-16" : "utf-32", nullptr);
 #endif
     }
-
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    // In Python 3, when loading into a std::string or char*, accept a bytes object as-is (i.e.
-    // without any encoding/decoding attempt).  For other C++ char sizes this is a no-op.  Python 2,
-    // which supports loading a unicode from a str, doesn't take this path.
-    template <typename C = CharT>
-    bool load_bytes(enable_if_t<sizeof(C) == 1, handle> src) {
-        if (PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(src.ptr())) {
-            // We were passed a Python 3 raw bytes; accept it into a std::string or char*
-            // without any encoding attempt.
-            const char *bytes = PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING(src.ptr());
-            if (bytes) {
-                value = StringType(bytes, (size_t) PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE(src.ptr()));
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-    template <typename C = CharT>
-    bool load_bytes(enable_if_t<sizeof(C) != 1, handle>) { return false; }
-#endif
 };
 
 // Type caster for C-style strings.  We basically use a std::string type caster, but also add the
@@ -895,7 +785,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return type_descr(_(PYBIND11_STRING_NAME)); }
-    template <typename _T> using cast_op_type = remove_reference_t<pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>>;
+    template <typename _T> using cast_op_type = typename std::remove_reference<pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>>::type;
 };
 
 template <typename T1, typename T2> class type_caster<std::pair<T1, T2>> {
@@ -929,8 +819,9 @@ public:
 
     template <typename T> using cast_op_type = type;
 
-    operator type() & { return type(cast_op<T1>(first), cast_op<T2>(second)); }
-    operator type() && { return type(cast_op<T1>(std::move(first)), cast_op<T2>(std::move(second))); }
+    operator type() {
+        return type(cast_op<T1>(first), cast_op<T2>(second));
+    }
 protected:
     make_caster<T1> first;
     make_caster<T2> second;
@@ -961,21 +852,17 @@ public:
 
     template <typename T> using cast_op_type = type;
 
-    operator type() & { return implicit_cast(indices{}); }
-    operator type() && { return std::move(*this).implicit_cast(indices{}); }
+    operator type() { return implicit_cast(indices{}); }
 
 protected:
     template <size_t... Is>
-    type implicit_cast(index_sequence<Is...>) & { return type(cast_op<Tuple>(std::get<Is>(subcasters))...); }
-    template <size_t... Is>
-    type implicit_cast(index_sequence<Is...>) && { return type(cast_op<Tuple>(std::move(std::get<Is>(subcasters)))...); }
-
+    type implicit_cast(index_sequence<Is...>) { return type(cast_op<Tuple>(std::get<Is>(value))...); }
 
     static constexpr bool load_impl(const sequence &, bool, index_sequence<>) { return true; }
 
     template <size_t... Is>
     bool load_impl(const sequence &seq, bool convert, index_sequence<Is...>) {
-        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(subcasters).load(seq[Is], convert)...})
+        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(value).load(seq[Is], convert)...})
             if (!r)
                 return false;
         return true;
@@ -1000,7 +887,7 @@ protected:
         return result.release();
     }
 
-    std::tuple<make_caster<Tuple>...> subcasters;
+    std::tuple<make_caster<Tuple>...> value;
 };
 
 /// Helper class which abstracts away certain actions. Users can provide specializations for
@@ -1015,8 +902,6 @@ template <typename type, typename holder_type>
 struct copyable_holder_caster : public type_caster_base<type> {
 public:
     using base = type_caster_base<type>;
-    static_assert(std::is_base_of<base, type_caster<type>>::value,
-            "Holder classes are only supported for custom types");
     using base::base;
     using base::cast;
     using base::typeinfo;
@@ -1031,8 +916,6 @@ public:
         if (!src || !typeinfo)
             return false;
         if (src.is_none()) {
-            // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode):
-            if (!convert) return false;
             value = nullptr;
             return true;
         }
@@ -1135,9 +1018,6 @@ class type_caster<std::shared_ptr<T>> : public copyable_holder_caster<T, std::sh
 
 template <typename type, typename holder_type>
 struct move_only_holder_caster {
-    static_assert(std::is_base_of<type_caster_base<type>, type_caster<type>>::value,
-            "Holder classes are only supported for custom types");
-
     static handle cast(holder_type &&src, return_value_policy, handle) {
         auto *ptr = holder_helper<holder_type>::get(src);
         return type_caster_base<type>::cast_holder(ptr, &src);
@@ -1366,19 +1246,18 @@ NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference,
           typename... Args> tuple make_tuple(Args&&... args_) {
-    constexpr size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
+    const size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
     std::array<object, size> args {
         { reinterpret_steal<object>(detail::make_caster<Args>::cast(
             std::forward<Args>(args_), policy, nullptr))... }
     };
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) {
-        if (!args[i]) {
+    for (auto &arg_value : args) {
+        if (!arg_value) {
 #if defined(NDEBUG)
             throw cast_error("make_tuple(): unable to convert arguments to Python object (compile in debug mode for details)");
 #else
-            std::array<std::string, size> argtypes { {type_id<Args>()...} };
-            throw cast_error("make_tuple(): unable to convert argument of type '" +
-                argtypes[i] + "' to Python object");
+            throw cast_error("make_tuple(): unable to convert arguments of types '" +
+                (std::string) type_id<std::tuple<Args...>>() + "' to Python object");
 #endif
         }
     }
@@ -1393,17 +1272,14 @@ template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference,
 /// Annotation for arguments
 struct arg {
     /// Constructs an argument with the name of the argument; if null or omitted, this is a positional argument.
-    constexpr explicit arg(const char *name = nullptr) : name(name), flag_noconvert(false), flag_none(true) { }
+    constexpr explicit arg(const char *name = nullptr) : name(name), flag_noconvert(false) { }
     /// Assign a value to this argument
     template <typename T> arg_v operator=(T &&value) const;
     /// Indicate that the type should not be converted in the type caster
     arg &noconvert(bool flag = true) { flag_noconvert = flag; return *this; }
-    /// Indicates that the argument should/shouldn't allow None (e.g. for nullable pointer args)
-    arg &none(bool flag = true) { flag_none = flag; return *this; }
 
     const char *name; ///< If non-null, this is a named kwargs argument
     bool flag_noconvert : 1; ///< If set, do not allow conversion (requires a supporting type caster!)
-    bool flag_none : 1; ///< If set (the default), allow None to be passed to this argument
 };
 
 /// \ingroup annotations
@@ -1436,9 +1312,6 @@ public:
     /// Same as `arg::noconvert()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg&
     arg_v &noconvert(bool flag = true) { arg::noconvert(flag); return *this; }
 
-    /// Same as `arg::nonone()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg&
-    arg_v &none(bool flag = true) { arg::none(flag); return *this; }
-
     /// The default value
     object value;
     /// The (optional) description of the default value
@@ -1510,14 +1383,14 @@ public:
         return load_impl_sequence(call, indices{});
     }
 
-    template <typename Return, typename Guard, typename Func>
-    enable_if_t<!std::is_void<Return>::value, Return> call(Func &&f) && {
-        return std::move(*this).template call_impl<Return>(std::forward<Func>(f), indices{}, Guard{});
+    template <typename Return, typename Func>
+    enable_if_t<!std::is_void<Return>::value, Return> call(Func &&f) {
+        return call_impl<Return>(std::forward<Func>(f), indices{});
     }
 
-    template <typename Return, typename Guard, typename Func>
-    enable_if_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, void_type> call(Func &&f) && {
-        std::move(*this).template call_impl<Return>(std::forward<Func>(f), indices{}, Guard{});
+    template <typename Return, typename Func>
+    enable_if_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, void_type> call(Func &&f) {
+        call_impl<Return>(std::forward<Func>(f), indices{});
         return void_type();
     }
 
@@ -1527,18 +1400,18 @@ private:
 
     template <size_t... Is>
     bool load_impl_sequence(function_call &call, index_sequence<Is...>) {
-        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(argcasters).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is])...})
+        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(value).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is])...})
             if (!r)
                 return false;
         return true;
     }
 
-    template <typename Return, typename Func, size_t... Is, typename Guard>
-    Return call_impl(Func &&f, index_sequence<Is...>, Guard &&) {
-        return std::forward<Func>(f)(cast_op<Args>(std::move(std::get<Is>(argcasters)))...);
+    template <typename Return, typename Func, size_t... Is>
+    Return call_impl(Func &&f, index_sequence<Is...>) {
+        return std::forward<Func>(f)(cast_op<Args>(std::get<Is>(value))...);
     }
 
-    std::tuple<make_caster<Args>...> argcasters;
+    std::tuple<make_caster<Args>...> value;
 };
 
 /// Helper class which collects only positional arguments for a Python function call.
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/chrono.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/chrono.h
similarity index 100%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/chrono.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/chrono.h
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h
similarity index 77%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h
index fb73390ae..992703ff3 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/class_support.h
@@ -124,15 +124,8 @@ extern "C" inline int pybind11_meta_setattro(PyObject* obj, PyObject* name, PyOb
     // descriptor (`property`) instead of calling `tp_descr_get` (`property.__get__()`).
     PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name);
 
-    // The following assignment combinations are possible:
-    //   1. `Type.static_prop = value`             --> descr_set: `Type.static_prop.__set__(value)`
-    //   2. `Type.static_prop = other_static_prop` --> setattro:  replace existing `static_prop`
-    //   3. `Type.regular_attribute = value`       --> setattro:  regular attribute assignment
-    const auto static_prop = (PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type;
-    const auto call_descr_set = descr && PyObject_IsInstance(descr, static_prop)
-                                && !PyObject_IsInstance(value, static_prop);
-    if (call_descr_set) {
-        // Call `static_property.__set__()` instead of replacing the `static_property`.
+    // Call `static_property.__set__()` instead of replacing the `static_property`.
+    if (descr && PyObject_IsInstance(descr, (PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type)) {
 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
         return Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_set(descr, obj, value);
 #else
@@ -144,30 +137,10 @@ extern "C" inline int pybind11_meta_setattro(PyObject* obj, PyObject* name, PyOb
         }
 #endif
     } else {
-        // Replace existing attribute.
         return PyType_Type.tp_setattro(obj, name, value);
     }
 }
 
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-/**
- * Python 3's PyInstanceMethod_Type hides itself via its tp_descr_get, which prevents aliasing
- * methods via cls.attr("m2") = cls.attr("m1"): instead the tp_descr_get returns a plain function,
- * when called on a class, or a PyMethod, when called on an instance.  Override that behaviour here
- * to do a special case bypass for PyInstanceMethod_Types.
- */
-extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_meta_getattro(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name) {
-    PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name);
-    if (descr && PyInstanceMethod_Check(descr)) {
-        Py_INCREF(descr);
-        return descr;
-    }
-    else {
-        return PyType_Type.tp_getattro(obj, name);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 /** This metaclass is assigned by default to all pybind11 types and is required in order
     for static properties to function correctly. Users may override this using `py::metaclass`.
     Return value: New reference. */
@@ -195,9 +168,6 @@ inline PyTypeObject* make_default_metaclass() {
 
     type->tp_new = pybind11_meta_new;
     type->tp_setattro = pybind11_meta_setattro;
-#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
-    type->tp_getattro = pybind11_meta_getattro;
-#endif
 
     if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0)
         pybind11_fail("make_default_metaclass(): failure in PyType_Ready()!");
@@ -207,81 +177,19 @@ inline PyTypeObject* make_default_metaclass() {
     return type;
 }
 
-/// For multiple inheritance types we need to recursively register/deregister base pointers for any
-/// base classes with pointers that are difference from the instance value pointer so that we can
-/// correctly recognize an offset base class pointer. This calls a function with any offset base ptrs.
-inline void traverse_offset_bases(void *valueptr, const detail::type_info *tinfo, void *self,
-        bool (*f)(void * /*parentptr*/, void * /*self*/)) {
-    for (handle h : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(tinfo->type->tp_bases)) {
-        if (auto parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr())) {
-            for (auto &c : parent_tinfo->implicit_casts) {
-                if (c.first == tinfo->cpptype) {
-                    auto *parentptr = c.second(valueptr);
-                    if (parentptr != valueptr)
-                        f(parentptr, self);
-                    traverse_offset_bases(parentptr, parent_tinfo, self, f);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-inline bool register_instance_impl(void *ptr, void *self) {
-    get_internals().registered_instances.emplace(ptr, self);
-    return true; // unused, but gives the same signature as the deregister func
-}
-inline bool deregister_instance_impl(void *ptr, void *self) {
-    auto &registered_instances = get_internals().registered_instances;
-    auto range = registered_instances.equal_range(ptr);
-    for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
-        if (Py_TYPE(self) == Py_TYPE(it->second)) {
-            registered_instances.erase(it);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-inline void register_instance(void *self, const type_info *tinfo) {
-    auto *inst = (instance_essentials<void> *) self;
-    register_instance_impl(inst->value, self);
-    if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors)
-        traverse_offset_bases(inst->value, tinfo, self, register_instance_impl);
-}
-
-inline bool deregister_instance(void *self, const detail::type_info *tinfo) {
-    auto *inst = (instance_essentials<void> *) self;
-    bool ret = deregister_instance_impl(inst->value, self);
-    if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors)
-        traverse_offset_bases(inst->value, tinfo, self, deregister_instance_impl);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/// Creates a new instance which, by default, includes allocation (but not construction of) the
-/// wrapped C++ instance.  If allocating value, the instance is registered; otherwise
-/// register_instance will need to be called once the value has been assigned.
-inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type, bool allocate_value /*= true (in cast.h)*/) {
+/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It only allocates space for the
+/// C++ object, but doesn't call the constructor -- an `__init__` function must do that.
+extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_object_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
     PyObject *self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
     auto instance = (instance_essentials<void> *) self;
     auto tinfo = get_type_info(type);
+    instance->value = tinfo->operator_new(tinfo->type_size);
     instance->owned = true;
     instance->holder_constructed = false;
-    if (allocate_value) {
-        instance->value = tinfo->operator_new(tinfo->type_size);
-        register_instance(self, tinfo);
-    } else {
-        instance->value = nullptr;
-    }
+    get_internals().registered_instances.emplace(instance->value, self);
     return self;
 }
 
-/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It only allocates space for the
-/// C++ object, but doesn't call the constructor -- an `__init__` function must do that.
-extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_object_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
-    return make_new_instance(type);
-}
-
 /// An `__init__` function constructs the C++ object. Users should provide at least one
 /// of these using `py::init` or directly with `.def(__init__, ...)`. Otherwise, the
 /// following default function will be used which simply throws an exception.
@@ -297,20 +205,25 @@ extern "C" inline int pybind11_object_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *, PyObject
     return -1;
 }
 
-/// Clears all internal data from the instance and removes it from registered instances in
-/// preparation for deallocation.
-inline void clear_instance(PyObject *self) {
+/// Instance destructor function for all pybind11 types. It calls `type_info.dealloc`
+/// to destroy the C++ object itself, while the rest is Python bookkeeping.
+extern "C" inline void pybind11_object_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
     auto instance = (instance_essentials<void> *) self;
-    bool has_value = instance->value;
-    type_info *tinfo = nullptr;
-    if (has_value || instance->holder_constructed) {
+    if (instance->value) {
         auto type = Py_TYPE(self);
-        tinfo = get_type_info(type);
-        tinfo->dealloc(self);
-    }
-    if (has_value) {
-        if (!tinfo) tinfo = get_type_info(Py_TYPE(self));
-        if (!deregister_instance(self, tinfo))
+        get_type_info(type)->dealloc(self);
+
+        auto &registered_instances = get_internals().registered_instances;
+        auto range = registered_instances.equal_range(instance->value);
+        bool found = false;
+        for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
+            if (type == Py_TYPE(it->second)) {
+                registered_instances.erase(it);
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found)
             pybind11_fail("pybind11_object_dealloc(): Tried to deallocate unregistered instance!");
 
         if (instance->weakrefs)
@@ -320,12 +233,6 @@ inline void clear_instance(PyObject *self) {
         if (dict_ptr)
             Py_CLEAR(*dict_ptr);
     }
-}
-
-/// Instance destructor function for all pybind11 types. It calls `type_info.dealloc`
-/// to destroy the C++ object itself, while the rest is Python bookkeeping.
-extern "C" inline void pybind11_object_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
-    clear_instance(self);
     Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +341,7 @@ inline void enable_dynamic_attributes(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) {
 #endif
     type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
     type->tp_dictoffset = type->tp_basicsize; // place dict at the end
-    type->tp_basicsize += (ssize_t)sizeof(PyObject *); // and allocate enough space for it
+    type->tp_basicsize += sizeof(PyObject *); // and allocate enough space for it
     type->tp_traverse = pybind11_traverse;
     type->tp_clear = pybind11_clear;
 
@@ -447,17 +354,11 @@ inline void enable_dynamic_attributes(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) {
 
 /// buffer_protocol: Fill in the view as specified by flags.
 extern "C" inline int pybind11_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
-    // Look for a `get_buffer` implementation in this type's info or any bases (following MRO).
-    type_info *tinfo = nullptr;
-    for (auto type : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_mro)) {
-        tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) type.ptr());
-        if (tinfo && tinfo->get_buffer)
-            break;
-    }
+    auto tinfo = get_type_info(Py_TYPE(obj));
     if (view == nullptr || obj == nullptr || !tinfo || !tinfo->get_buffer) {
         if (view)
             view->obj = nullptr;
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "pybind11_getbuffer(): Internal error");
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "generic_type::getbuffer(): Internal error");
         return -1;
     }
     memset(view, 0, sizeof(Py_buffer));
@@ -466,7 +367,7 @@ extern "C" inline int pybind11_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int fla
     view->ndim = 1;
     view->internal = info;
     view->buf = info->ptr;
-    view->itemsize = info->itemsize;
+    view->itemsize = (ssize_t) info->itemsize;
     view->len = view->itemsize;
     for (auto s : info->shape)
         view->len *= s;
@@ -474,8 +375,8 @@ extern "C" inline int pybind11_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int fla
         view->format = const_cast<char *>(info->format.c_str());
     if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES) {
         view->ndim = (int) info->ndim;
-        view->strides = &info->strides[0];
-        view->shape = &info->shape[0];
+        view->strides = (ssize_t *) &info->strides[0];
+        view->shape = (ssize_t *) &info->shape[0];
     }
     Py_INCREF(view->obj);
     return 0;
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h
similarity index 74%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h
index c1ce78760..ac2be7aef 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/common.h
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 #  define NAMESPACE_END(name) }
 #endif
 
+// Neither MSVC nor Intel support enough of C++14 yet (in particular, as of MSVC 2015 and ICC 17
+// beta, neither support extended constexpr, which we rely on in descr.h), so don't enable pybind
+// CPP14 features for them.
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #  if __cplusplus >= 201402L
 #    define PYBIND11_CPP14
@@ -23,14 +26,6 @@
 #      define PYBIND11_CPP17
 #    endif
 #  endif
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-// MSVC sets _MSVC_LANG rather than __cplusplus (supposedly until the standard is fully implemented)
-#  if _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L
-#    define PYBIND11_CPP14
-#    if _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910
-#      define PYBIND11_CPP17
-#    endif
-#  endif
 #endif
 
 // Compiler version assertions
@@ -76,13 +71,17 @@
 
 #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
 #  define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) [[deprecated(reason)]]
-#else
+#elif defined(__clang__)
 #  define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated(reason)))
+#elif defined(__GNUG__)
+#  define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated))
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __declspec(deprecated)
 #endif
 
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR 2
-#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 2
-#define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH dev0
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 1
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH 1
 
 /// Include Python header, disable linking to pythonX_d.lib on Windows in debug mode
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
@@ -136,8 +135,6 @@
 
 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 /// Compatibility macros for various Python versions
 #define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyInstanceMethod_New(ptr)
-#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyInstanceMethod_Check
-#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyBytes_Check
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyBytes_FromString
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
@@ -156,8 +153,6 @@
     extern "C" PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name()
 #else
 #define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyMethod_New(ptr, nullptr, class_)
-#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyMethod_Check
-#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyString_Check
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyString_FromString
 #define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyString_FromStringAndSize
@@ -194,8 +189,6 @@ extern "C" {
     PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR) "_" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR) "__"
 
 /** \rst
-    ***Deprecated in favor of PYBIND11_MODULE***
-
     This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
     imports a plugin library. Please create a `module` in the function body and return
     the pointer to its underlying Python object at the end.
@@ -209,7 +202,6 @@ extern "C" {
         }
 \endrst */
 #define PYBIND11_PLUGIN(name)                                                  \
-    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("PYBIND11_PLUGIN is deprecated, use PYBIND11_MODULE")  \
     static PyObject *pybind11_init();                                          \
     PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                               \
         int major, minor;                                                      \
@@ -237,54 +229,6 @@ extern "C" {
     }                                                                          \
     PyObject *pybind11_init()
 
-/** \rst
-    This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
-    imports an extension module. The module name is given as the fist argument and it
-    should not be in quotes. The second macro argument defines a variable of type
-    `py::module` which can be used to initialize the module.
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
-            m.doc() = "pybind11 example module";
-
-            // Add bindings here
-            m.def("foo", []() {
-                return "Hello, World!";
-            });
-        }
-\endrst */
-#define PYBIND11_MODULE(name, variable)                                        \
-    static void pybind11_init_##name(pybind11::module &);                      \
-    PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                               \
-        int major, minor;                                                      \
-        if (sscanf(Py_GetVersion(), "%i.%i", &major, &minor) != 2) {           \
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "Can't parse Python version."); \
-            return nullptr;                                                    \
-        } else if (major != PY_MAJOR_VERSION || minor != PY_MINOR_VERSION) {   \
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,                                    \
-                         "Python version mismatch: module was compiled for "   \
-                         "version %i.%i, while the interpreter is running "    \
-                         "version %i.%i.", PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION, \
-                         major, minor);                                        \
-            return nullptr;                                                    \
-        }                                                                      \
-        auto m = pybind11::module(#name);                                      \
-        try {                                                                  \
-            pybind11_init_##name(m);                                           \
-            return m.ptr();                                                    \
-        } catch (pybind11::error_already_set &e) {                             \
-            e.clear();                                                         \
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                      \
-            return nullptr;                                                    \
-        } catch (const std::exception &e) {                                    \
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                      \
-            return nullptr;                                                    \
-        }                                                                      \
-    }                                                                          \
-    void pybind11_init_##name(pybind11::module &variable)
-
-
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
 
 using ssize_t = Py_ssize_t;
@@ -342,6 +286,69 @@ enum class return_value_policy : uint8_t {
     reference_internal
 };
 
+/// Information record describing a Python buffer object
+struct buffer_info {
+    void *ptr = nullptr;         // Pointer to the underlying storage
+    size_t itemsize = 0;         // Size of individual items in bytes
+    size_t size = 0;             // Total number of entries
+    std::string format;          // For homogeneous buffers, this should be set to format_descriptor<T>::format()
+    size_t ndim = 0;             // Number of dimensions
+    std::vector<size_t> shape;   // Shape of the tensor (1 entry per dimension)
+    std::vector<size_t> strides; // Number of entries between adjacent entries (for each per dimension)
+
+    buffer_info() { }
+
+    buffer_info(void *ptr, size_t itemsize, const std::string &format, size_t ndim,
+                const std::vector<size_t> &shape, const std::vector<size_t> &strides)
+        : ptr(ptr), itemsize(itemsize), size(1), format(format),
+          ndim(ndim), shape(shape), strides(strides) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ndim; ++i)
+            size *= shape[i];
+    }
+
+    buffer_info(void *ptr, size_t itemsize, const std::string &format, size_t size)
+    : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, 1, std::vector<size_t> { size },
+                  std::vector<size_t> { itemsize }) { }
+
+    explicit buffer_info(Py_buffer *view, bool ownview = true)
+        : ptr(view->buf), itemsize((size_t) view->itemsize), size(1), format(view->format),
+          ndim((size_t) view->ndim), shape((size_t) view->ndim), strides((size_t) view->ndim), view(view), ownview(ownview) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) view->ndim; ++i) {
+            shape[i] = (size_t) view->shape[i];
+            strides[i] = (size_t) view->strides[i];
+            size *= shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    buffer_info(const buffer_info &) = delete;
+    buffer_info& operator=(const buffer_info &) = delete;
+
+    buffer_info(buffer_info &&other) {
+        (*this) = std::move(other);
+    }
+
+    buffer_info& operator=(buffer_info &&rhs) {
+        ptr = rhs.ptr;
+        itemsize = rhs.itemsize;
+        size = rhs.size;
+        format = std::move(rhs.format);
+        ndim = rhs.ndim;
+        shape = std::move(rhs.shape);
+        strides = std::move(rhs.strides);
+        std::swap(view, rhs.view);
+        std::swap(ownview, rhs.ownview);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~buffer_info() {
+        if (view && ownview) { PyBuffer_Release(view); delete view; }
+    }
+
+private:
+    Py_buffer *view = nullptr;
+    bool ownview = false;
+};
+
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 inline static constexpr int log2(size_t n, int k = 0) { return (n <= 1) ? k : log2(n >> 1, k + 1); }
@@ -395,20 +402,18 @@ struct internals {
 inline internals &get_internals();
 
 /// from __cpp_future__ import (convenient aliases from C++14/17)
-#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910)
+#ifdef PYBIND11_CPP14
 using std::enable_if_t;
 using std::conditional_t;
 using std::remove_cv_t;
-using std::remove_reference_t;
 #else
 template <bool B, typename T = void> using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
 template <bool B, typename T, typename F> using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
 template <typename T> using remove_cv_t = typename std::remove_cv<T>::type;
-template <typename T> using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
 #endif
 
 /// Index sequences
-#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 using std::index_sequence;
 using std::make_index_sequence;
 #else
@@ -418,12 +423,6 @@ template<size_t ...S> struct make_index_sequence_impl <0, S...> { typedef index_
 template<size_t N> using make_index_sequence = typename make_index_sequence_impl<N>::type;
 #endif
 
-/// Make an index sequence of the indices of true arguments
-template <typename ISeq, size_t, bool...> struct select_indices_impl { using type = ISeq; };
-template <size_t... IPrev, size_t I, bool B, bool... Bs> struct select_indices_impl<index_sequence<IPrev...>, I, B, Bs...>
-    : select_indices_impl<conditional_t<B, index_sequence<IPrev..., I>, index_sequence<IPrev...>>, I + 1, Bs...> {};
-template <bool... Bs> using select_indices = typename select_indices_impl<index_sequence<>, 0, Bs...>::type;
-
 /// Backports of std::bool_constant and std::negation to accomodate older compilers
 template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
 template <typename T> struct negation : bool_constant<!T::value> { };
@@ -503,27 +502,20 @@ constexpr int constexpr_first() { return constexpr_impl::first(0, Predicate<Ts>:
 template <template<typename> class Predicate, typename... Ts>
 constexpr int constexpr_last() { return constexpr_impl::last(0, -1, Predicate<Ts>::value...); }
 
-/// Return the Nth element from the parameter pack
-template <size_t N, typename T, typename... Ts>
-struct pack_element { using type = typename pack_element<N - 1, Ts...>::type; };
-template <typename T, typename... Ts>
-struct pack_element<0, T, Ts...> { using type = T; };
-
-/// Return the one and only type which matches the predicate, or Default if none match.
-/// If more than one type matches the predicate, fail at compile-time.
-template <template<typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
-struct exactly_one {
-    static constexpr auto found = constexpr_sum(Predicate<Ts>::value...);
-    static_assert(found <= 1, "Found more than one type matching the predicate");
-
-    static constexpr auto index = found ? constexpr_first<Predicate, Ts...>() : 0;
-    using type = conditional_t<found, typename pack_element<index, Ts...>::type, Default>;
+// Extracts the first type from the template parameter pack matching the predicate, or Default if none match.
+template <template<class> class Predicate, class Default, class... Ts> struct first_of;
+template <template<class> class Predicate, class Default> struct first_of<Predicate, Default> {
+    using type = Default;
 };
-template <template<typename> class P, typename Default>
-struct exactly_one<P, Default> { using type = Default; };
-
-template <template<typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
-using exactly_one_t = typename exactly_one<Predicate, Default, Ts...>::type;
+template <template<class> class Predicate, class Default, class T, class... Ts>
+struct first_of<Predicate, Default, T, Ts...> {
+    using type = typename std::conditional<
+        Predicate<T>::value,
+        T,
+        typename first_of<Predicate, Default, Ts...>::type
+    >::type;
+};
+template <template<class> class Predicate, class Default, class... T> using first_of_t = typename first_of<Predicate, Default, T...>::type;
 
 /// Defer the evaluation of type T until types Us are instantiated
 template <typename T, typename... /*Us*/> struct deferred_type { using type = T; };
@@ -544,33 +536,13 @@ using is_template_base_of = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((remo
 struct is_template_base_of : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((remove_cv_t<T>*)nullptr)) { };
 #endif
 
-/// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example:
-/// `is_instantiation<shared_ptr, T>` is true if `T == shared_ptr<U>` where U can be anything.
-template <template<typename...> class Class, typename T>
-struct is_instantiation : std::false_type { };
-template <template<typename...> class Class, typename... Us>
-struct is_instantiation<Class, Class<Us...>> : std::true_type { };
-
 /// Check if T is std::shared_ptr<U> where U can be anything
-template <typename T> using is_shared_ptr = is_instantiation<std::shared_ptr, T>;
-
-/// Check if T looks like an input iterator
-template <typename T, typename = void> struct is_input_iterator : std::false_type {};
-template <typename T>
-struct is_input_iterator<T, void_t<decltype(*std::declval<T &>()), decltype(++std::declval<T &>())>>
-    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T> struct is_shared_ptr : std::false_type { };
+template <typename U> struct is_shared_ptr<std::shared_ptr<U>> : std::true_type { };
 
 /// Ignore that a variable is unused in compiler warnings
 inline void ignore_unused(const int *) { }
 
-/// Apply a function over each element of a parameter pack
-#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
-#define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) (((PATTERN), void()), ...)
-#else
-using expand_side_effects = bool[];
-#define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) pybind11::detail::expand_side_effects{ ((PATTERN), void(), false)..., false }
-#endif
-
 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 /// Returns a named pointer that is shared among all extension modules (using the same
@@ -625,9 +597,6 @@ public:
     /// Clear the held Python error state (the C++ `what()` message remains intact)
     void clear() { restore(); PyErr_Clear(); }
 
-    /// Check if the trapped exception matches a given Python exception class
-    bool matches(PyObject *ex) const { return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(ex, type); }
-
 private:
     PyObject *type, *value, *trace;
 };
@@ -675,14 +644,32 @@ template <typename T> struct is_fmt_numeric<T, enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>
 };
 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
-template <typename T> struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>> {
-    static constexpr const char c = "?bBhHiIqQfdg"[detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::index];
+template <typename T> struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::value>> {
+    static constexpr const char c = "?bBhHiIqQfdgFDG"[detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::index];
     static constexpr const char value[2] = { c, '\0' };
     static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); }
 };
 
 template <typename T> constexpr const char format_descriptor<
-    T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>>::value[2];
+    T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::value>>::value[2];
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void> struct compare_buffer_info {
+    static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) {
+        return b.format == format_descriptor<T>::format() && b.itemsize == sizeof(T);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct compare_buffer_info<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value>> {
+    static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) {
+        return b.itemsize == sizeof(T) && (b.format == format_descriptor<T>::value ||
+            ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(long)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "L" : "l")) ||
+            ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(size_t)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "N" : "n")));
+    }
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 /// RAII wrapper that temporarily clears any Python error state
 struct error_scope {
@@ -694,8 +681,8 @@ struct error_scope {
 /// Dummy destructor wrapper that can be used to expose classes with a private destructor
 struct nodelete { template <typename T> void operator()(T*) { } };
 
-// overload_cast requires variable templates: C++14
-#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+// overload_cast requires variable templates: C++14 or MSVC
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) || defined(_MSC_VER)
 #define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST 1
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
@@ -727,54 +714,6 @@ static constexpr detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...> overload_cast = {};
 ///  - sweet:   overload_cast<Arg>(&Class::func, const_)
 static constexpr auto const_ = std::true_type{};
 
-#else // no overload_cast: providing something that static_assert-fails:
-template <typename... Args> struct overload_cast {
-    static_assert(detail::deferred_t<std::false_type, Args...>::value,
-                  "pybind11::overload_cast<...> requires compiling in C++14 mode");
-};
 #endif // overload_cast
 
-NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
-
-// Adaptor for converting arbitrary container arguments into a vector; implicitly convertible from
-// any standard container (or C-style array) supporting std::begin/std::end, any singleton
-// arithmetic type (if T is arithmetic), or explicitly constructible from an iterator pair.
-template <typename T>
-class any_container {
-    std::vector<T> v;
-public:
-    any_container() = default;
-
-    // Can construct from a pair of iterators
-    template <typename It, typename = enable_if_t<is_input_iterator<It>::value>>
-    any_container(It first, It last) : v(first, last) { }
-
-    // Implicit conversion constructor from any arbitrary container type with values convertible to T
-    template <typename Container, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<decltype(*std::begin(std::declval<const Container &>())), T>::value>>
-    any_container(const Container &c) : any_container(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) { }
-
-    // initializer_list's aren't deducible, so don't get matched by the above template; we need this
-    // to explicitly allow implicit conversion from one:
-    template <typename TIn, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<TIn, T>::value>>
-    any_container(const std::initializer_list<TIn> &c) : any_container(c.begin(), c.end()) { }
-
-    // Avoid copying if given an rvalue vector of the correct type.
-    any_container(std::vector<T> &&v) : v(std::move(v)) { }
-
-    // Moves the vector out of an rvalue any_container
-    operator std::vector<T> &&() && { return std::move(v); }
-
-    // Dereferencing obtains a reference to the underlying vector
-    std::vector<T> &operator*() { return v; }
-    const std::vector<T> &operator*() const { return v; }
-
-    // -> lets you call methods on the underlying vector
-    std::vector<T> *operator->() { return &v; }
-    const std::vector<T> *operator->() const { return &v; }
-};
-
-NAMESPACE_END(detail)
-
-
-
 NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h
similarity index 70%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h
index 7d422e209..945ca0710 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/complex.h
@@ -18,19 +18,10 @@
 #endif
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
-
-template <typename T> struct format_descriptor<std::complex<T>, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>> {
-    static constexpr const char c = format_descriptor<T>::c;
-    static constexpr const char value[3] = { 'Z', c, '\0' };
-    static std::string format() { return std::string(value); }
-};
-
-template <typename T> constexpr const char format_descriptor<
-    std::complex<T>, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>>::value[3];
-
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
-template <typename T> struct is_fmt_numeric<std::complex<T>, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>> {
+// The format codes are already in the string in common.h, we just need to provide a specialization
+template <typename T> struct is_fmt_numeric<std::complex<T>> {
     static constexpr bool value = true;
     static constexpr int index = is_fmt_numeric<T>::index + 3;
 };
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h
similarity index 94%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h
index 23a099cfb..2c3fb3d13 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/descr.h
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
-/* Concatenate type signatures at compile time using C++14 */
-#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && !defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define PYBIND11_CONSTEXPR_DESCR
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) /* Concatenate type signatures at compile time using C++14 */
 
 template <size_t Size1, size_t Size2> class descr {
     template <size_t Size1_, size_t Size2_> friend class descr;
@@ -115,20 +113,20 @@ public:
         memcpy(m_types, types, nTypes * sizeof(const std::type_info *));
     }
 
-    PYBIND11_NOINLINE descr operator+(descr &&d2) && {
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE descr friend operator+(descr &&d1, descr &&d2) {
         descr r;
 
-        size_t nChars1 = len(m_text),    nTypes1 = len(m_types);
+        size_t nChars1 = len(d1.m_text), nTypes1 = len(d1.m_types);
         size_t nChars2 = len(d2.m_text), nTypes2 = len(d2.m_types);
 
         r.m_text  = new char[nChars1 + nChars2 - 1];
         r.m_types = new const std::type_info *[nTypes1 + nTypes2 - 1];
-        memcpy(r.m_text, m_text, (nChars1-1) * sizeof(char));
+        memcpy(r.m_text, d1.m_text, (nChars1-1) * sizeof(char));
         memcpy(r.m_text + nChars1 - 1, d2.m_text, nChars2 * sizeof(char));
-        memcpy(r.m_types, m_types, (nTypes1-1) * sizeof(std::type_info *));
+        memcpy(r.m_types, d1.m_types, (nTypes1-1) * sizeof(std::type_info *));
         memcpy(r.m_types + nTypes1 - 1, d2.m_types, nTypes2 * sizeof(std::type_info *));
 
-        delete[] m_text;    delete[] m_types;
+        delete[] d1.m_text; delete[] d1.m_types;
         delete[] d2.m_text; delete[] d2.m_types;
 
         return r;
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h
similarity index 87%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h
index 53d4dab08..6abe8c48f 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eigen.h
@@ -68,22 +68,16 @@ template <typename T> using is_eigen_other = all_of<
 template <bool EigenRowMajor> struct EigenConformable {
     bool conformable = false;
     EigenIndex rows = 0, cols = 0;
-    EigenDStride stride{0, 0};      // Only valid if negativestrides is false!
-    bool negativestrides = false;   // If true, do not use stride!
+    EigenDStride stride{0, 0};
 
     EigenConformable(bool fits = false) : conformable{fits} {}
     // Matrix type:
     EigenConformable(EigenIndex r, EigenIndex c,
             EigenIndex rstride, EigenIndex cstride) :
-        conformable{true}, rows{r}, cols{c} {
-        // TODO: when Eigen bug #747 is fixed, remove the tests for non-negativity. http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/bz/show_bug.cgi?id=747
-        if (rstride < 0 || cstride < 0) {
-            negativestrides = true;
-        } else {
-            stride = {EigenRowMajor ? rstride : cstride /* outer stride */,
-                      EigenRowMajor ? cstride : rstride /* inner stride */ };
-        }
-    }
+        conformable{true}, rows{r}, cols{c},
+        stride(EigenRowMajor ? rstride : cstride /* outer stride */,
+               EigenRowMajor ? cstride : rstride /* inner stride */)
+        {}
     // Vector type:
     EigenConformable(EigenIndex r, EigenIndex c, EigenIndex stride)
         : EigenConformable(r, c, r == 1 ? c*stride : stride, c == 1 ? r : r*stride) {}
@@ -92,7 +86,6 @@ template <bool EigenRowMajor> struct EigenConformable {
         // To have compatible strides, we need (on both dimensions) one of fully dynamic strides,
         // matching strides, or a dimension size of 1 (in which case the stride value is irrelevant)
         return
-            !negativestrides &&
             (props::inner_stride == Eigen::Dynamic || props::inner_stride == stride.inner() ||
                 (EigenRowMajor ? cols : rows) == 1) &&
             (props::outer_stride == Eigen::Dynamic || props::outer_stride == stride.outer() ||
@@ -145,8 +138,8 @@ template <typename Type_> struct EigenProps {
             EigenIndex
                 np_rows = a.shape(0),
                 np_cols = a.shape(1),
-                np_rstride = a.strides(0) / static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(Scalar)),
-                np_cstride = a.strides(1) / static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(Scalar));
+                np_rstride = a.strides(0) / sizeof(Scalar),
+                np_cstride = a.strides(1) / sizeof(Scalar);
             if ((fixed_rows && np_rows != rows) || (fixed_cols && np_cols != cols))
                 return false;
 
@@ -156,7 +149,7 @@ template <typename Type_> struct EigenProps {
         // Otherwise we're storing an n-vector.  Only one of the strides will be used, but whichever
         // is used, we want the (single) numpy stride value.
         const EigenIndex n = a.shape(0),
-              stride = a.strides(0) / static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(Scalar));
+              stride = a.strides(0) / sizeof(Scalar);
 
         if (vector) { // Eigen type is a compile-time vector
             if (fixed && size != n)
@@ -186,35 +179,39 @@ template <typename Type_> struct EigenProps {
         constexpr bool show_c_contiguous = show_order && requires_row_major;
         constexpr bool show_f_contiguous = !show_c_contiguous && show_order && requires_col_major;
 
-        return type_descr(_("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor<Scalar>::name() +
-            _("[")  + _<fixed_rows>(_<(size_t) rows>(), _("m")) +
-            _(", ") + _<fixed_cols>(_<(size_t) cols>(), _("n")) +
-            _("]") +
-            // For a reference type (e.g. Ref<MatrixXd>) we have other constraints that might need to be
-            // satisfied: writeable=True (for a mutable reference), and, depending on the map's stride
-            // options, possibly f_contiguous or c_contiguous.  We include them in the descriptor output
-            // to provide some hint as to why a TypeError is occurring (otherwise it can be confusing to
-            // see that a function accepts a 'numpy.ndarray[float64[3,2]]' and an error message that you
-            // *gave* a numpy.ndarray of the right type and dimensions.
-            _<show_writeable>(", flags.writeable", "") +
-            _<show_c_contiguous>(", flags.c_contiguous", "") +
-            _<show_f_contiguous>(", flags.f_contiguous", "") +
-            _("]")
-        );
+    return _("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor<Scalar>::name() +
+        _("[")  + _<fixed_rows>(_<(size_t) rows>(), _("m")) +
+        _(", ") + _<fixed_cols>(_<(size_t) cols>(), _("n")) +
+        _("]") +
+        // For a reference type (e.g. Ref<MatrixXd>) we have other constraints that might need to be
+        // satisfied: writeable=True (for a mutable reference), and, depending on the map's stride
+        // options, possibly f_contiguous or c_contiguous.  We include them in the descriptor output
+        // to provide some hint as to why a TypeError is occurring (otherwise it can be confusing to
+        // see that a function accepts a 'numpy.ndarray[float64[3,2]]' and an error message that you
+        // *gave* a numpy.ndarray of the right type and dimensions.
+        _<show_writeable>(", flags.writeable", "") +
+        _<show_c_contiguous>(", flags.c_contiguous", "") +
+        _<show_f_contiguous>(", flags.f_contiguous", "") +
+        _("]");
     }
 };
 
 // Casts an Eigen type to numpy array.  If given a base, the numpy array references the src data,
 // otherwise it'll make a copy.  writeable lets you turn off the writeable flag for the array.
 template <typename props> handle eigen_array_cast(typename props::Type const &src, handle base = handle(), bool writeable = true) {
-    constexpr ssize_t elem_size = sizeof(typename props::Scalar);
-    array a;
-    if (props::vector)
-        a = array({ src.size() }, { elem_size * src.innerStride() }, src.data(), base);
-    else
-        a = array({ src.rows(), src.cols() }, { elem_size * src.rowStride(), elem_size * src.colStride() },
-                  src.data(), base);
-
+    constexpr size_t elem_size = sizeof(typename props::Scalar);
+    std::vector<size_t> shape, strides;
+    if (props::vector) {
+        shape.push_back(src.size());
+        strides.push_back(elem_size * src.innerStride());
+    }
+    else {
+        shape.push_back(src.rows());
+        shape.push_back(src.cols());
+        strides.push_back(elem_size * src.rowStride());
+        strides.push_back(elem_size * src.colStride());
+    }
+    array a(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), src.data(), base);
     if (!writeable)
         array_proxy(a.ptr())->flags &= ~detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_;
 
@@ -249,14 +246,8 @@ struct type_caster<Type, enable_if_t<is_eigen_dense_plain<Type>::value>> {
     using Scalar = typename Type::Scalar;
     using props = EigenProps<Type>;
 
-    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
-        // If we're in no-convert mode, only load if given an array of the correct type
-        if (!convert && !isinstance<array_t<Scalar>>(src))
-            return false;
-
-        // Coerce into an array, but don't do type conversion yet; the copy below handles it.
-        auto buf = array::ensure(src);
-
+    bool load(handle src, bool) {
+        auto buf = array_t<Scalar>::ensure(src);
         if (!buf)
             return false;
 
@@ -266,19 +257,9 @@ struct type_caster<Type, enable_if_t<is_eigen_dense_plain<Type>::value>> {
 
         auto fits = props::conformable(buf);
         if (!fits)
-            return false;
-
-        // Allocate the new type, then build a numpy reference into it
-        value = Type(fits.rows, fits.cols);
-        auto ref = reinterpret_steal<array>(eigen_ref_array<props>(value));
-        if (dims == 1) ref = ref.squeeze();
+            return false; // Non-comformable vector/matrix types
 
-        int result = detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_CopyInto_(ref.ptr(), buf.ptr());
-
-        if (result < 0) { // Copy failed!
-            PyErr_Clear();
-            return false;
-        }
+        value = Eigen::Map<const Type, 0, EigenDStride>(buf.data(), fits.rows, fits.cols, fits.stride);
 
         return true;
     }
@@ -337,12 +318,11 @@ public:
         return cast_impl(src, policy, parent);
     }
 
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return props::descriptor(); }
+    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return type_descr(props::descriptor()); }
 
     operator Type*() { return &value; }
     operator Type&() { return value; }
-    operator Type&&() && { return std::move(value); }
-    template <typename T> using cast_op_type = movable_cast_op_type<T>;
+    template <typename T> using cast_op_type = cast_op_type<T>;
 
 private:
     Type value;
@@ -542,7 +522,7 @@ public:
 template<typename Type>
 struct type_caster<Type, enable_if_t<is_eigen_sparse<Type>::value>> {
     typedef typename Type::Scalar Scalar;
-    typedef remove_reference_t<decltype(*std::declval<Type>().outerIndexPtr())> StorageIndex;
+    typedef typename std::remove_reference<decltype(*std::declval<Type>().outerIndexPtr())>::type StorageIndex;
     typedef typename Type::Index Index;
     static constexpr bool rowMajor = Type::IsRowMajor;
 
@@ -555,7 +535,7 @@ struct type_caster<Type, enable_if_t<is_eigen_sparse<Type>::value>> {
         object matrix_type = sparse_module.attr(
             rowMajor ? "csr_matrix" : "csc_matrix");
 
-        if (!obj.get_type().is(matrix_type)) {
+        if (obj.get_type() != matrix_type.ptr()) {
             try {
                 obj = matrix_type(obj);
             } catch (const error_already_set &) {
@@ -585,9 +565,9 @@ struct type_caster<Type, enable_if_t<is_eigen_sparse<Type>::value>> {
         object matrix_type = module::import("scipy.sparse").attr(
             rowMajor ? "csr_matrix" : "csc_matrix");
 
-        array data(src.nonZeros(), src.valuePtr());
-        array outerIndices((rowMajor ? src.rows() : src.cols()) + 1, src.outerIndexPtr());
-        array innerIndices(src.nonZeros(), src.innerIndexPtr());
+        array data((size_t) src.nonZeros(), src.valuePtr());
+        array outerIndices((size_t) (rowMajor ? src.rows() : src.cols()) + 1, src.outerIndexPtr());
+        array innerIndices((size_t) src.nonZeros(), src.innerIndexPtr());
 
         return matrix_type(
             std::make_tuple(data, innerIndices, outerIndices),
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h
similarity index 79%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h
index 165003b85..5b2b98272 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/eval.h
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#pragma once
+
 #include "pybind11.h"
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
@@ -27,7 +29,12 @@ enum eval_mode {
 };
 
 template <eval_mode mode = eval_expr>
-object eval(str expr, object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
+object eval(str expr, object global = object(), object local = object()) {
+    if (!global) {
+        global = reinterpret_borrow<object>(PyEval_GetGlobals());
+        if (!global)
+            global = dict();
+    }
     if (!local)
         local = global;
 
@@ -49,25 +56,13 @@ object eval(str expr, object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
     return reinterpret_steal<object>(result);
 }
 
-template <eval_mode mode = eval_expr, size_t N>
-object eval(const char (&s)[N], object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
-    /* Support raw string literals by removing common leading whitespace */
-    auto expr = (s[0] == '\n') ? str(module::import("textwrap").attr("dedent")(s))
-                               : str(s);
-    return eval<mode>(expr, global, local);
-}
-
-inline void exec(str expr, object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
-    eval<eval_statements>(expr, global, local);
-}
-
-template <size_t N>
-void exec(const char (&s)[N], object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
-    eval<eval_statements>(s, global, local);
-}
-
 template <eval_mode mode = eval_statements>
-object eval_file(str fname, object global = globals(), object local = object()) {
+object eval_file(str fname, object global = object(), object local = object()) {
+    if (!global) {
+        global = reinterpret_borrow<object>(PyEval_GetGlobals());
+        if (!global)
+            global = dict();
+    }
     if (!local)
         local = global;
 
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h
similarity index 83%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h
index ae168c4d8..a99ee737f 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h
@@ -22,18 +22,14 @@ struct type_caster<std::function<Return(Args...)>> {
     using function_type = Return (*) (Args...);
 
 public:
-    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
-        if (src.is_none()) {
-            // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode):
-            if (!convert) return false;
+    bool load(handle src_, bool) {
+        if (src_.is_none())
             return true;
-        }
 
-        if (!isinstance<function>(src))
+        src_ = detail::get_function(src_);
+        if (!src_ || !PyCallable_Check(src_.ptr()))
             return false;
 
-        auto func = reinterpret_borrow<function>(src);
-
         /*
            When passing a C++ function as an argument to another C++
            function via Python, every function call would normally involve
@@ -42,8 +38,8 @@ public:
            stateless (i.e. function pointer or lambda function without
            captured variables), in which case the roundtrip can be avoided.
          */
-        if (auto cfunc = func.cpp_function()) {
-            auto c = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(cfunc.ptr()));
+        if (PyCFunction_Check(src_.ptr())) {
+            auto c = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(src_.ptr()));
             auto rec = (function_record *) c;
 
             if (rec && rec->is_stateless && rec->data[1] == &typeid(function_type)) {
@@ -53,9 +49,10 @@ public:
             }
         }
 
-        value = [func](Args... args) -> Return {
+        auto src = reinterpret_borrow<object>(src_);
+        value = [src](Args... args) -> Return {
             gil_scoped_acquire acq;
-            object retval(func(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+            object retval(src(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
             /* Visual studio 2015 parser issue: need parentheses around this expression */
             return (retval.template cast<Return>());
         };
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h
similarity index 67%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h
index 1e12ede19..3227a12eb 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/numpy.h
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@
 #endif
 
 /* This will be true on all flat address space platforms and allows us to reduce the
-   whole npy_intp / ssize_t / Py_intptr_t business down to just ssize_t for all size
+   whole npy_intp / size_t / Py_intptr_t business down to just size_t for all size
    and dimension types (e.g. shape, strides, indexing), instead of inflicting this
    upon the library user. */
-static_assert(sizeof(ssize_t) == sizeof(Py_intptr_t), "ssize_t != Py_intptr_t");
+static_assert(sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(Py_intptr_t), "size_t != Py_intptr_t");
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
 
@@ -129,11 +129,6 @@ struct npy_api {
         NPY_STRING_, NPY_UNICODE_, NPY_VOID_
     };
 
-    typedef struct {
-        Py_intptr_t *ptr;
-        int len;
-    } PyArray_Dims;
-
     static npy_api& get() {
         static npy_api api = lookup();
         return api;
@@ -146,13 +141,11 @@ struct npy_api {
         return (bool) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, PyArrayDescr_Type_);
     }
 
-    unsigned int (*PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_)();
     PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrFromType_)(int);
     PyObject *(*PyArray_NewFromDescr_)
         (PyTypeObject *, PyObject *, int, Py_intptr_t *,
          Py_intptr_t *, void *, int, PyObject *);
     PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrNewFromType_)(int);
-    int (*PyArray_CopyInto_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
     PyObject *(*PyArray_NewCopy_)(PyObject *, int);
     PyTypeObject *PyArray_Type_;
     PyTypeObject *PyVoidArrType_Type_;
@@ -165,18 +158,14 @@ struct npy_api {
                                              Py_ssize_t *, PyObject **, PyObject *);
     PyObject *(*PyArray_Squeeze_)(PyObject *);
     int (*PyArray_SetBaseObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
-    PyObject* (*PyArray_Resize_)(PyObject*, PyArray_Dims*, int, int);
 private:
     enum functions {
-        API_PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion = 211,
         API_PyArray_Type = 2,
         API_PyArrayDescr_Type = 3,
         API_PyVoidArrType_Type = 39,
         API_PyArray_DescrFromType = 45,
         API_PyArray_DescrFromScalar = 57,
         API_PyArray_FromAny = 69,
-        API_PyArray_Resize = 80,
-        API_PyArray_CopyInto = 82,
         API_PyArray_NewCopy = 85,
         API_PyArray_NewFromDescr = 94,
         API_PyArray_DescrNewFromType = 9,
@@ -197,17 +186,12 @@ private:
 #endif
         npy_api api;
 #define DECL_NPY_API(Func) api.Func##_ = (decltype(api.Func##_)) api_ptr[API_##Func];
-        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion);
-        if (api.PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_() < 0x7)
-            pybind11_fail("pybind11 numpy support requires numpy >= 1.7.0");
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Type);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyVoidArrType_Type);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArrayDescr_Type);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromType);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromScalar);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_FromAny);
-        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Resize);
-        DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_CopyInto);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewCopy);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewFromDescr);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrNewFromType);
@@ -246,66 +230,18 @@ template <typename T, size_t N> struct is_std_array<std::array<T, N>> : std::tru
 template <typename T> struct is_complex : std::false_type { };
 template <typename T> struct is_complex<std::complex<T>> : std::true_type { };
 
-template <typename T> struct array_info_scalar {
-    typedef T type;
-    static constexpr bool is_array = false;
-    static constexpr bool is_empty = false;
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() { return _(""); }
-    static void append_extents(list& /* shape */) { }
-};
-// Computes underlying type and a comma-separated list of extents for array
-// types (any mix of std::array and built-in arrays). An array of char is
-// treated as scalar because it gets special handling.
-template <typename T> struct array_info : array_info_scalar<T> { };
-template <typename T, size_t N> struct array_info<std::array<T, N>> {
-    using type = typename array_info<T>::type;
-    static constexpr bool is_array = true;
-    static constexpr bool is_empty = (N == 0) || array_info<T>::is_empty;
-    static constexpr size_t extent = N;
-
-    // appends the extents to shape
-    static void append_extents(list& shape) {
-        shape.append(N);
-        array_info<T>::append_extents(shape);
-    }
-
-    template<typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<!array_info<T2>::is_array, int> = 0>
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() {
-        return _<N>();
-    }
-
-    template<typename T2 = T, enable_if_t<array_info<T2>::is_array, int> = 0>
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR extents() {
-        return concat(_<N>(), array_info<T>::extents());
-    }
-};
-// For numpy we have special handling for arrays of characters, so we don't include
-// the size in the array extents.
-template <size_t N> struct array_info<char[N]> : array_info_scalar<char[N]> { };
-template <size_t N> struct array_info<std::array<char, N>> : array_info_scalar<std::array<char, N>> { };
-template <typename T, size_t N> struct array_info<T[N]> : array_info<std::array<T, N>> { };
-template <typename T> using remove_all_extents_t = typename array_info<T>::type;
-
 template <typename T> using is_pod_struct = all_of<
-    std::is_standard_layout<T>,     // since we're accessing directly in memory we need a standard layout type
-#if !defined(__GNUG__) || defined(__clang__) || __GNUC__ >= 5
-    std::is_trivially_copyable<T>,
-#else
-    // GCC 4 doesn't implement is_trivially_copyable, so approximate it
-    std::is_trivially_destructible<T>,
-    satisfies_any_of<T, std::has_trivial_copy_constructor, std::has_trivial_copy_assign>,
-#endif
+    std::is_pod<T>, // since we're accessing directly in memory we need a POD type
     satisfies_none_of<T, std::is_reference, std::is_array, is_std_array, std::is_arithmetic, is_complex, std::is_enum>
 >;
 
-template <ssize_t Dim = 0, typename Strides> ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &) { return 0; }
-template <ssize_t Dim = 0, typename Strides, typename... Ix>
-ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &strides, ssize_t i, Ix... index) {
+template <size_t Dim = 0, typename Strides> size_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &) { return 0; }
+template <size_t Dim = 0, typename Strides, typename... Ix>
+size_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &strides, size_t i, Ix... index) {
     return i * strides[Dim] + byte_offset_unsafe<Dim + 1>(strides, index...);
 }
 
-/**
- * Proxy class providing unsafe, unchecked const access to array data.  This is constructed through
+/** Proxy class providing unsafe, unchecked const access to array data.  This is constructed through
  * the `unchecked<T, N>()` method of `array` or the `unchecked<N>()` method of `array_t<T>`.  `Dims`
  * will be -1 for dimensions determined at runtime.
  */
@@ -316,68 +252,66 @@ protected:
     const unsigned char *data_;
     // Storing the shape & strides in local variables (i.e. these arrays) allows the compiler to
     // make large performance gains on big, nested loops, but requires compile-time dimensions
-    conditional_t<Dynamic, const ssize_t *, std::array<ssize_t, (size_t) Dims>>
-            shape_, strides_;
-    const ssize_t dims_;
+    conditional_t<Dynamic, const size_t *, std::array<size_t, (size_t) Dims>>
+        shape_, strides_;
+    const size_t dims_;
 
     friend class pybind11::array;
     // Constructor for compile-time dimensions:
     template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
-    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t<!Dyn, ssize_t>)
+    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const size_t *shape, const size_t *strides, enable_if_t<!Dyn, size_t>)
     : data_{reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(data)}, dims_{Dims} {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) dims_; i++) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < dims_; i++) {
             shape_[i] = shape[i];
             strides_[i] = strides[i];
         }
     }
     // Constructor for runtime dimensions:
     template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
-    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t<Dyn, ssize_t> dims)
+    unchecked_reference(const void *data, const size_t *shape, const size_t *strides, enable_if_t<Dyn, size_t> dims)
     : data_{reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(data)}, shape_{shape}, strides_{strides}, dims_{dims} {}
 
 public:
-    /**
-     * Unchecked const reference access to data at the given indices.  For a compile-time known
+    /** Unchecked const reference access to data at the given indices.  For a compile-time known
      * number of dimensions, this requires the correct number of arguments; for run-time
      * dimensionality, this is not checked (and so is up to the caller to use safely).
      */
     template <typename... Ix> const T &operator()(Ix... index) const {
         static_assert(sizeof...(Ix) == Dims || Dynamic,
                 "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference");
-        return *reinterpret_cast<const T *>(data_ + byte_offset_unsafe(strides_, ssize_t(index)...));
+        return *reinterpret_cast<const T *>(data_ + byte_offset_unsafe(strides_, size_t(index)...));
     }
-    /**
-     * Unchecked const reference access to data; this operator only participates if the reference
+    /** Unchecked const reference access to data; this operator only participates if the reference
      * is to a 1-dimensional array.  When present, this is exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`.
      */
-    template <ssize_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
-    const T &operator[](ssize_t index) const { return operator()(index); }
+    template <size_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
+    const T &operator[](size_t index) const { return operator()(index); }
 
     /// Pointer access to the data at the given indices.
-    template <typename... Ix> const T *data(Ix... ix) const { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); }
+    template <typename... Ix> const T *data(Ix... ix) const { return &operator()(size_t(ix)...); }
 
     /// Returns the item size, i.e. sizeof(T)
-    constexpr static ssize_t itemsize() { return sizeof(T); }
+    constexpr static size_t itemsize() { return sizeof(T); }
 
     /// Returns the shape (i.e. size) of dimension `dim`
-    ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const { return shape_[(size_t) dim]; }
+    size_t shape(size_t dim) const { return shape_[dim]; }
 
     /// Returns the number of dimensions of the array
-    ssize_t ndim() const { return dims_; }
+    size_t ndim() const { return dims_; }
 
     /// Returns the total number of elements in the referenced array, i.e. the product of the shapes
     template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
-    enable_if_t<!Dyn, ssize_t> size() const {
-        return std::accumulate(shape_.begin(), shape_.end(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    enable_if_t<!Dyn, size_t> size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape_.begin(), shape_.end(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies<size_t>());
     }
     template <bool Dyn = Dynamic>
-    enable_if_t<Dyn, ssize_t> size() const {
-        return std::accumulate(shape_, shape_ + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    enable_if_t<Dyn, size_t> size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape_, shape_ + ndim(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies<size_t>());
     }
 
     /// Returns the total number of bytes used by the referenced data.  Note that the actual span in
     /// memory may be larger if the referenced array has non-contiguous strides (e.g. for a slice).
-    ssize_t nbytes() const {
+    size_t nbytes() const {
         return size() * itemsize();
     }
 };
@@ -395,23 +329,22 @@ public:
                 "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference");
         return const_cast<T &>(ConstBase::operator()(index...));
     }
-    /**
-     * Mutable, unchecked access data at the given index; this operator only participates if the
+    /** Mutable, unchecked access data at the given index; this operator only participates if the
      * reference is to a 1-dimensional array (or has runtime dimensions).  When present, this is
      * exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`.
      */
-    template <ssize_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
-    T &operator[](ssize_t index) { return operator()(index); }
+    template <size_t D = Dims, typename = enable_if_t<D == 1 || Dynamic>>
+    T &operator[](size_t index) { return operator()(index); }
 
     /// Mutable pointer access to the data at the given indices.
-    template <typename... Ix> T *mutable_data(Ix... ix) { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); }
+    template <typename... Ix> T *mutable_data(Ix... ix) { return &operator()(size_t(ix)...); }
 };
 
-template <typename T, ssize_t Dim>
+template <typename T, size_t Dim>
 struct type_caster<unchecked_reference<T, Dim>> {
     static_assert(Dim == 0 && Dim > 0 /* always fail */, "unchecked array proxy object is not castable");
 };
-template <typename T, ssize_t Dim>
+template <typename T, size_t Dim>
 struct type_caster<unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dim>> : type_caster<unchecked_reference<T, Dim>> {};
 
 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
@@ -432,7 +365,7 @@ public:
 
     dtype(const char *format) : dtype(std::string(format)) { }
 
-    dtype(list names, list formats, list offsets, ssize_t itemsize) {
+    dtype(list names, list formats, list offsets, size_t itemsize) {
         dict args;
         args["names"] = names;
         args["formats"] = formats;
@@ -455,8 +388,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Size of the data type in bytes.
-    ssize_t itemsize() const {
-        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize;
+    size_t itemsize() const {
+        return (size_t) detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize;
     }
 
     /// Returns true for structured data types.
@@ -476,7 +409,7 @@ private:
         return reinterpret_borrow<object>(obj);
     }
 
-    dtype strip_padding(ssize_t itemsize) {
+    dtype strip_padding(size_t itemsize) {
         // Recursively strip all void fields with empty names that are generated for
         // padding fields (as of NumPy v1.11).
         if (!has_fields())
@@ -520,20 +453,14 @@ public:
         forcecast = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST_
     };
 
-    array() : array({{0}}, static_cast<const double *>(nullptr)) {}
-
-    using ShapeContainer = detail::any_container<ssize_t>;
-    using StridesContainer = detail::any_container<ssize_t>;
-
-    // Constructs an array taking shape/strides from arbitrary container types
-    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides,
-          const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) {
+    array() : array(0, static_cast<const double *>(nullptr)) {}
 
-        if (strides->empty())
-            *strides = c_strides(*shape, dt.itemsize());
-
-        auto ndim = shape->size();
-        if (ndim != strides->size())
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, const std::vector<size_t> &shape,
+          const std::vector<size_t> &strides, const void *ptr = nullptr,
+          handle base = handle()) {
+        auto& api = detail::npy_api::get();
+        auto ndim = shape.size();
+        if (shape.size() != strides.size())
             pybind11_fail("NumPy: shape ndim doesn't match strides ndim");
         auto descr = dt;
 
@@ -547,12 +474,13 @@ public:
                 flags = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_;
         }
 
-        auto &api = detail::npy_api::get();
         auto tmp = reinterpret_steal<object>(api.PyArray_NewFromDescr_(
-            api.PyArray_Type_, descr.release().ptr(), (int) ndim, shape->data(), strides->data(),
+            api.PyArray_Type_, descr.release().ptr(), (int) ndim,
+            reinterpret_cast<Py_intptr_t *>(const_cast<size_t*>(shape.data())),
+            reinterpret_cast<Py_intptr_t *>(const_cast<size_t*>(strides.data())),
             const_cast<void *>(ptr), flags, nullptr));
         if (!tmp)
-            throw error_already_set();
+            pybind11_fail("NumPy: unable to create array!");
         if (ptr) {
             if (base) {
                 api.PyArray_SetBaseObject_(tmp.ptr(), base.inc_ref().ptr());
@@ -563,23 +491,27 @@ public:
         m_ptr = tmp.release().ptr();
     }
 
-    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array(dt, std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { }
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, const std::vector<size_t> &shape,
+          const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(dt, shape, default_strides(shape, dt.itemsize()), ptr, base) { }
 
-    template <typename T, typename = detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<bool, T>::value>>
-    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, T count, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array(dt, {{count}}, ptr, base) { }
+    array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, size_t count, const void *ptr = nullptr,
+          handle base = handle())
+        : array(dt, std::vector<size_t>{ count }, ptr, base) { }
 
-    template <typename T>
-    array(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array(pybind11::dtype::of<T>(), std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { }
+    template<typename T> array(const std::vector<size_t>& shape,
+                               const std::vector<size_t>& strides,
+                               const T* ptr, handle base = handle())
+    : array(pybind11::dtype::of<T>(), shape, strides, (const void *) ptr, base) { }
 
     template <typename T>
-    array(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array(std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { }
+    array(const std::vector<size_t> &shape, const T *ptr,
+          handle base = handle())
+        : array(shape, default_strides(shape, sizeof(T)), ptr, base) { }
 
     template <typename T>
-    explicit array(ssize_t count, const T *ptr, handle base = handle()) : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { }
+    array(size_t count, const T *ptr, handle base = handle())
+        : array(std::vector<size_t>{ count }, ptr, base) { }
 
     explicit array(const buffer_info &info)
     : array(pybind11::dtype(info), info.shape, info.strides, info.ptr) { }
@@ -590,23 +522,23 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Total number of elements
-    ssize_t size() const {
-        return std::accumulate(shape(), shape() + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies<ssize_t>());
+    size_t size() const {
+        return std::accumulate(shape(), shape() + ndim(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies<size_t>());
     }
 
     /// Byte size of a single element
-    ssize_t itemsize() const {
-        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr)->elsize;
+    size_t itemsize() const {
+        return (size_t) detail::array_descriptor_proxy(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr)->elsize;
     }
 
     /// Total number of bytes
-    ssize_t nbytes() const {
+    size_t nbytes() const {
         return size() * itemsize();
     }
 
     /// Number of dimensions
-    ssize_t ndim() const {
-        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->nd;
+    size_t ndim() const {
+        return (size_t) detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->nd;
     }
 
     /// Base object
@@ -615,24 +547,24 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Dimensions of the array
-    const ssize_t* shape() const {
-        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->dimensions;
+    const size_t* shape() const {
+        return reinterpret_cast<const size_t *>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->dimensions);
     }
 
     /// Dimension along a given axis
-    ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const {
+    size_t shape(size_t dim) const {
         if (dim >= ndim())
             fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis");
         return shape()[dim];
     }
 
     /// Strides of the array
-    const ssize_t* strides() const {
-        return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->strides;
+    const size_t* strides() const {
+        return reinterpret_cast<const size_t *>(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->strides);
     }
 
     /// Stride along a given axis
-    ssize_t strides(ssize_t dim) const {
+    size_t strides(size_t dim) const {
         if (dim >= ndim())
             fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis");
         return strides()[dim];
@@ -669,42 +601,40 @@ public:
 
     /// Byte offset from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial).
     /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
-    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t offset_at(Ix... index) const {
-        if ((ssize_t) sizeof...(index) > ndim())
+    template<typename... Ix> size_t offset_at(Ix... index) const {
+        if (sizeof...(index) > ndim())
             fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "too many indices for an array");
-        return byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...);
+        return byte_offset(size_t(index)...);
     }
 
-    ssize_t offset_at() const { return 0; }
+    size_t offset_at() const { return 0; }
 
     /// Item count from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial).
     /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access.
-    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
+    template<typename... Ix> size_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
         return offset_at(index...) / itemsize();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
+    /** Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
      * dimensionality checking.  Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag.  Use with
      * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object,
      * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
      */
     template <typename T, ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dims> mutable_unchecked() {
-        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != Dims)
+        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != (size_t) Dims)
             throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) +
                     "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims));
         return detail::unchecked_mutable_reference<T, Dims>(mutable_data(), shape(), strides(), ndim());
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
+    /** Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
      * dimensionality checking.  Unlike `mutable_unchecked()`, this does not require that the
      * underlying array have the `writable` flag.  Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or
      * reshaped for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access
      * invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
      */
     template <typename T, ssize_t Dims = -1> detail::unchecked_reference<T, Dims> unchecked() const {
-        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != Dims)
+        if (Dims >= 0 && ndim() != (size_t) Dims)
             throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) +
                     "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims));
         return detail::unchecked_reference<T, Dims>(data(), shape(), strides(), ndim());
@@ -716,21 +646,6 @@ public:
         return reinterpret_steal<array>(api.PyArray_Squeeze_(m_ptr));
     }
 
-    /// Resize array to given shape
-    /// If refcheck is true and more that one reference exist to this array
-    /// then resize will succeed only if it makes a reshape, i.e. original size doesn't change
-    void resize(ShapeContainer new_shape, bool refcheck = true) {
-        detail::npy_api::PyArray_Dims d = {
-            new_shape->data(), int(new_shape->size())
-        };
-        // try to resize, set ordering param to -1 cause it's not used anyway
-        object new_array = reinterpret_steal<object>(
-            detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Resize_(m_ptr, &d, int(refcheck), -1)
-        );
-        if (!new_array) throw error_already_set();
-        if (isinstance<array>(new_array)) { *this = std::move(new_array); }
-    }
-
     /// Ensure that the argument is a NumPy array
     /// In case of an error, nullptr is returned and the Python error is cleared.
     static array ensure(handle h, int ExtraFlags = 0) {
@@ -743,14 +658,14 @@ public:
 protected:
     template<typename, typename> friend struct detail::npy_format_descriptor;
 
-    void fail_dim_check(ssize_t dim, const std::string& msg) const {
+    void fail_dim_check(size_t dim, const std::string& msg) const {
         throw index_error(msg + ": " + std::to_string(dim) +
                           " (ndim = " + std::to_string(ndim()) + ")");
     }
 
-    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t byte_offset(Ix... index) const {
+    template<typename... Ix> size_t byte_offset(Ix... index) const {
         check_dimensions(index...);
-        return detail::byte_offset_unsafe(strides(), ssize_t(index)...);
+        return detail::byte_offset_unsafe(strides(), size_t(index)...);
     }
 
     void check_writeable() const {
@@ -758,31 +673,25 @@ protected:
             throw std::domain_error("array is not writeable");
     }
 
-    // Default, C-style strides
-    static std::vector<ssize_t> c_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
+    static std::vector<size_t> default_strides(const std::vector<size_t>& shape, size_t itemsize) {
         auto ndim = shape.size();
-        std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
-        for (size_t i = ndim - 1; i > 0; --i)
-            strides[i - 1] = strides[i] * shape[i];
-        return strides;
-    }
-
-    // F-style strides; default when constructing an array_t with `ExtraFlags & f_style`
-    static std::vector<ssize_t> f_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
-        auto ndim = shape.size();
-        std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
-        for (size_t i = 1; i < ndim; ++i)
-            strides[i] = strides[i - 1] * shape[i - 1];
+        std::vector<size_t> strides(ndim);
+        if (ndim) {
+            std::fill(strides.begin(), strides.end(), itemsize);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < ndim - 1; i++)
+                for (size_t j = 0; j < ndim - 1 - i; j++)
+                    strides[j] *= shape[ndim - 1 - i];
+        }
         return strides;
     }
 
     template<typename... Ix> void check_dimensions(Ix... index) const {
-        check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t(0), shape(), ssize_t(index)...);
+        check_dimensions_impl(size_t(0), shape(), size_t(index)...);
     }
 
-    void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t, const ssize_t*) const { }
+    void check_dimensions_impl(size_t, const size_t*) const { }
 
-    template<typename... Ix> void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t axis, const ssize_t* shape, ssize_t i, Ix... index) const {
+    template<typename... Ix> void check_dimensions_impl(size_t axis, const size_t* shape, size_t i, Ix... index) const {
         if (i >= *shape) {
             throw index_error(std::string("index ") + std::to_string(i) +
                               " is out of bounds for axis " + std::to_string(axis) +
@@ -793,58 +702,50 @@ protected:
 
     /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference
     static PyObject *raw_array(PyObject *ptr, int ExtraFlags = 0) {
-        if (ptr == nullptr) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array from a nullptr");
+        if (ptr == nullptr)
             return nullptr;
-        }
         return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_(
             ptr, nullptr, 0, 0, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr);
     }
 };
 
 template <typename T, int ExtraFlags = array::forcecast> class array_t : public array {
-private:
-    struct private_ctor {};
-    // Delegating constructor needed when both moving and accessing in the same constructor
-    array_t(private_ctor, ShapeContainer &&shape, StridesContainer &&strides, const T *ptr, handle base)
-        : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) {}
 public:
-    static_assert(!detail::array_info<T>::is_array, "Array types cannot be used with array_t");
-
     using value_type = T;
 
     array_t() : array(0, static_cast<const T *>(nullptr)) {}
-    array_t(handle h, borrowed_t) : array(h, borrowed_t{}) { }
-    array_t(handle h, stolen_t) : array(h, stolen_t{}) { }
+    array_t(handle h, borrowed_t) : array(h, borrowed) { }
+    array_t(handle h, stolen_t) : array(h, stolen) { }
 
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use array_t<T>::ensure() instead")
-    array_t(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : array(raw_array_t(h.ptr()), stolen_t{}) {
+    array_t(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : array(raw_array_t(h.ptr()), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) PyErr_Clear();
         if (!is_borrowed) Py_XDECREF(h.ptr());
     }
 
-    array_t(const object &o) : array(raw_array_t(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) {
+    array_t(const object &o) : array(raw_array_t(o.ptr()), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set();
     }
 
     explicit array_t(const buffer_info& info) : array(info) { }
 
-    array_t(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { }
+    array_t(const std::vector<size_t> &shape,
+            const std::vector<size_t> &strides, const T *ptr = nullptr,
+            handle base = handle())
+        : array(shape, strides, ptr, base) { }
 
-    explicit array_t(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array_t(private_ctor{}, std::move(shape),
-                ExtraFlags & f_style ? f_strides(*shape, itemsize()) : c_strides(*shape, itemsize()),
-                ptr, base) { }
+    explicit array_t(const std::vector<size_t> &shape, const T *ptr = nullptr,
+            handle base = handle())
+        : array(shape, ptr, base) { }
 
     explicit array_t(size_t count, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle())
-        : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { }
+        : array(count, ptr, base) { }
 
-    constexpr ssize_t itemsize() const {
+    constexpr size_t itemsize() const {
         return sizeof(T);
     }
 
-    template<typename... Ix> ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
+    template<typename... Ix> size_t index_at(Ix... index) const {
         return offset_at(index...) / itemsize();
     }
 
@@ -860,18 +761,17 @@ public:
     template<typename... Ix> const T& at(Ix... index) const {
         if (sizeof...(index) != ndim())
             fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch");
-        return *(static_cast<const T*>(array::data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize());
+        return *(static_cast<const T*>(array::data()) + byte_offset(size_t(index)...) / itemsize());
     }
 
     // Mutable reference to element at a given index
     template<typename... Ix> T& mutable_at(Ix... index) {
         if (sizeof...(index) != ndim())
             fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch");
-        return *(static_cast<T*>(array::mutable_data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize());
+        return *(static_cast<T*>(array::mutable_data()) + byte_offset(size_t(index)...) / itemsize());
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
+    /** Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or
      * dimensionality checking.  Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag.  Use with
      * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object,
      * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices.
@@ -880,8 +780,7 @@ public:
         return array::mutable_unchecked<T, Dims>();
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
+    /** Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or
      * dimensionality checking.  Unlike `unchecked()`, this does not require that the underlying
      * array have the `writable` flag.  Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped
      * for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access invalid
@@ -909,10 +808,8 @@ public:
 protected:
     /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference
     static PyObject *raw_array_t(PyObject *ptr) {
-        if (ptr == nullptr) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array_t from a nullptr");
+        if (ptr == nullptr)
             return nullptr;
-        }
         return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_(
             ptr, dtype::of<T>().release().ptr(), 0, 0,
             detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr);
@@ -941,15 +838,6 @@ struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value>> {
     }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::array_info<T>::is_array>> {
-    static std::string format() {
-        using detail::_;
-        PYBIND11_DESCR extents = _("(") + detail::array_info<T>::extents() + _(")");
-        return extents.text() + format_descriptor<detail::remove_all_extents_t<T>>::format();
-    }
-};
-
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 template <typename T, int ExtraFlags>
 struct pyobject_caster<array_t<T, ExtraFlags>> {
@@ -1018,20 +906,6 @@ template <size_t N> struct npy_format_descriptor<char[N]> { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_F
 template <size_t N> struct npy_format_descriptor<std::array<char, N>> { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT };
 #undef PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT
 
-template<typename T> struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<array_info<T>::is_array>> {
-private:
-    using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor<typename array_info<T>::type>;
-public:
-    static_assert(!array_info<T>::is_empty, "Zero-sized arrays are not supported");
-
-    static PYBIND11_DESCR name() { return _("(") + array_info<T>::extents() + _(")") + base_descr::name(); }
-    static pybind11::dtype dtype() {
-        list shape;
-        array_info<T>::append_extents(shape);
-        return pybind11::dtype::from_args(pybind11::make_tuple(base_descr::dtype(), shape));
-    }
-};
-
 template<typename T> struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value>> {
 private:
     using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>;
@@ -1042,15 +916,16 @@ public:
 
 struct field_descriptor {
     const char *name;
-    ssize_t offset;
-    ssize_t size;
+    size_t offset;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t alignment;
     std::string format;
     dtype descr;
 };
 
 inline PYBIND11_NOINLINE void register_structured_dtype(
     const std::initializer_list<field_descriptor>& fields,
-    const std::type_info& tinfo, ssize_t itemsize,
+    const std::type_info& tinfo, size_t itemsize,
     bool (*direct_converter)(PyObject *, void *&)) {
 
     auto& numpy_internals = get_numpy_internals();
@@ -1078,17 +953,15 @@ inline PYBIND11_NOINLINE void register_structured_dtype(
     std::vector<field_descriptor> ordered_fields(fields);
     std::sort(ordered_fields.begin(), ordered_fields.end(),
         [](const field_descriptor &a, const field_descriptor &b) { return a.offset < b.offset; });
-    ssize_t offset = 0;
+    size_t offset = 0;
     std::ostringstream oss;
-    // mark the structure as unaligned with '^', because numpy and C++ don't
-    // always agree about alignment (particularly for complex), and we're
-    // explicitly listing all our padding. This depends on none of the fields
-    // overriding the endianness. Putting the ^ in front of individual fields
-    // isn't guaranteed to work due to https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/9049
-    oss << "^T{";
+    oss << "T{";
     for (auto& field : ordered_fields) {
         if (field.offset > offset)
             oss << (field.offset - offset) << 'x';
+        // mark unaligned fields with '^' (unaligned native type)
+        if (field.offset % field.alignment)
+            oss << '^';
         oss << field.format << ':' << field.name << ':';
         offset = field.offset + field.size;
     }
@@ -1150,6 +1023,7 @@ private:
 #define PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX(T, Field, Name)                                          \
     ::pybind11::detail::field_descriptor {                                                    \
         Name, offsetof(T, Field), sizeof(decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)),                  \
+        alignof(decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)),                                           \
         ::pybind11::format_descriptor<decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)>::format(),           \
         ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor<decltype(std::declval<T>().Field)>::dtype() \
     }
@@ -1229,13 +1103,13 @@ array_iterator<T> array_end(const buffer_info& buffer) {
 
 class common_iterator {
 public:
-    using container_type = std::vector<ssize_t>;
+    using container_type = std::vector<size_t>;
     using value_type = container_type::value_type;
     using size_type = container_type::size_type;
 
     common_iterator() : p_ptr(0), m_strides() {}
 
-    common_iterator(void* ptr, const container_type& strides, const container_type& shape)
+    common_iterator(void* ptr, const container_type& strides, const std::vector<size_t>& shape)
         : p_ptr(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr)), m_strides(strides.size()) {
         m_strides.back() = static_cast<value_type>(strides.back());
         for (size_type i = m_strides.size() - 1; i != 0; --i) {
@@ -1260,16 +1134,16 @@ private:
 
 template <size_t N> class multi_array_iterator {
 public:
-    using container_type = std::vector<ssize_t>;
+    using container_type = std::vector<size_t>;
 
     multi_array_iterator(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers,
-                         const container_type &shape)
+                         const std::vector<size_t> &shape)
         : m_shape(shape.size()), m_index(shape.size(), 0),
           m_common_iterator() {
 
         // Manual copy to avoid conversion warning if using std::copy
         for (size_t i = 0; i < shape.size(); ++i)
-            m_shape[i] = shape[i];
+            m_shape[i] = static_cast<container_type::value_type>(shape[i]);
 
         container_type strides(shape.size());
         for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
@@ -1289,8 +1163,8 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    template <size_t K, class T = void> T* data() const {
-        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(m_common_iterator[K].data());
+    template <size_t K, class T> const T& data() const {
+        return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(m_common_iterator[K].data());
     }
 
 private:
@@ -1298,9 +1172,8 @@ private:
     using common_iter = common_iterator;
 
     void init_common_iterator(const buffer_info &buffer,
-                              const container_type &shape,
-                              common_iter &iterator,
-                              container_type &strides) {
+                              const std::vector<size_t> &shape,
+                              common_iter &iterator, container_type &strides) {
         auto buffer_shape_iter = buffer.shape.rbegin();
         auto buffer_strides_iter = buffer.strides.rbegin();
         auto shape_iter = shape.rbegin();
@@ -1308,7 +1181,7 @@ private:
 
         while (buffer_shape_iter != buffer.shape.rend()) {
             if (*shape_iter == *buffer_shape_iter)
-                *strides_iter = *buffer_strides_iter;
+                *strides_iter = static_cast<size_t>(*buffer_strides_iter);
             else
                 *strides_iter = 0;
 
@@ -1339,13 +1212,13 @@ enum class broadcast_trivial { non_trivial, c_trivial, f_trivial };
 // singleton or a full-size, C-contiguous (`c_trivial`) or Fortran-contiguous (`f_trivial`) storage
 // buffer; returns `non_trivial` otherwise.
 template <size_t N>
-broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, ssize_t &ndim, std::vector<ssize_t> &shape) {
-    ndim = std::accumulate(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), ssize_t(0), [](ssize_t res, const buffer_info &buf) {
+broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, size_t &ndim, std::vector<size_t> &shape) {
+    ndim = std::accumulate(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), size_t(0), [](size_t res, const buffer_info& buf) {
         return std::max(res, buf.ndim);
     });
 
     shape.clear();
-    shape.resize((size_t) ndim, 1);
+    shape.resize(ndim, 1);
 
     // Figure out the output size, and make sure all input arrays conform (i.e. are either size 1 or
     // the full size).
@@ -1380,7 +1253,7 @@ broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, ssize_t &
 
         // Check for C contiguity (but only if previous inputs were also C contiguous)
         if (trivial_broadcast_c) {
-            ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
+            size_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
             auto end = buffers[i].shape.crend();
             for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.crbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.crbegin();
                     trivial_broadcast_c && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) {
@@ -1393,7 +1266,7 @@ broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, ssize_t &
 
         // Check for Fortran contiguity (if previous inputs were also F contiguous)
         if (trivial_broadcast_f) {
-            ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
+            size_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize;
             auto end = buffers[i].shape.cend();
             for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.cbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.cbegin();
                     trivial_broadcast_f && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) {
@@ -1411,143 +1284,82 @@ broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers, ssize_t &
         broadcast_trivial::non_trivial;
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-struct vectorize_arg {
-    static_assert(!std::is_rvalue_reference<T>::value, "Functions with rvalue reference arguments cannot be vectorized");
-    // The wrapped function gets called with this type:
-    using call_type = remove_reference_t<T>;
-    // Is this a vectorized argument?
-    static constexpr bool vectorize =
-        satisfies_any_of<call_type, std::is_arithmetic, is_complex, std::is_pod>::value &&
-        satisfies_none_of<call_type, std::is_pointer, std::is_array, is_std_array, std::is_enum>::value &&
-        (!std::is_reference<T>::value ||
-         (std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value && std::is_const<call_type>::value));
-    // Accept this type: an array for vectorized types, otherwise the type as-is:
-    using type = conditional_t<vectorize, array_t<remove_cv_t<call_type>, array::forcecast>, T>;
-};
-
 template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
 struct vectorize_helper {
-private:
+    typename std::remove_reference<Func>::type f;
     static constexpr size_t N = sizeof...(Args);
-    static constexpr size_t NVectorized = constexpr_sum(vectorize_arg<Args>::vectorize...);
-    static_assert(NVectorized >= 1,
-            "pybind11::vectorize(...) requires a function with at least one vectorizable argument");
 
-public:
     template <typename T>
-    explicit vectorize_helper(T &&f) : f(std::forward<T>(f)) { }
+    explicit vectorize_helper(T&&f) : f(std::forward<T>(f)) { }
 
-    object operator()(typename vectorize_arg<Args>::type... args) {
-        return run(args...,
-                   make_index_sequence<N>(),
-                   select_indices<vectorize_arg<Args>::vectorize...>(),
-                   make_index_sequence<NVectorized>());
+    object operator()(array_t<Args, array::forcecast>... args) {
+        return run(args..., make_index_sequence<N>());
     }
 
-private:
-    remove_reference_t<Func> f;
-
-    template <size_t Index> using param_n_t = typename pack_element<Index, typename vectorize_arg<Args>::call_type...>::type;
-
-    // Runs a vectorized function given arguments tuple and three index sequences:
-    //     - Index is the full set of 0 ... (N-1) argument indices;
-    //     - VIndex is the subset of argument indices with vectorized parameters, letting us access
-    //       vectorized arguments (anything not in this sequence is passed through)
-    //     - BIndex is a incremental sequence (beginning at 0) of the same size as VIndex, so that
-    //       we can store vectorized buffer_infos in an array (argument VIndex has its buffer at
-    //       index BIndex in the array).
-    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex> object run(
-            typename vectorize_arg<Args>::type &...args,
-            index_sequence<Index...> i_seq, index_sequence<VIndex...> vi_seq, index_sequence<BIndex...> bi_seq) {
-
-        // Pointers to values the function was called with; the vectorized ones set here will start
-        // out as array_t<T> pointers, but they will be changed them to T pointers before we make
-        // call the wrapped function.  Non-vectorized pointers are left as-is.
-        std::array<void *, N> params{{ &args... }};
-
-        // The array of `buffer_info`s of vectorized arguments:
-        std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> buffers{{ reinterpret_cast<array *>(params[VIndex])->request()... }};
+    template <size_t ... Index> object run(array_t<Args, array::forcecast>&... args, index_sequence<Index...> index) {
+        /* Request buffers from all parameters */
+        std::array<buffer_info, N> buffers {{ args.request()... }};
 
         /* Determine dimensions parameters of output array */
-        ssize_t nd = 0;
-        std::vector<ssize_t> shape(0);
-        auto trivial = broadcast(buffers, nd, shape);
-        size_t ndim = (size_t) nd;
-
-        size_t size = std::accumulate(shape.begin(), shape.end(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies<size_t>());
-
-        // If all arguments are 0-dimension arrays (i.e. single values) return a plain value (i.e.
-        // not wrapped in an array).
-        if (size == 1 && ndim == 0) {
-            PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr);
-            return cast(f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(params[Index])...));
+        size_t ndim = 0;
+        std::vector<size_t> shape(0);
+        auto trivial = broadcast(buffers, ndim, shape);
+
+        size_t size = 1;
+        std::vector<size_t> strides(ndim);
+        if (ndim > 0) {
+            if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::f_trivial) {
+                strides[0] = sizeof(Return);
+                for (size_t i = 1; i < ndim; ++i) {
+                    strides[i] = strides[i - 1] * shape[i - 1];
+                    size *= shape[i - 1];
+                }
+                size *= shape[ndim - 1];
+            }
+            else {
+                strides[ndim-1] = sizeof(Return);
+                for (size_t i = ndim - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+                    strides[i - 1] = strides[i] * shape[i];
+                    size *= shape[i];
+                }
+                size *= shape[0];
+            }
         }
 
-        array_t<Return> result;
-        if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::f_trivial) result = array_t<Return, array::f_style>(shape);
-        else result = array_t<Return>(shape);
+        if (size == 1)
+            return cast(f(*reinterpret_cast<Args *>(buffers[Index].ptr)...));
 
-        if (size == 0) return result;
+        array_t<Return> result(shape, strides);
+        auto buf = result.request();
+        auto output = (Return *) buf.ptr;
 
         /* Call the function */
-        if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::non_trivial)
-            apply_broadcast(buffers, params, result, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq);
-        else
-            apply_trivial(buffers, params, result.mutable_data(), size, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq);
+        if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::non_trivial) {
+            apply_broadcast<Index...>(buffers, buf, index);
+        } else {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                output[i] = f((reinterpret_cast<Args *>(buffers[Index].ptr)[buffers[Index].size == 1 ? 0 : i])...);
+        }
 
         return result;
     }
 
-    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex>
-    void apply_trivial(std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> &buffers,
-                       std::array<void *, N> &params,
-                       Return *out,
-                       size_t size,
-                       index_sequence<Index...>, index_sequence<VIndex...>, index_sequence<BIndex...>) {
-
-        // Initialize an array of mutable byte references and sizes with references set to the
-        // appropriate pointer in `params`; as we iterate, we'll increment each pointer by its size
-        // (except for singletons, which get an increment of 0).
-        std::array<std::pair<unsigned char *&, const size_t>, NVectorized> vecparams{{
-            std::pair<unsigned char *&, const size_t>(
-                    reinterpret_cast<unsigned char *&>(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr),
-                    buffers[BIndex].size == 1 ? 0 : sizeof(param_n_t<VIndex>)
-            )...
-        }};
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-            out[i] = f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(params[Index])...);
-            for (auto &x : vecparams) x.first += x.second;
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <size_t... Index, size_t... VIndex, size_t... BIndex>
-    void apply_broadcast(std::array<buffer_info, NVectorized> &buffers,
-                         std::array<void *, N> &params,
-                         array_t<Return> &output_array,
-                         index_sequence<Index...>, index_sequence<VIndex...>, index_sequence<BIndex...>) {
+    template <size_t... Index>
+    void apply_broadcast(const std::array<buffer_info, N> &buffers,
+                         buffer_info &output, index_sequence<Index...>) {
+        using input_iterator = multi_array_iterator<N>;
+        using output_iterator = array_iterator<Return>;
 
-        buffer_info output = output_array.request();
-        multi_array_iterator<NVectorized> input_iter(buffers, output.shape);
+        input_iterator input_iter(buffers, output.shape);
+        output_iterator output_end = array_end<Return>(output);
 
-        for (array_iterator<Return> iter = array_begin<Return>(output), end = array_end<Return>(output);
-             iter != end;
-             ++iter, ++input_iter) {
-            PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS((
-                params[VIndex] = input_iter.template data<BIndex>()
-            ));
-            *iter = f(*reinterpret_cast<param_n_t<Index> *>(std::get<Index>(params))...);
+        for (output_iterator iter = array_begin<Return>(output);
+             iter != output_end; ++iter, ++input_iter) {
+            *iter = f((input_iter.template data<Index, Args>())...);
         }
     }
 };
 
-template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
-vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>
-vectorize_extractor(const Func &f, Return (*) (Args ...)) {
-    return detail::vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>(f);
-}
-
 template <typename T, int Flags> struct handle_type_name<array_t<T, Flags>> {
     static PYBIND11_DESCR name() {
         return _("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor<T>::name() + _("]");
@@ -1556,32 +1368,22 @@ template <typename T, int Flags> struct handle_type_name<array_t<T, Flags>> {
 
 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
-// Vanilla pointer vectorizer:
+template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
+detail::vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>
+vectorize(const Func &f, Return (*) (Args ...)) {
+    return detail::vectorize_helper<Func, Return, Args...>(f);
+}
+
 template <typename Return, typename... Args>
-detail::vectorize_helper<Return (*)(Args...), Return, Args...>
+detail::vectorize_helper<Return (*) (Args ...), Return, Args...>
 vectorize(Return (*f) (Args ...)) {
-    return detail::vectorize_helper<Return (*)(Args...), Return, Args...>(f);
+    return vectorize<Return (*) (Args ...), Return, Args...>(f, f);
 }
 
-// lambda vectorizer:
-template <typename Func, typename FuncType = typename detail::remove_class<decltype(&detail::remove_reference_t<Func>::operator())>::type>
+template <typename Func, typename FuncType = typename detail::remove_class<decltype(&std::remove_reference<Func>::type::operator())>::type>
 auto vectorize(Func &&f) -> decltype(
-        detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward<Func>(f), (FuncType *) nullptr)) {
-    return detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward<Func>(f), (FuncType *) nullptr);
-}
-
-// Vectorize a class method (non-const):
-template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args,
-          typename Helper = detail::vectorize_helper<decltype(std::mem_fn(std::declval<Return (Class::*)(Args...)>())), Return, Class *, Args...>>
-Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...)) {
-    return Helper(std::mem_fn(f));
-}
-
-// Vectorize a class method (non-const):
-template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args,
-          typename Helper = detail::vectorize_helper<decltype(std::mem_fn(std::declval<Return (Class::*)(Args...) const>())), Return, const Class *, Args...>>
-Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...) const) {
-    return Helper(std::mem_fn(f));
+        vectorize(std::forward<Func>(f), (FuncType *) nullptr)) {
+    return vectorize(std::forward<Func>(f), (FuncType *) nullptr);
 }
 
 NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h
similarity index 84%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h
index 562987b86..2e78c01a3 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/operators.h
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@
 
 #if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunsequenced" // multiple unsequenced modifications to 'self' (when using def(py::self OP Type()))
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#  pragma warning(push)
-#  pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
 #endif
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
@@ -28,7 +25,7 @@ enum op_id : int {
     op_int, op_long, op_float, op_str, op_cmp, op_gt, op_ge, op_lt, op_le,
     op_eq, op_ne, op_iadd, op_isub, op_imul, op_idiv, op_imod, op_ilshift,
     op_irshift, op_iand, op_ixor, op_ior, op_complex, op_bool, op_nonzero,
-    op_repr, op_truediv, op_itruediv
+    op_repr, op_truediv
 };
 
 enum op_type : int {
@@ -52,32 +49,22 @@ template <op_id, op_type, typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl { }
 /// Operator implementation generator
 template <op_id id, op_type ot, typename L, typename R> struct op_ {
     template <typename Class, typename... Extra> void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) const {
-        using Base = typename Class::type;
-        using L_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, Base, L>;
-        using R_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, Base, R>;
-        using op = op_impl<id, ot, Base, L_type, R_type>;
+        typedef typename Class::type Base;
+        typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, Base, L>::type L_type;
+        typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, Base, R>::type R_type;
+        typedef op_impl<id, ot, Base, L_type, R_type> op;
         cl.def(op::name(), &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...);
-        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
-        if (id == op_truediv || id == op_itruediv)
-            cl.def(id == op_itruediv ? "__idiv__" : ot == op_l ? "__div__" : "__rdiv__",
-                    &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...);
-        #endif
     }
     template <typename Class, typename... Extra> void execute_cast(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) const {
-        using Base = typename Class::type;
-        using L_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, Base, L>;
-        using R_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, Base, R>;
-        using op = op_impl<id, ot, Base, L_type, R_type>;
+        typedef typename Class::type Base;
+        typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<L, self_t>::value, Base, L>::type L_type;
+        typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_same<R, self_t>::value, Base, R>::type R_type;
+        typedef op_impl<id, ot, Base, L_type, R_type> op;
         cl.def(op::name(), &op::execute_cast, is_operator(), extra...);
-        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
-        if (id == op_truediv || id == op_itruediv)
-            cl.def(id == op_itruediv ? "__idiv__" : ot == op_l ? "__div__" : "__rdiv__",
-                    &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...);
-        #endif
     }
 };
 
-#define PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(id, rid, op, expr)                                    \
+#define PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(id, rid, op, expr)                                      \
 template <typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_l, B, L, R> { \
     static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; }                                \
     static auto execute(const L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return (expr); }   \
@@ -98,7 +85,7 @@ template <typename T> op_<op_##id, op_r, T, self_t> op(const T &, const self_t &
     return op_<op_##id, op_r, T, self_t>();                                            \
 }
 
-#define PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(id, op, expr)                                        \
+#define PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(id, op, expr)                                          \
 template <typename B, typename L, typename R> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_l, B, L, R> { \
     static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; }                                \
     static auto execute(L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; }           \
@@ -108,7 +95,7 @@ template <typename T> op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T> op(const self_t &, const T &
     return op_<op_##id, op_l, self_t, T>();                                            \
 }
 
-#define PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(id, op, expr)                                          \
+#define PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(id, op, expr)                                            \
 template <typename B, typename L> struct op_impl<op_##id, op_u, B, L, undefined_t> {   \
     static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; }                                \
     static auto execute(const L &l) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; }                 \
@@ -121,7 +108,11 @@ inline op_<op_##id, op_u, self_t, undefined_t> op(const self_t &) {
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(sub,       rsub,         operator-,    l - r)
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(add,       radd,         operator+,    l + r)
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(mul,       rmul,         operator*,    l * r)
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(truediv,   rtruediv,     operator/,    l / r)
+#else
+PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(div,       rdiv,         operator/,    l / r)
+#endif
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(mod,       rmod,         operator%,    l % r)
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(lshift,    rlshift,      operator<<,   l << r)
 PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(rshift,    rrshift,      operator>>,   l >> r)
@@ -138,7 +129,7 @@ PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(le,        ge,           operator<=,   l <= r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(iadd,     operator+=,   l += r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(isub,     operator-=,   l -= r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imul,     operator*=,   l *= r)
-PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(itruediv, operator/=,   l /= r)
+PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(idiv,     operator/=,   l /= r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imod,     operator%=,   l %= r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ilshift,  operator<<=,  l <<= r)
 PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(irshift,  operator>>=,  l >>= r)
@@ -161,7 +152,3 @@ NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 using detail::self;
 
 NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#  pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/options.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/options.h
similarity index 100%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/options.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/options.h
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
similarity index 94%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
index 786e36f6a..5976a36d8 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@
 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
 #  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wattributes"
-#  if __GNUC__ >= 7
-#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnoexcept-type"
-#  endif
 #endif
 
 #include "attr.h"
@@ -56,12 +53,12 @@ public:
     /// Construct a cpp_function from a lambda function (possibly with internal state)
     template <typename Func, typename... Extra, typename = detail::enable_if_t<
         detail::satisfies_none_of<
-            detail::remove_reference_t<Func>,
+            typename std::remove_reference<Func>::type,
             std::is_function, std::is_pointer, std::is_member_pointer
         >::value>
     >
     cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) {
-        using FuncType = typename detail::remove_class<decltype(&detail::remove_reference_t<Func>::operator())>::type;
+        using FuncType = typename detail::remove_class<decltype(&std::remove_reference<Func>::type::operator())>::type;
         initialize(std::forward<Func>(f),
                    (FuncType *) nullptr, extra...);
     }
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@ protected:
     template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
     void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) {
 
-        struct capture { detail::remove_reference_t<Func> f; };
+        struct capture { typename std::remove_reference<Func>::type f; };
 
         /* Store the function including any extra state it might have (e.g. a lambda capture object) */
         auto rec = make_function_record();
@@ -146,12 +143,9 @@ protected:
             /* Override policy for rvalues -- usually to enforce rvp::move on an rvalue */
             const auto policy = detail::return_value_policy_override<Return>::policy(call.func.policy);
 
-            /* Function scope guard -- defaults to the compile-to-nothing `void_type` */
-            using Guard = detail::extract_guard_t<Extra...>;
-
             /* Perform the function call */
-            handle result = cast_out::cast(
-                std::move(args_converter).template call<Return, Guard>(cap->f), policy, call.parent);
+            handle result = cast_out::cast(args_converter.template call<Return>(cap->f),
+                                           policy, call.parent);
 
             /* Invoke call policy post-call hook */
             detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::postcall(call, result);
@@ -252,7 +246,7 @@ protected:
         if (type_depth != 0 || types[type_index] != nullptr)
             pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)");
 
-        #if !defined(PYBIND11_CONSTEXPR_DESCR)
+        #if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
             delete[] types;
             delete[] text;
         #endif
@@ -271,8 +265,10 @@ protected:
         rec->is_constructor = !strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") || !strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__");
         rec->nargs = (std::uint16_t) args;
 
-        if (rec->sibling && PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK(rec->sibling.ptr()))
-            rec->sibling = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr());
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (rec->sibling && PyMethod_Check(rec->sibling.ptr()))
+            rec->sibling = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr());
+#endif
 
         detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec;
         if (rec->sibling) {
@@ -281,7 +277,7 @@ protected:
                 chain = (detail::function_record *) rec_capsule;
                 /* Never append a method to an overload chain of a parent class;
                    instead, hide the parent's overloads in this case */
-                if (!chain->scope.is(rec->scope))
+                if (chain->scope != rec->scope)
                     chain = nullptr;
             }
             // Don't trigger for things like the default __init__, which are wrapper_descriptors that we are intentionally replacing
@@ -319,15 +315,6 @@ protected:
             m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr();
             inc_ref();
             chain_start = chain;
-            if (chain->is_method != rec->is_method)
-                pybind11_fail("overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; "
-                    #if defined(NDEBUG)
-                        "compile in debug mode for more details"
-                    #else
-                        "error while attempting to bind " + std::string(rec->is_method ? "instance" : "static") + " method " +
-                        std::string(pybind11::str(rec->scope.attr("__name__"))) + "." + std::string(rec->name) + signature
-                    #endif
-                );
             while (chain->next)
                 chain = chain->next;
             chain->next = rec;
@@ -466,23 +453,18 @@ protected:
                 size_t args_copied = 0;
 
                 // 1. Copy any position arguments given.
-                bool bad_arg = false;
+                bool bad_kwarg = false;
                 for (; args_copied < args_to_copy; ++args_copied) {
-                    argument_record *arg_rec = args_copied < func.args.size() ? &func.args[args_copied] : nullptr;
-                    if (kwargs_in && arg_rec && arg_rec->name && PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs_in, arg_rec->name)) {
-                        bad_arg = true;
+                    if (kwargs_in && args_copied < func.args.size() && func.args[args_copied].name
+                            && PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs_in, func.args[args_copied].name)) {
+                        bad_kwarg = true;
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    handle arg(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied));
-                    if (arg_rec && !arg_rec->none && arg.is_none()) {
-                        bad_arg = true;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    call.args.push_back(arg);
-                    call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec ? arg_rec->convert : true);
+                    call.args.push_back(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied));
+                    call.args_convert.push_back(args_copied < func.args.size() ? func.args[args_copied].convert : true);
                 }
-                if (bad_arg)
+                if (bad_kwarg)
                     continue; // Maybe it was meant for another overload (issue #688)
 
                 // We'll need to copy this if we steal some kwargs for defaults
@@ -789,23 +771,16 @@ public:
     //
     // overwrite should almost always be false: attempting to overwrite objects that pybind11 has
     // established will, in most cases, break things.
-    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, handle obj, bool overwrite = false) {
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, object &obj, bool overwrite = false) {
         if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name))
             pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \"" +
                     std::string(name) + "\"");
 
-        PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.inc_ref().ptr() /* steals a reference */);
+        obj.inc_ref(); // PyModule_AddObject() steals a reference
+        PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.ptr());
     }
 };
 
-/// \ingroup python_builtins
-/// Return a dictionary representing the global variables in the current execution frame,
-/// or ``__main__.__dict__`` if there is no frame (usually when the interpreter is embedded).
-inline dict globals() {
-    PyObject *p = PyEval_GetGlobals();
-    return reinterpret_borrow<dict>(p ? p : module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__").ptr());
-}
-
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 /// Generic support for creating new Python heap types
 class generic_type : public object {
@@ -827,13 +802,10 @@ protected:
         /* Register supplemental type information in C++ dict */
         auto *tinfo = new detail::type_info();
         tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr;
-        tinfo->cpptype = rec.type;
         tinfo->type_size = rec.type_size;
         tinfo->operator_new = rec.operator_new;
         tinfo->init_holder = rec.init_holder;
         tinfo->dealloc = rec.dealloc;
-        tinfo->simple_type = true;
-        tinfo->simple_ancestors = true;
 
         auto &internals = get_internals();
         auto tindex = std::type_index(*rec.type);
@@ -842,14 +814,8 @@ protected:
         internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo;
         internals.registered_types_py[m_ptr] = tinfo;
 
-        if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance) {
+        if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance)
             mark_parents_nonsimple(tinfo->type);
-            tinfo->simple_ancestors = false;
-        }
-        else if (rec.bases.size() == 1) {
-            auto parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) rec.bases[0].ptr());
-            tinfo->simple_ancestors = parent_tinfo->simple_ancestors;
-        }
     }
 
     /// Helper function which tags all parents of a type using mult. inheritance
@@ -920,9 +886,9 @@ class class_ : public detail::generic_type {
 
 public:
     using type = type_;
-    using type_alias = detail::exactly_one_t<is_subtype, void, options...>;
+    using type_alias = detail::first_of_t<is_subtype, void, options...>;
     constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void<type_alias>::value;
-    using holder_type = detail::exactly_one_t<is_holder, std::unique_ptr<type>, options...>;
+    using holder_type = detail::first_of_t<is_holder, std::unique_ptr<type>, options...>;
     using instance_type = detail::instance<type, holder_type>;
 
     static_assert(detail::all_of<is_valid_class_option<options>...>::value,
@@ -955,7 +921,8 @@ public:
         set_operator_new<type>(&record);
 
         /* Register base classes specified via template arguments to class_, if any */
-        PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(add_base<options>(record));
+        bool unused[] = { (add_base<options>(record), false)..., false };
+        (void) unused;
 
         /* Process optional arguments, if any */
         process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., &record);
@@ -1032,16 +999,6 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
 
-    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
-    class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...)) {
-        return def_buffer([func] (type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
-    }
-
-    template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Args>
-    class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...) const) {
-        return def_buffer([func] (const type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); });
-    }
-
     template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
     class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra&... extra) {
         cpp_function fget([pm](const C &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)),
@@ -1141,15 +1098,13 @@ private:
     template <typename T>
     static void init_holder_helper(instance_type *inst, const holder_type * /* unused */, const std::enable_shared_from_this<T> * /* dummy */) {
         try {
-            auto sh = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<typename holder_type::element_type>(inst->value->shared_from_this());
-            if (sh) {
-                new (&inst->holder) holder_type(std::move(sh));
+            new (&inst->holder) holder_type(std::static_pointer_cast<typename holder_type::element_type>(inst->value->shared_from_this()));
+            inst->holder_constructed = true;
+        } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
+            if (inst->owned) {
+                new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
                 inst->holder_constructed = true;
             }
-        } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {}
-        if (!inst->holder_constructed && inst->owned) {
-            new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
-            inst->holder_constructed = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1201,12 +1156,15 @@ public:
     using class_<Type>::def;
     using class_<Type>::def_property_readonly_static;
     using Scalar = typename std::underlying_type<Type>::type;
+    template <typename T> using arithmetic_tag = std::is_same<T, arithmetic>;
 
     template <typename... Extra>
     enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra&... extra)
       : class_<Type>(scope, name, extra...), m_entries(), m_parent(scope) {
 
-        constexpr bool is_arithmetic = detail::any_of<std::is_same<arithmetic, Extra>...>::value;
+        constexpr bool is_arithmetic =
+            !std::is_same<detail::first_of_t<arithmetic_tag, void, Extra...>,
+                          void>::value;
 
         auto m_entries_ptr = m_entries.inc_ref().ptr();
         def("__repr__", [name, m_entries_ptr](Type value) -> pybind11::str {
@@ -1224,9 +1182,6 @@ public:
         }, return_value_policy::copy);
         def("__init__", [](Type& value, Scalar i) { value = (Type)i; });
         def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
-        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
-            def("__long__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
-        #endif
         def("__eq__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value == *value2; });
         def("__ne__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return !value2 || value != *value2; });
         if (is_arithmetic) {
@@ -1301,7 +1256,7 @@ template <typename... Args> struct init {
         using Alias = typename Class::type_alias;
         handle cl_type = cl;
         cl.def("__init__", [cl_type](handle self_, Args... args) {
-                if (self_.get_type().is(cl_type))
+                if (self_.get_type() == cl_type)
                     new (self_.cast<Base *>()) Base(args...);
                 else
                     new (self_.cast<Alias *>()) Alias(args...);
@@ -1452,8 +1407,7 @@ void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator&& translator) {
         std::forward<ExceptionTranslator>(translator));
 }
 
-/**
- * Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type.
+/* Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type.
  *
  * This should only be used with PyErr_SetString for now.
  * It is not (yet) possible to use as a py::base.
@@ -1478,8 +1432,7 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-/**
- * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs an exception translator to
+/** Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs an exception translator to
  * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the exceptions what() method.
  * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the
  * exception object and translator directly.
@@ -1737,7 +1690,7 @@ inline function get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info
         Py_file_input, d.ptr(), d.ptr());
     if (result == nullptr)
         throw error_already_set();
-    if (d["self"].is_none())
+    if ((handle) d["self"] == Py_None)
         return function();
     Py_DECREF(result);
 #endif
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h
similarity index 95%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h
index c8a5014e3..900c57564 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "common.h"
-#include "buffer_info.h"
 #include <utility>
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ using tuple_accessor = accessor<accessor_policies::tuple_item>;
 
 /// Tag and check to identify a class which implements the Python object API
 class pyobject_tag { };
-template <typename T> using is_pyobject = std::is_base_of<pyobject_tag, remove_reference_t<T>>;
+template <typename T> using is_pyobject = std::is_base_of<pyobject_tag, typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>;
 
 /** \rst
     A mixin class which adds common functions to `handle`, `object` and various accessors.
@@ -110,16 +109,11 @@ public:
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("call(...) was deprecated in favor of operator()(...)")
         object call(Args&&... args) const;
 
-    /// Equivalent to ``obj is other`` in Python.
-    bool is(object_api const& other) const { return derived().ptr() == other.derived().ptr(); }
     /// Equivalent to ``obj is None`` in Python.
     bool is_none() const { return derived().ptr() == Py_None; }
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use py::str(obj) instead")
     pybind11::str str() const;
 
-    /// Get or set the object's docstring, i.e. ``obj.__doc__``.
-    str_attr_accessor doc() const;
-
     /// Return the object's current reference count
     int ref_count() const { return static_cast<int>(Py_REFCNT(derived().ptr())); }
     /// Return a handle to the Python type object underlying the instance
@@ -172,12 +166,10 @@ public:
     /// Return ``true`` when the `handle` wraps a valid Python object
     explicit operator bool() const { return m_ptr != nullptr; }
     /** \rst
-        Deprecated: Check that the underlying pointers are the same.
+        Check that the underlying pointers are the same.
         Equivalent to ``obj1 is obj2`` in Python.
     \endrst */
-    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use obj1.is(obj2) instead")
     bool operator==(const handle &h) const { return m_ptr == h.m_ptr; }
-    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use !obj1.is(obj2) instead")
     bool operator!=(const handle &h) const { return m_ptr != h.m_ptr; }
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use handle::operator bool() instead")
     bool check() const { return m_ptr != nullptr; }
@@ -242,8 +234,8 @@ public:
 
 protected:
     // Tags for choosing constructors from raw PyObject *
-    struct borrowed_t { };
-    struct stolen_t { };
+    struct borrowed_t { }; static constexpr borrowed_t borrowed{};
+    struct stolen_t { }; static constexpr stolen_t stolen{};
 
     template <typename T> friend T reinterpret_borrow(handle);
     template <typename T> friend T reinterpret_steal(handle);
@@ -267,7 +259,7 @@ public:
         // or
         py::tuple t = reinterpret_borrow<py::tuple>(p); // <-- `p` must be already be a `tuple`
 \endrst */
-template <typename T> T reinterpret_borrow(handle h) { return {h, object::borrowed_t{}}; }
+template <typename T> T reinterpret_borrow(handle h) { return {h, object::borrowed}; }
 
 /** \rst
     Like `reinterpret_borrow`, but steals the reference.
@@ -277,7 +269,7 @@ template <typename T> T reinterpret_borrow(handle h) { return {h, object::borrow
         PyObject *p = PyObject_Str(obj);
         py::str s = reinterpret_steal<py::str>(p); // <-- `p` must be already be a `str`
 \endrst */
-template <typename T> T reinterpret_steal(handle h) { return {h, object::stolen_t{}}; }
+template <typename T> T reinterpret_steal(handle h) { return {h, object::stolen}; }
 
 /** \defgroup python_builtins _
     Unless stated otherwise, the following C++ functions behave the same
@@ -362,7 +354,6 @@ inline handle get_function(handle value) {
 #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
         if (PyInstanceMethod_Check(value.ptr()))
             value = PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION(value.ptr());
-        else
 #endif
         if (PyMethod_Check(value.ptr()))
             value = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(value.ptr());
@@ -388,8 +379,6 @@ class accessor : public object_api<accessor<Policy>> {
 
 public:
     accessor(handle obj, key_type key) : obj(obj), key(std::move(key)) { }
-    accessor(const accessor &a) = default;
-    accessor(accessor &&a) = default;
 
     // accessor overload required to override default assignment operator (templates are not allowed
     // to replace default compiler-generated assignments).
@@ -685,9 +674,9 @@ NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 #define PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
     public: \
         PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use reinterpret_borrow<"#Name">() or reinterpret_steal<"#Name">()") \
-        Name(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : Parent(is_borrowed ? Parent(h, borrowed_t{}) : Parent(h, stolen_t{})) { } \
-        Name(handle h, borrowed_t) : Parent(h, borrowed_t{}) { } \
-        Name(handle h, stolen_t) : Parent(h, stolen_t{}) { } \
+        Name(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : Parent(is_borrowed ? Parent(h, borrowed) : Parent(h, stolen)) { } \
+        Name(handle h, borrowed_t) : Parent(h, borrowed) { } \
+        Name(handle h, stolen_t) : Parent(h, stolen) { } \
         PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use py::isinstance<py::python_type>(obj) instead") \
         bool check() const { return m_ptr != nullptr && (bool) CheckFun(m_ptr); } \
         static bool check_(handle h) { return h.ptr() != nullptr && CheckFun(h.ptr()); }
@@ -695,7 +684,7 @@ NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 #define PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(Name, Parent, CheckFun, ConvertFun) \
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
     /* This is deliberately not 'explicit' to allow implicit conversion from object: */ \
-    Name(const object &o) : Parent(ConvertFun(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); }
+    Name(const object &o) : Parent(ConvertFun(o.ptr()), stolen) { if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); }
 
 #define PYBIND11_OBJECT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \
@@ -789,13 +778,13 @@ public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(str, object, detail::PyUnicode_Check_Permissive, raw_str)
 
     str(const char *c, size_t n)
-        : object(PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c, (ssize_t) n), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c, (ssize_t) n), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate string object!");
     }
 
     // 'explicit' is explicitly omitted from the following constructors to allow implicit conversion to py::str from C++ string-like objects
     str(const char *c = "")
-        : object(PyUnicode_FromString(c), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PyUnicode_FromString(c), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate string object!");
     }
 
@@ -807,7 +796,7 @@ public:
         Return a string representation of the object. This is analogous to
         the ``str()`` function in Python.
     \endrst */
-    explicit str(handle h) : object(raw_str(h.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { }
+    explicit str(handle h) : object(raw_str(h.ptr()), stolen) { }
 
     operator std::string() const {
         object temp = *this;
@@ -857,12 +846,12 @@ public:
 
     // Allow implicit conversion:
     bytes(const char *c = "")
-        : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING(c), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING(c), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytes object!");
     }
 
     bytes(const char *c, size_t n)
-        : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE(c, (ssize_t) n), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE(c, (ssize_t) n), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytes object!");
     }
 
@@ -911,15 +900,15 @@ inline str::str(const bytes& b) {
 class none : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT(none, object, detail::PyNone_Check)
-    none() : object(Py_None, borrowed_t{}) { }
+    none() : object(Py_None, borrowed) { }
 };
 
 class bool_ : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(bool_, object, PyBool_Check, raw_bool)
-    bool_() : object(Py_False, borrowed_t{}) { }
+    bool_() : object(Py_False, borrowed) { }
     // Allow implicit conversion from and to `bool`:
-    bool_(bool value) : object(value ? Py_True : Py_False, borrowed_t{}) { }
+    bool_(bool value) : object(value ? Py_True : Py_False, borrowed) { }
     operator bool() const { return m_ptr && PyLong_AsLong(m_ptr) != 0; }
 
 private:
@@ -934,7 +923,7 @@ private:
 class int_ : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(int_, object, PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK, PyNumber_Long)
-    int_() : object(PyLong_FromLong(0), stolen_t{}) { }
+    int_() : object(PyLong_FromLong(0), stolen) { }
     // Allow implicit conversion from C++ integral types:
     template <typename T,
               detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value, int> = 0>
@@ -974,10 +963,10 @@ class float_ : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(float_, object, PyFloat_Check, PyNumber_Float)
     // Allow implicit conversion from float/double:
-    float_(float value) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen_t{}) {
+    float_(float value) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate float object!");
     }
-    float_(double value = .0) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen_t{}) {
+    float_(double value = .0) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate float object!");
     }
     operator float() const { return (float) PyFloat_AsDouble(m_ptr); }
@@ -988,7 +977,7 @@ class weakref : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(weakref, object, PyWeakref_Check)
     explicit weakref(handle obj, handle callback = {})
-        : object(PyWeakref_NewRef(obj.ptr(), callback.ptr()), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PyWeakref_NewRef(obj.ptr(), callback.ptr()), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate weak reference!");
     }
 };
@@ -1014,17 +1003,17 @@ class capsule : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(capsule, object, PyCapsule_CheckExact)
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use reinterpret_borrow<capsule>() or reinterpret_steal<capsule>()")
-    capsule(PyObject *ptr, bool is_borrowed) : object(is_borrowed ? object(ptr, borrowed_t{}) : object(ptr, stolen_t{})) { }
+    capsule(PyObject *ptr, bool is_borrowed) : object(is_borrowed ? object(ptr, borrowed) : object(ptr, stolen)) { }
 
     explicit capsule(const void *value)
-        : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast<void *>(value), nullptr, nullptr), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast<void *>(value), nullptr, nullptr), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr)
             pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!");
     }
 
     PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Please pass a destructor that takes a void pointer as input")
     capsule(const void *value, void (*destruct)(PyObject *))
-        : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast<void*>(value), nullptr, destruct), stolen_t{}) {
+        : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast<void*>(value), nullptr, destruct), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr)
             pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!");
     }
@@ -1063,7 +1052,7 @@ public:
 class tuple : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(tuple, object, PyTuple_Check, PySequence_Tuple)
-    explicit tuple(size_t size = 0) : object(PyTuple_New((ssize_t) size), stolen_t{}) {
+    explicit tuple(size_t size = 0) : object(PyTuple_New((ssize_t) size), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate tuple object!");
     }
     size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyTuple_Size(m_ptr); }
@@ -1075,7 +1064,7 @@ public:
 class dict : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(dict, object, PyDict_Check, raw_dict)
-    dict() : object(PyDict_New(), stolen_t{}) {
+    dict() : object(PyDict_New(), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate dict object!");
     }
     template <typename... Args,
@@ -1112,7 +1101,7 @@ public:
 class list : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(list, object, PyList_Check, PySequence_List)
-    explicit list(size_t size = 0) : object(PyList_New((ssize_t) size), stolen_t{}) {
+    explicit list(size_t size = 0) : object(PyList_New((ssize_t) size), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate list object!");
     }
     size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyList_Size(m_ptr); }
@@ -1130,7 +1119,7 @@ class kwargs : public dict { PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(kwargs, dict, PyDict_Check)
 class set : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(set, object, PySet_Check, PySet_New)
-    set() : object(PySet_New(nullptr), stolen_t{}) {
+    set() : object(PySet_New(nullptr), stolen) {
         if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate set object!");
     }
     size_t size() const { return (size_t) PySet_Size(m_ptr); }
@@ -1143,13 +1132,10 @@ public:
 class function : public object {
 public:
     PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(function, object, PyCallable_Check)
-    handle cpp_function() const {
+    bool is_cpp_function() const {
         handle fun = detail::get_function(m_ptr);
-        if (fun && PyCFunction_Check(fun.ptr()))
-            return fun;
-        return handle();
+        return fun && PyCFunction_Check(fun.ptr());
     }
-    bool is_cpp_function() const { return (bool) cpp_function(); }
 };
 
 class buffer : public object {
@@ -1160,10 +1146,8 @@ public:
         int flags = PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT;
         if (writable) flags |= PyBUF_WRITABLE;
         Py_buffer *view = new Py_buffer();
-        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(m_ptr, view, flags) != 0) {
-            delete view;
+        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(m_ptr, view, flags) != 0)
             throw error_already_set();
-        }
         return buffer_info(view);
     }
 };
@@ -1176,15 +1160,15 @@ public:
         static std::vector<Py_ssize_t> py_strides { };
         static std::vector<Py_ssize_t> py_shape { };
         buf.buf = info.ptr;
-        buf.itemsize = info.itemsize;
+        buf.itemsize = (Py_ssize_t) info.itemsize;
         buf.format = const_cast<char *>(info.format.c_str());
         buf.ndim = (int) info.ndim;
-        buf.len = info.size;
+        buf.len = (Py_ssize_t) info.size;
         py_strides.clear();
         py_shape.clear();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) info.ndim; ++i) {
-            py_strides.push_back(info.strides[i]);
-            py_shape.push_back(info.shape[i]);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < info.ndim; ++i) {
+            py_strides.push_back((Py_ssize_t) info.strides[i]);
+            py_shape.push_back((Py_ssize_t) info.shape[i]);
         }
         buf.strides = py_strides.data();
         buf.shape = py_shape.data();
@@ -1253,9 +1237,6 @@ template <typename D> template <typename T> bool object_api<D>::contains(T &&ite
 template <typename D>
 pybind11::str object_api<D>::str() const { return pybind11::str(derived()); }
 
-template <typename D>
-str_attr_accessor object_api<D>::doc() const { return attr("__doc__"); }
-
 template <typename D>
 handle object_api<D>::get_type() const { return (PyObject *) Py_TYPE(derived().ptr()); }
 
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h
similarity index 71%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h
index 3d38b5397..4b557bd16 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl.h
@@ -36,16 +36,6 @@
 #      define PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL 1
 #    endif
 #  endif
-// std::variant
-#  if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include(<variant>)
-#    include <variant>
-#    define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
-#  endif
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
-#  include <optional>
-#  include <variant>
-#  define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1
-#  define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
 #endif
 
 NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
@@ -60,11 +50,11 @@ template <typename Type, typename Key> struct set_caster {
             return false;
         auto s = reinterpret_borrow<pybind11::set>(src);
         value.clear();
+        key_conv conv;
         for (auto entry : s) {
-            key_conv conv;
             if (!conv.load(entry, convert))
                 return false;
-            value.insert(cast_op<Key &&>(std::move(conv)));
+            value.insert(cast_op<Key>(conv));
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -90,14 +80,14 @@ template <typename Type, typename Key, typename Value> struct map_caster {
         if (!isinstance<dict>(src))
             return false;
         auto d = reinterpret_borrow<dict>(src);
+        key_conv kconv;
+        value_conv vconv;
         value.clear();
         for (auto it : d) {
-            key_conv kconv;
-            value_conv vconv;
             if (!kconv.load(it.first.ptr(), convert) ||
                 !vconv.load(it.second.ptr(), convert))
                 return false;
-            value.emplace(cast_op<Key &&>(std::move(kconv)), cast_op<Value &&>(std::move(vconv)));
+            value.emplace(cast_op<Key>(kconv), cast_op<Value>(vconv));
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -124,13 +114,13 @@ template <typename Type, typename Value> struct list_caster {
         if (!isinstance<sequence>(src))
             return false;
         auto s = reinterpret_borrow<sequence>(src);
+        value_conv conv;
         value.clear();
         reserve_maybe(s, &value);
         for (auto it : s) {
-            value_conv conv;
             if (!conv.load(it, convert))
                 return false;
-            value.push_back(cast_op<Value &&>(std::move(conv)));
+            value.push_back(cast_op<Value>(conv));
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -185,12 +175,12 @@ public:
         auto l = reinterpret_borrow<list>(src);
         if (!require_size(l.size()))
             return false;
+        value_conv conv;
         size_t ctr = 0;
         for (auto it : l) {
-            value_conv conv;
             if (!conv.load(it, convert))
                 return false;
-            value[ctr++] = cast_op<Value &&>(std::move(conv));
+            value[ctr++] = cast_op<Value>(conv);
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -242,13 +232,14 @@ template<typename T> struct optional_caster {
         if (!src) {
             return false;
         } else if (src.is_none()) {
-            return true;  // default-constructed value is already empty
+            value = {};  // nullopt
+            return true;
         }
         value_conv inner_caster;
         if (!inner_caster.load(src, convert))
             return false;
 
-        value.emplace(cast_op<typename T::value_type &&>(std::move(inner_caster)));
+        value.emplace(cast_op<typename T::value_type>(inner_caster));
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -271,72 +262,6 @@ template<> struct type_caster<std::experimental::nullopt_t>
     : public void_caster<std::experimental::nullopt_t> {};
 #endif
 
-/// Visit a variant and cast any found type to Python
-struct variant_caster_visitor {
-    return_value_policy policy;
-    handle parent;
-
-    template <typename T>
-    handle operator()(T &&src) const {
-        return make_caster<T>::cast(std::forward<T>(src), policy, parent);
-    }
-};
-
-/// Helper class which abstracts away variant's `visit` function. `std::variant` and similar
-/// `namespace::variant` types which provide a `namespace::visit()` function are handled here
-/// automatically using argument-dependent lookup. Users can provide specializations for other
-/// variant-like classes, e.g. `boost::variant` and `boost::apply_visitor`.
-template <template<typename...> class Variant>
-struct visit_helper {
-    template <typename... Args>
-    static auto call(Args &&...args) -> decltype(visit(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
-        return visit(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    }
-};
-
-/// Generic variant caster
-template <typename Variant> struct variant_caster;
-
-template <template<typename...> class V, typename... Ts>
-struct variant_caster<V<Ts...>> {
-    static_assert(sizeof...(Ts) > 0, "Variant must consist of at least one alternative.");
-
-    template <typename U, typename... Us>
-    bool load_alternative(handle src, bool convert, type_list<U, Us...>) {
-        auto caster = make_caster<U>();
-        if (caster.load(src, convert)) {
-            value = cast_op<U>(caster);
-            return true;
-        }
-        return load_alternative(src, convert, type_list<Us...>{});
-    }
-
-    bool load_alternative(handle, bool, type_list<>) { return false; }
-
-    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
-        // Do a first pass without conversions to improve constructor resolution.
-        // E.g. `py::int_(1).cast<variant<double, int>>()` needs to fill the `int`
-        // slot of the variant. Without two-pass loading `double` would be filled
-        // because it appears first and a conversion is possible.
-        if (convert && load_alternative(src, false, type_list<Ts...>{}))
-            return true;
-        return load_alternative(src, convert, type_list<Ts...>{});
-    }
-
-    template <typename Variant>
-    static handle cast(Variant &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
-        return visit_helper<V>::call(variant_caster_visitor{policy, parent},
-                                     std::forward<Variant>(src));
-    }
-
-    using Type = V<Ts...>;
-    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, _("Union[") + detail::concat(make_caster<Ts>::name()...) + _("]"));
-};
-
-#if PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct type_caster<std::variant<Ts...>> : variant_caster<std::variant<Ts...>> { };
-#endif
 NAMESPACE_END(detail)
 
 inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const handle &obj) {
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
similarity index 97%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
index 94117472b..897188220 100644
--- a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ void vector_modifiers(enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<typename Vector::va
 
     cl.def("extend",
        [](Vector &v, const Vector &src) {
+           v.reserve(v.size() + src.size());
            v.insert(v.end(), src.begin(), src.end());
        },
        arg("L"),
@@ -145,8 +146,6 @@ void vector_modifiers(enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<typename Vector::va
 
     cl.def("insert",
         [](Vector &v, SizeType i, const T &x) {
-            if (i > v.size())
-                throw index_error();
             v.insert(v.begin() + (DiffType) i, x);
         },
         arg("i") , arg("x"),
@@ -346,21 +345,21 @@ vector_buffer(Class_& cl) {
     format_descriptor<T>::format();
 
     cl.def_buffer([](Vector& v) -> buffer_info {
-        return buffer_info(v.data(), static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T)), format_descriptor<T>::format(), 1, {v.size()}, {sizeof(T)});
+        return buffer_info(v.data(), sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), 1, {v.size()}, {sizeof(T)});
     });
 
     cl.def("__init__", [](Vector& vec, buffer buf) {
         auto info = buf.request();
-        if (info.ndim != 1 || info.strides[0] % static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T)))
+        if (info.ndim != 1 || info.strides[0] <= 0 || info.strides[0] % sizeof(T))
             throw type_error("Only valid 1D buffers can be copied to a vector");
-        if (!detail::compare_buffer_info<T>::compare(info) || (ssize_t) sizeof(T) != info.itemsize)
+        if (!detail::compare_buffer_info<T>::compare(info) || sizeof(T) != info.itemsize)
             throw type_error("Format mismatch (Python: " + info.format + " C++: " + format_descriptor<T>::format() + ")");
         new (&vec) Vector();
-        vec.reserve((size_t) info.shape[0]);
+        vec.reserve(info.shape[0]);
         T *p = static_cast<T*>(info.ptr);
-        ssize_t step = info.strides[0] / static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(T));
+        auto step = info.strides[0] / sizeof(T);
         T *end = p + info.shape[0] * step;
-        for (; p != end; p += step)
+        for (; p < end; p += step)
             vec.push_back(*p);
     });
 
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/typeid.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/typeid.h
similarity index 100%
rename from thirdparty/pybind11/include/pybind11/typeid.h
rename to thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/typeid.h
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/__init__.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a765692fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from ._version import version_info, __version__  # noqa: F401 imported but unused
+
+
+def get_include(*args, **kwargs):
+    import os
+    try:
+        from pip import locations
+        return os.path.dirname(
+            locations.distutils_scheme('pybind11', *args, **kwargs)['headers'])
+    except ImportError:
+        return 'include'
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/_version.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bb44f715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/pybind11/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+version_info = (2, 1, 1)
+__version__ = '.'.join(map(str, version_info))
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.cfg b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e5e88d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[bdist_wheel]
+universal=1
+
+[flake8]
+max-line-length = 99
+show_source = True
+exclude = .git, __pycache__, build, dist, docs, tools, venv
+ignore =
+    # required for pretty matrix formating: multiple spaces after `,` and `[`
+    E201, E241
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cf4e47ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Setup script for PyPI; use CMakeFile.txt to build extension modules
+
+from setuptools import setup
+from pybind11 import __version__
+import os
+
+# Prevent installation of pybind11 headers by setting
+# PYBIND11_USE_CMAKE.
+if os.environ.get('PYBIND11_USE_CMAKE'):
+    headers = []
+else:
+    headers = [
+        'include/pybind11/attr.h',
+        'include/pybind11/cast.h',
+        'include/pybind11/chrono.h',
+        'include/pybind11/class_support.h',
+        'include/pybind11/common.h',
+        'include/pybind11/complex.h',
+        'include/pybind11/descr.h',
+        'include/pybind11/eigen.h',
+        'include/pybind11/eval.h',
+        'include/pybind11/functional.h',
+        'include/pybind11/numpy.h',
+        'include/pybind11/operators.h',
+        'include/pybind11/options.h',
+        'include/pybind11/pybind11.h',
+        'include/pybind11/pytypes.h',
+        'include/pybind11/stl.h',
+        'include/pybind11/stl_bind.h',
+        'include/pybind11/typeid.h'
+    ]
+
+setup(
+    name='pybind11',
+    version=__version__,
+    description='Seamless operability between C++11 and Python',
+    author='Wenzel Jakob',
+    author_email='wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch',
+    url='https://github.com/wjakob/pybind11',
+    download_url='https://github.com/wjakob/pybind11/tarball/v' + __version__,
+    packages=['pybind11'],
+    license='BSD',
+    headers=headers,
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+        'Topic :: Utilities',
+        'Programming Language :: C++',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License'
+    ],
+    keywords='C++11, Python bindings',
+    long_description="""pybind11 is a lightweight header-only library that
+exposes C++ types in Python and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of
+existing C++ code. Its goals and syntax are similar to the excellent
+Boost.Python by David Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional
+extension modules by inferring type information using compile-time
+introspection.
+
+The main issue with Boost.Python-and the reason for creating such a similar
+project-is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite of utility
+libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in existence. This
+compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and workarounds are
+necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler specimens. Now that
+C++11-compatible compilers are widely available, this heavy machinery has
+become an excessively large and unnecessary dependency.
+
+Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python with
+everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding generation. Without
+comments, the core header files only require ~4K lines of code and depend on
+Python (2.7 or 3.x, or PyPy2.7 >= 5.7) and the C++ standard library. This
+compact implementation was possible thanks to some of the new C++11 language
+features (specifically: tuples, lambda functions and variadic templates). Since
+its creation, this library has grown beyond Boost.Python in many ways, leading
+to dramatically simpler binding code in many common situations.""")
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11be49e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# CMakeLists.txt -- Build system for the pybind11 test suite
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+#
+# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+
+option(PYBIND11_WERROR  "Report all warnings as errors"  OFF)
+
+if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+    # We're being loaded directly, i.e. not via add_subdirectory, so make this
+    # work as its own project and load the pybind11Config to get the tools we need
+    project(pybind11_tests)
+
+    find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED CONFIG)
+endif()
+
+if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+  message(STATUS "Setting tests build type to MinSizeRel as none was specified")
+  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE MinSizeRel CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
+  set_property(CACHE CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE PROPERTY STRINGS "Debug" "Release"
+    "MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
+endif()
+
+# Full set of test files (you can override these; see below)
+set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES
+  test_alias_initialization.cpp
+  test_buffers.cpp
+  test_callbacks.cpp
+  test_chrono.cpp
+  test_class_args.cpp
+  test_constants_and_functions.cpp
+  test_copy_move_policies.cpp
+  test_docstring_options.cpp
+  test_eigen.cpp
+  test_enum.cpp
+  test_eval.cpp
+  test_exceptions.cpp
+  test_inheritance.cpp
+  test_issues.cpp
+  test_keep_alive.cpp
+  test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
+  test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
+  test_modules.cpp
+  test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
+  test_numpy_array.cpp
+  test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
+  test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
+  test_opaque_types.cpp
+  test_operator_overloading.cpp
+  test_pickling.cpp
+  test_python_types.cpp
+  test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
+  test_smart_ptr.cpp
+  test_stl_binders.cpp
+  test_virtual_functions.cpp
+)
+
+# Invoking cmake with something like:
+#     cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE="test_issues.cpp;test_picking.cpp" ..
+# lets you override the tests that get compiled and run.  You can restore to all tests with:
+#     cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE= ..
+if (PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE)
+  set(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES ${PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE})
+endif()
+
+string(REPLACE ".cpp" ".py" PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES "${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES}")
+
+# Check if Eigen is available; if not, remove from PYBIND11_TEST_FILES (but
+# keep it in PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES, so that we get the "eigen is not installed"
+# skip message).
+list(FIND PYBIND11_TEST_FILES test_eigen.cpp PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I)
+if(PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I GREATER -1)
+  # Try loading via newer Eigen's Eigen3Config first (bypassing tools/FindEigen3.cmake).
+  # Eigen 3.3.1+ exports a cmake 3.0+ target for handling dependency requirements, but also
+  # produces a fatal error if loaded from a pre-3.0 cmake.
+  if (NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0)
+    find_package(Eigen3 QUIET CONFIG)
+    if (EIGEN3_FOUND)
+      if (EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING AND NOT EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING VERSION_LESS 3.3.1)
+        set(PYBIND11_EIGEN_VIA_TARGET 1)
+      endif()
+    endif()
+  endif()
+  if (NOT EIGEN3_FOUND)
+    # Couldn't load via target, so fall back to allowing module mode finding, which will pick up
+    # tools/FindEigen3.cmake
+    find_package(Eigen3 QUIET)
+  endif()
+
+  if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
+    # Eigen 3.3.1+ cmake sets EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING (and hard codes the version when installed
+    # rather than looking it up in the cmake script); older versions, and the
+    # tools/FindEigen3.cmake, set EIGEN3_VERSION instead.
+    if(NOT EIGEN3_VERSION AND EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING)
+      set(EIGEN3_VERSION ${EIGEN3_VERSION_STRING})
+    endif()
+    message(STATUS "Building tests with Eigen v${EIGEN3_VERSION}")
+  else()
+    list(REMOVE_AT PYBIND11_TEST_FILES ${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES_EIGEN_I})
+    message(STATUS "Building tests WITHOUT Eigen")
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+# Compile with compiler warnings turned on
+function(pybind11_enable_warnings target_name)
+  if(MSVC)
+    target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE /W4)
+  else()
+      target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE -Wall -Wextra -Wconversion -Wcast-qual)
+  endif()
+
+  if(PYBIND11_WERROR)
+    if(MSVC)
+      target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE /WX)
+    else()
+      target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE -Werror)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+
+# Create the binding library
+pybind11_add_module(pybind11_tests THIN_LTO pybind11_tests.cpp
+  ${PYBIND11_TEST_FILES} ${PYBIND11_HEADERS})
+
+pybind11_enable_warnings(pybind11_tests)
+
+if(EIGEN3_FOUND)
+  if (PYBIND11_EIGEN_VIA_TARGET)
+    target_link_libraries(pybind11_tests PRIVATE Eigen3::Eigen)
+  else()
+    target_include_directories(pybind11_tests PRIVATE ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  endif()
+  target_compile_definitions(pybind11_tests PRIVATE -DPYBIND11_TEST_EIGEN)
+endif()
+
+set(testdir ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
+
+# Always write the output file directly into the 'tests' directory (even on MSVC)
+if(NOT CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
+  set_target_properties(pybind11_tests PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${testdir})
+  foreach(config ${CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES})
+    string(TOUPPER ${config} config)
+    set_target_properties(pybind11_tests PROPERTIES LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${config} ${testdir})
+  endforeach()
+endif()
+
+# Make sure pytest is found or produce a fatal error
+if(NOT PYBIND11_PYTEST_FOUND)
+  execute_process(COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -c "import pytest; print(pytest.__version__)"
+                  RESULT_VARIABLE pytest_not_found OUTPUT_VARIABLE pytest_version ERROR_QUIET)
+  if(pytest_not_found)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Running the tests requires pytest. Please install it manually"
+                        " (try: ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pip install pytest)")
+  elseif(pytest_version VERSION_LESS 3.0)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Running the tests requires pytest >= 3.0. Found: ${pytest_version}"
+                        "Please update it (try: ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pip install -U pytest)")
+  endif()
+  set(PYBIND11_PYTEST_FOUND TRUE CACHE INTERNAL "")
+endif()
+
+# A single command to compile and run the tests
+add_custom_target(pytest COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pytest ${PYBIND11_PYTEST_FILES}
+                  DEPENDS pybind11_tests WORKING_DIRECTORY ${testdir})
+
+if(PYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE)
+  add_custom_command(TARGET pytest POST_BUILD
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "Note: not all tests run: -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE is in effect")
+endif()
+
+# Add a check target to run all the tests, starting with pytest (we add dependencies to this below)
+add_custom_target(check DEPENDS pytest)
+
+# The remaining tests only apply when being built as part of the pybind11 project, but not if the
+# tests are being built independently.
+if (NOT PROJECT_NAME STREQUAL "pybind11")
+  return()
+endif()
+
+# Add a post-build comment to show the .so size and, if a previous size, compare it:
+add_custom_command(TARGET pybind11_tests POST_BUILD
+  COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/libsize.py
+  $<TARGET_FILE:pybind11_tests> ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/sosize-$<TARGET_FILE_NAME:pybind11_tests>.txt)
+
+# Test CMake build using functions and targets from subdirectory or installed location
+add_custom_target(test_cmake_build)
+if(NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.1)
+  # 3.0 needed for interface library for subdirectory_target/installed_target
+  # 3.1 needed for cmake -E env for testing
+
+  include(CMakeParseArguments)
+  function(pybind11_add_build_test name)
+    cmake_parse_arguments(ARG "INSTALL" "" "" ${ARGN})
+
+    set(build_options "-DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mock_install"
+                      "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}"
+                      "-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}"
+                      "-DPYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD=${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD}")
+    if(NOT ARG_INSTALL)
+      list(APPEND build_options "-DPYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR=${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}")
+    endif()
+
+    add_custom_target(test_${name} ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND}
+      --quiet --output-log test_cmake_build/${name}.log
+      --build-and-test "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_cmake_build/${name}"
+                       "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/test_cmake_build/${name}"
+      --build-config Release
+      --build-noclean
+      --build-generator ${CMAKE_GENERATOR}
+      $<$<BOOL:${CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM}>:--build-generator-platform> ${CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM}
+      --build-makeprogram ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM}
+      --build-target check
+      --build-options ${build_options}
+    )
+    if(ARG_INSTALL)
+      add_dependencies(test_${name} mock_install)
+    endif()
+    add_dependencies(test_cmake_build test_${name})
+  endfunction()
+
+  pybind11_add_build_test(subdirectory_function)
+  pybind11_add_build_test(subdirectory_target)
+
+  if(PYBIND11_INSTALL)
+    add_custom_target(mock_install ${CMAKE_COMMAND}
+      "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mock_install"
+      -P "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/cmake_install.cmake"
+    )
+
+    pybind11_add_build_test(installed_function INSTALL)
+    pybind11_add_build_test(installed_target INSTALL)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
+add_dependencies(check test_cmake_build)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/conftest.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b08004e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+"""pytest configuration
+
+Extends output capture as needed by pybind11: ignore constructors, optional unordered lines.
+Adds docstring and exceptions message sanitizers: ignore Python 2 vs 3 differences.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import textwrap
+import difflib
+import re
+import sys
+import contextlib
+import platform
+import gc
+
+_unicode_marker = re.compile(r'u(\'[^\']*\')')
+_long_marker = re.compile(r'([0-9])L')
+_hexadecimal = re.compile(r'0x[0-9a-fA-F]+')
+
+
+def _strip_and_dedent(s):
+    """For triple-quote strings"""
+    return textwrap.dedent(s.lstrip('\n').rstrip())
+
+
+def _split_and_sort(s):
+    """For output which does not require specific line order"""
+    return sorted(_strip_and_dedent(s).splitlines())
+
+
+def _make_explanation(a, b):
+    """Explanation for a failed assert -- the a and b arguments are List[str]"""
+    return ["--- actual / +++ expected"] + [line.strip('\n') for line in difflib.ndiff(a, b)]
+
+
+class Output(object):
+    """Basic output post-processing and comparison"""
+    def __init__(self, string):
+        self.string = string
+        self.explanation = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.string
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # Ignore constructor/destructor output which is prefixed with "###"
+        a = [line for line in self.string.strip().splitlines() if not line.startswith("###")]
+        b = _strip_and_dedent(other).splitlines()
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
+            return False
+
+
+class Unordered(Output):
+    """Custom comparison for output without strict line ordering"""
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = _split_and_sort(self.string)
+        b = _split_and_sort(other)
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a, b)
+            return False
+
+
+class Capture(object):
+    def __init__(self, capfd):
+        self.capfd = capfd
+        self.out = ""
+        self.err = ""
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.capfd.readouterr()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_):
+        self.out, self.err = self.capfd.readouterr()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = Output(self.out)
+        b = other
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = a.explanation
+            return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.out
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self.out
+
+    @property
+    def unordered(self):
+        return Unordered(self.out)
+
+    @property
+    def stderr(self):
+        return Output(self.err)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def capture(capsys):
+    """Extended `capsys` with context manager and custom equality operators"""
+    return Capture(capsys)
+
+
+class SanitizedString(object):
+    def __init__(self, sanitizer):
+        self.sanitizer = sanitizer
+        self.string = ""
+        self.explanation = []
+
+    def __call__(self, thing):
+        self.string = self.sanitizer(thing)
+        return self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        a = self.string
+        b = _strip_and_dedent(other)
+        if a == b:
+            return True
+        else:
+            self.explanation = _make_explanation(a.splitlines(), b.splitlines())
+            return False
+
+
+def _sanitize_general(s):
+    s = s.strip()
+    s = s.replace("pybind11_tests.", "m.")
+    s = s.replace("unicode", "str")
+    s = _long_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
+    s = _unicode_marker.sub(r"\1", s)
+    return s
+
+
+def _sanitize_docstring(thing):
+    s = thing.__doc__
+    s = _sanitize_general(s)
+    return s
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def doc():
+    """Sanitize docstrings and add custom failure explanation"""
+    return SanitizedString(_sanitize_docstring)
+
+
+def _sanitize_message(thing):
+    s = str(thing)
+    s = _sanitize_general(s)
+    s = _hexadecimal.sub("0", s)
+    return s
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def msg():
+    """Sanitize messages and add custom failure explanation"""
+    return SanitizedString(_sanitize_message)
+
+
+# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
+def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
+    """Hook to insert custom failure explanation"""
+    if hasattr(left, 'explanation'):
+        return left.explanation
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress(exception):
+    """Suppress the desired exception"""
+    try:
+        yield
+    except exception:
+        pass
+
+
+def gc_collect():
+    ''' Run the garbage collector twice (needed when running
+    reference counting tests with PyPy) '''
+    gc.collect()
+    gc.collect()
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    """Add import suppression and test requirements to `pytest` namespace"""
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+    except ImportError:
+        np = None
+    try:
+        import scipy
+    except ImportError:
+        scipy = None
+    try:
+        from pybind11_tests import have_eigen
+    except ImportError:
+        have_eigen = False
+    pypy = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
+
+    skipif = pytest.mark.skipif
+    return {
+        'suppress': suppress,
+        'requires_numpy': skipif(not np, reason="numpy is not installed"),
+        'requires_scipy': skipif(not np, reason="scipy is not installed"),
+        'requires_eigen_and_numpy': skipif(not have_eigen or not np,
+                                           reason="eigen and/or numpy are not installed"),
+        'requires_eigen_and_scipy': skipif(not have_eigen or not scipy,
+                                           reason="eigen and/or scipy are not installed"),
+        'unsupported_on_pypy': skipif(pypy, reason="unsupported on PyPy"),
+        'gc_collect': gc_collect
+    }
+
+
+def _test_import_pybind11():
+    """Early diagnostic for test module initialization errors
+
+    When there is an error during initialization, the first import will report the
+    real error while all subsequent imports will report nonsense. This import test
+    is done early (in the pytest configuration file, before any tests) in order to
+    avoid the noise of having all tests fail with identical error messages.
+
+    Any possible exception is caught here and reported manually *without* the stack
+    trace. This further reduces noise since the trace would only show pytest internals
+    which are not useful for debugging pybind11 module issues.
+    """
+    # noinspection PyBroadException
+    try:
+        import pybind11_tests  # noqa: F401 imported but unused
+    except Exception as e:
+        print("Failed to import pybind11_tests from pytest:")
+        print("  {}: {}".format(type(e).__name__, e))
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+_test_import_pybind11()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f66ff71df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/constructor_stats.h
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+#pragma once
+/*
+    tests/constructor_stats.h -- framework for printing and tracking object
+    instance lifetimes in example/test code.
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+This header provides a few useful tools for writing examples or tests that want to check and/or
+display object instance lifetimes.  It requires that you include this header and add the following
+function calls to constructors:
+
+    class MyClass {
+        MyClass() { ...; print_default_created(this); }
+        ~MyClass() { ...; print_destroyed(this); }
+        MyClass(const MyClass &c) { ...; print_copy_created(this); }
+        MyClass(MyClass &&c) { ...; print_move_created(this); }
+        MyClass(int a, int b) { ...; print_created(this, a, b); }
+        MyClass &operator=(const MyClass &c) { ...; print_copy_assigned(this); }
+        MyClass &operator=(MyClass &&c) { ...; print_move_assigned(this); }
+
+        ...
+    }
+
+You can find various examples of these in several of the existing testing .cpp files.  (Of course
+you don't need to add any of the above constructors/operators that you don't actually have, except
+for the destructor).
+
+Each of these will print an appropriate message such as:
+
+    ### MyClass @ 0x2801910 created via default constructor
+    ### MyClass @ 0x27fa780 created 100 200
+    ### MyClass @ 0x2801910 destroyed
+    ### MyClass @ 0x27fa780 destroyed
+
+You can also include extra arguments (such as the 100, 200 in the output above, coming from the
+value constructor) for all of the above methods which will be included in the output.
+
+For testing, each of these also keeps track the created instances and allows you to check how many
+of the various constructors have been invoked from the Python side via code such as:
+
+    from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyClass)
+    print(cstats.alive())
+    print(cstats.default_constructions)
+
+Note that `.alive()` should usually be the first thing you call as it invokes Python's garbage
+collector to actually destroy objects that aren't yet referenced.
+
+For everything except copy and move constructors and destructors, any extra values given to the
+print_...() function is stored in a class-specific values list which you can retrieve and inspect
+from the ConstructorStats instance `.values()` method.
+
+In some cases, when you need to track instances of a C++ class not registered with pybind11, you
+need to add a function returning the ConstructorStats for the C++ class; this can be done with:
+
+    m.def("get_special_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<SpecialClass>, py::return_value_policy::reference)
+
+Finally, you can suppress the output messages, but keep the constructor tracking (for
+inspection/testing in python) by using the functions with `print_` replaced with `track_` (e.g.
+`track_copy_created(this)`).
+
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <list>
+#include <typeindex>
+#include <sstream>
+
+class ConstructorStats {
+protected:
+    std::unordered_map<void*, int> _instances; // Need a map rather than set because members can shared address with parents
+    std::list<std::string> _values; // Used to track values (e.g. of value constructors)
+public:
+    int default_constructions = 0;
+    int copy_constructions = 0;
+    int move_constructions = 0;
+    int copy_assignments = 0;
+    int move_assignments = 0;
+
+    void copy_created(void *inst) {
+        created(inst);
+        copy_constructions++;
+    }
+
+    void move_created(void *inst) {
+        created(inst);
+        move_constructions++;
+    }
+
+    void default_created(void *inst) {
+        created(inst);
+        default_constructions++;
+    }
+
+    void created(void *inst) {
+        ++_instances[inst];
+    }
+
+    void destroyed(void *inst) {
+        if (--_instances[inst] < 0)
+            throw std::runtime_error("cstats.destroyed() called with unknown "
+                                     "instance; potential double-destruction "
+                                     "or a missing cstats.created()");
+    }
+
+    static void gc() {
+        // Force garbage collection to ensure any pending destructors are invoked:
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        PyObject *globals = PyEval_GetGlobals();
+        PyObject *result = PyRun_String(
+            "import gc\n"
+            "for i in range(2):"
+            "    gc.collect()\n",
+            Py_file_input, globals, globals);
+        if (result == nullptr)
+            throw py::error_already_set();
+        Py_DECREF(result);
+#else
+        py::module::import("gc").attr("collect")();
+#endif
+    }
+
+    int alive() {
+        gc();
+        int total = 0;
+        for (const auto &p : _instances)
+            if (p.second > 0)
+                total += p.second;
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    void value() {} // Recursion terminator
+    // Takes one or more values, converts them to strings, then stores them.
+    template <typename T, typename... Tmore> void value(const T &v, Tmore &&...args) {
+        std::ostringstream oss;
+        oss << v;
+        _values.push_back(oss.str());
+        value(std::forward<Tmore>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    // Move out stored values
+    py::list values() {
+        py::list l;
+        for (const auto &v : _values) l.append(py::cast(v));
+        _values.clear();
+        return l;
+    }
+
+    // Gets constructor stats from a C++ type index
+    static ConstructorStats& get(std::type_index type) {
+        static std::unordered_map<std::type_index, ConstructorStats> all_cstats;
+        return all_cstats[type];
+    }
+
+    // Gets constructor stats from a C++ type
+    template <typename T> static ConstructorStats& get() {
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        gc();
+#endif
+        return get(typeid(T));
+    }
+
+    // Gets constructor stats from a Python class
+    static ConstructorStats& get(py::object class_) {
+        auto &internals = py::detail::get_internals();
+        const std::type_index *t1 = nullptr, *t2 = nullptr;
+        try {
+            auto *type_info = internals.registered_types_py.at(class_.ptr());
+            for (auto &p : internals.registered_types_cpp) {
+                if (p.second == type_info) {
+                    if (t1) {
+                        t2 = &p.first;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    t1 = &p.first;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (std::out_of_range) {}
+        if (!t1) throw std::runtime_error("Unknown class passed to ConstructorStats::get()");
+        auto &cs1 = get(*t1);
+        // If we have both a t1 and t2 match, one is probably the trampoline class; return whichever
+        // has more constructions (typically one or the other will be 0)
+        if (t2) {
+            auto &cs2 = get(*t2);
+            int cs1_total = cs1.default_constructions + cs1.copy_constructions + cs1.move_constructions + (int) cs1._values.size();
+            int cs2_total = cs2.default_constructions + cs2.copy_constructions + cs2.move_constructions + (int) cs2._values.size();
+            if (cs2_total > cs1_total) return cs2;
+        }
+        return cs1;
+    }
+};
+
+// To track construction/destruction, you need to call these methods from the various
+// constructors/operators.  The ones that take extra values record the given values in the
+// constructor stats values for later inspection.
+template <class T> void track_copy_created(T *inst) { ConstructorStats::get<T>().copy_created(inst); }
+template <class T> void track_move_created(T *inst) { ConstructorStats::get<T>().move_created(inst); }
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_copy_assigned(T *, Values &&...values) {
+    auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
+    cst.copy_assignments++;
+    cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_move_assigned(T *, Values &&...values) {
+    auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
+    cst.move_assignments++;
+    cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_default_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
+    cst.default_created(inst);
+    cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    auto &cst = ConstructorStats::get<T>();
+    cst.created(inst);
+    cst.value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_destroyed(T *inst) {
+    ConstructorStats::get<T>().destroyed(inst);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void track_values(T *, Values &&...values) {
+    ConstructorStats::get<T>().value(std::forward<Values>(values)...);
+}
+
+/// Don't cast pointers to Python, print them as strings
+inline const char *format_ptrs(const char *p) { return p; }
+template <typename T>
+py::str format_ptrs(T *p) { return "{:#x}"_s.format(reinterpret_cast<std::uintptr_t>(p)); }
+template <typename T>
+auto format_ptrs(T &&x) -> decltype(std::forward<T>(x)) { return std::forward<T>(x); }
+
+template <class T, typename... Output>
+void print_constr_details(T *inst, const std::string &action, Output &&...output) {
+    py::print("###", py::type_id<T>(), "@", format_ptrs(inst), action,
+              format_ptrs(std::forward<Output>(output))...);
+}
+
+// Verbose versions of the above:
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_copy_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // NB: this prints, but doesn't store, given values
+    print_constr_details(inst, "created via copy constructor", values...);
+    track_copy_created(inst);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_move_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // NB: this prints, but doesn't store, given values
+    print_constr_details(inst, "created via move constructor", values...);
+    track_move_created(inst);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_copy_assigned(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    print_constr_details(inst, "assigned via copy assignment", values...);
+    track_copy_assigned(inst, values...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_move_assigned(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    print_constr_details(inst, "assigned via move assignment", values...);
+    track_move_assigned(inst, values...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_default_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    print_constr_details(inst, "created via default constructor", values...);
+    track_default_created(inst, values...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_created(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    print_constr_details(inst, "created", values...);
+    track_created(inst, values...);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_destroyed(T *inst, Values &&...values) { // Prints but doesn't store given values
+    print_constr_details(inst, "destroyed", values...);
+    track_destroyed(inst);
+}
+template <class T, typename... Values> void print_values(T *inst, Values &&...values) {
+    print_constr_details(inst, ":", values...);
+    track_values(inst, values...);
+}
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/object.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/object.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9235f19c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/object.h
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+#if !defined(__OBJECT_H)
+#define __OBJECT_H
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+/// Reference counted object base class
+class Object {
+public:
+    /// Default constructor
+    Object() { print_default_created(this); }
+
+    /// Copy constructor
+    Object(const Object &) : m_refCount(0) { print_copy_created(this); }
+
+    /// Return the current reference count
+    int getRefCount() const { return m_refCount; };
+
+    /// Increase the object's reference count by one
+    void incRef() const { ++m_refCount; }
+
+    /** \brief Decrease the reference count of
+     * the object and possibly deallocate it.
+     *
+     * The object will automatically be deallocated once
+     * the reference count reaches zero.
+     */
+    void decRef(bool dealloc = true) const {
+        --m_refCount;
+        if (m_refCount == 0 && dealloc)
+            delete this;
+        else if (m_refCount < 0)
+            throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: reference count < 0!");
+    }
+
+    virtual std::string toString() const = 0;
+protected:
+    /** \brief Virtual protected deconstructor.
+     * (Will only be called by \ref ref)
+     */
+    virtual ~Object() { print_destroyed(this); }
+private:
+    mutable std::atomic<int> m_refCount { 0 };
+};
+
+// Tag class used to track constructions of ref objects.  When we track constructors, below, we
+// track and print out the actual class (e.g. ref<MyObject>), and *also* add a fake tracker for
+// ref_tag.  This lets us check that the total number of ref<Anything> constructors/destructors is
+// correct without having to check each individual ref<Whatever> type individually.
+class ref_tag {};
+
+/**
+ * \brief Reference counting helper
+ *
+ * The \a ref refeference template is a simple wrapper to store a
+ * pointer to an object. It takes care of increasing and decreasing
+ * the reference count of the object. When the last reference goes
+ * out of scope, the associated object will be deallocated.
+ *
+ * \ingroup libcore
+ */
+template <typename T> class ref {
+public:
+    /// Create a nullptr reference
+    ref() : m_ptr(nullptr) { print_default_created(this); track_default_created((ref_tag*) this); }
+
+    /// Construct a reference from a pointer
+    ref(T *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) {
+        if (m_ptr) ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+
+        print_created(this, "from pointer", m_ptr); track_created((ref_tag*) this, "from pointer");
+
+    }
+
+    /// Copy constructor
+    ref(const ref &r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+
+        print_copy_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_copy_created((ref_tag*) this);
+    }
+
+    /// Move constructor
+    ref(ref &&r) : m_ptr(r.m_ptr) {
+        r.m_ptr = nullptr;
+
+        print_move_created(this, "with pointer", m_ptr); track_move_created((ref_tag*) this);
+    }
+
+    /// Destroy this reference
+    ~ref() {
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+
+        print_destroyed(this); track_destroyed((ref_tag*) this);
+    }
+
+    /// Move another reference into the current one
+    ref& operator=(ref&& r) {
+        print_move_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_move_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
+
+        if (*this == r)
+            return *this;
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+        m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
+        r.m_ptr = nullptr;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Overwrite this reference with another reference
+    ref& operator=(const ref& r) {
+        print_copy_assigned(this, "pointer", r.m_ptr); track_copy_assigned((ref_tag*) this);
+
+        if (m_ptr == r.m_ptr)
+            return *this;
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+        m_ptr = r.m_ptr;
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Overwrite this reference with a pointer to another object
+    ref& operator=(T *ptr) {
+        print_values(this, "assigned pointer"); track_values((ref_tag*) this, "assigned pointer");
+
+        if (m_ptr == ptr)
+            return *this;
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->decRef();
+        m_ptr = ptr;
+        if (m_ptr)
+            ((Object *) m_ptr)->incRef();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Compare this reference with another reference
+    bool operator==(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr == r.m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Compare this reference with another reference
+    bool operator!=(const ref &r) const { return m_ptr != r.m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Compare this reference with a pointer
+    bool operator==(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr == ptr; }
+
+    /// Compare this reference with a pointer
+    bool operator!=(const T* ptr) const { return m_ptr != ptr; }
+
+    /// Access the object referenced by this reference
+    T* operator->() { return m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Access the object referenced by this reference
+    const T* operator->() const { return m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Return a C++ reference to the referenced object
+    T& operator*() { return *m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Return a const C++ reference to the referenced object
+    const T& operator*() const { return *m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Return a pointer to the referenced object
+    operator T* () { return m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Return a const pointer to the referenced object
+    T* get_ptr() { return m_ptr; }
+
+    /// Return a pointer to the referenced object
+    const T* get_ptr() const { return m_ptr; }
+private:
+    T *m_ptr;
+};
+
+#endif /* __OBJECT_H */
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d805d75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+    tests/pybind11_tests.cpp -- pybind example plugin
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+/*
+For testing purposes, we define a static global variable here in a function that each individual
+test .cpp calls with its initialization lambda.  It's convenient here because we can just not
+compile some test files to disable/ignore some of the test code.
+
+It is NOT recommended as a way to use pybind11 in practice, however: the initialization order will
+be essentially random, which is okay for our test scripts (there are no dependencies between the
+individual pybind11 test .cpp files), but most likely not what you want when using pybind11
+productively.
+
+Instead, see the "How can I reduce the build time?" question in the "Frequently asked questions"
+section of the documentation for good practice on splitting binding code over multiple files.
+*/
+std::list<std::function<void(py::module &)>> &initializers() {
+    static std::list<std::function<void(py::module &)>> inits;
+    return inits;
+}
+
+test_initializer::test_initializer(std::function<void(py::module &)> initializer) {
+    initializers().push_back(std::move(initializer));
+}
+
+void bind_ConstructorStats(py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<ConstructorStats>(m, "ConstructorStats")
+        .def("alive", &ConstructorStats::alive)
+        .def("values", &ConstructorStats::values)
+        .def_readwrite("default_constructions", &ConstructorStats::default_constructions)
+        .def_readwrite("copy_assignments", &ConstructorStats::copy_assignments)
+        .def_readwrite("move_assignments", &ConstructorStats::move_assignments)
+        .def_readwrite("copy_constructions", &ConstructorStats::copy_constructions)
+        .def_readwrite("move_constructions", &ConstructorStats::move_constructions)
+        .def_static("get", (ConstructorStats &(*)(py::object)) &ConstructorStats::get, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal);
+}
+
+PYBIND11_PLUGIN(pybind11_tests) {
+    py::module m("pybind11_tests", "pybind testing plugin");
+
+    bind_ConstructorStats(m);
+
+    for (const auto &initializer : initializers())
+        initializer(m);
+
+    if (!py::hasattr(m, "have_eigen")) m.attr("have_eigen") = false;
+
+    return m.ptr();
+}
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c11b687b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pybind11_tests.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <functional>
+#include <list>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+using namespace pybind11::literals;
+
+class test_initializer {
+public:
+    test_initializer(std::function<void(py::module &)> initializer);
+};
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pytest.ini b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pytest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..401cbe0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/pytest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[pytest]
+minversion = 3.0
+addopts =
+    # show summary of skipped tests
+    -rs
+    # capture only Python print and C++ py::print, but not C output (low-level Python errors)
+    --capture=sys
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48e595695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_alias_initialization.cpp -- test cases and example of different trampoline
+    initialization modes
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>, Jason Rhinelander <jason@imaginary.ca>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+test_initializer alias_initialization([](py::module &m) {
+    // don't invoke Python dispatch classes by default when instantiating C++ classes that were not
+    // extended on the Python side
+    struct A {
+        virtual ~A() {}
+        virtual void f() { py::print("A.f()"); }
+    };
+
+    struct PyA : A {
+        PyA() { py::print("PyA.PyA()"); }
+        ~PyA() { py::print("PyA.~PyA()"); }
+
+        void f() override {
+            py::print("PyA.f()");
+            PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(void, A, f);
+        }
+    };
+
+    auto call_f = [](A *a) { a->f(); };
+
+    py::class_<A, PyA>(m, "A")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("f", &A::f);
+
+    m.def("call_f", call_f);
+
+
+    // ... unless we explicitly request it, as in this example:
+    struct A2 {
+        virtual ~A2() {}
+        virtual void f() { py::print("A2.f()"); }
+    };
+
+    struct PyA2 : A2 {
+        PyA2() { py::print("PyA2.PyA2()"); }
+        ~PyA2() { py::print("PyA2.~PyA2()"); }
+        void f() override {
+            py::print("PyA2.f()");
+            PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(void, A2, f);
+        }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<A2, PyA2>(m, "A2")
+        .def(py::init_alias<>())
+        .def("f", &A2::f);
+
+    m.def("call_f", [](A2 *a2) { a2->f(); });
+
+});
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb90cfc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_alias_initialization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_alias_delay_initialization1(capture):
+    """
+    A only initializes its trampoline class when we inherit from it; if we just
+    create and use an A instance directly, the trampoline initialization is
+    bypassed and we only initialize an A() instead (for performance reasons).
+    """
+    from pybind11_tests import A, call_f
+
+    class B(A):
+        def __init__(self):
+            super(B, self).__init__()
+
+        def f(self):
+            print("In python f()")
+
+    # C++ version
+    with capture:
+        a = A()
+        call_f(a)
+        del a
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "A.f()"
+
+    # Python version
+    with capture:
+        b = B()
+        call_f(b)
+        del b
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        PyA.PyA()
+        PyA.f()
+        In python f()
+        PyA.~PyA()
+    """
+
+
+def test_alias_delay_initialization2(capture):
+    """A2, unlike the above, is configured to always initialize the alias; while
+    the extra initialization and extra class layer has small virtual dispatch
+    performance penalty, it also allows us to do more things with the trampoline
+    class such as defining local variables and performing construction/destruction.
+    """
+    from pybind11_tests import A2, call_f
+
+    class B2(A2):
+        def __init__(self):
+            super(B2, self).__init__()
+
+        def f(self):
+            print("In python B2.f()")
+
+    # No python subclass version
+    with capture:
+        a2 = A2()
+        call_f(a2)
+        del a2
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        PyA2.PyA2()
+        PyA2.f()
+        A2.f()
+        PyA2.~PyA2()
+    """
+
+    # Python subclass version
+    with capture:
+        b2 = B2()
+        call_f(b2)
+        del b2
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        PyA2.PyA2()
+        PyA2.f()
+        In python B2.f()
+        PyA2.~PyA2()
+    """
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..057250d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_buffers.cpp -- supporting Pythons' buffer protocol
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+class Matrix {
+public:
+    Matrix(size_t rows, size_t cols) : m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols) {
+        print_created(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
+        m_data = new float[rows*cols];
+        memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * rows * cols);
+    }
+
+    Matrix(const Matrix &s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols) {
+        print_copy_created(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
+        m_data = new float[m_rows * m_cols];
+        memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * m_rows * m_cols);
+    }
+
+    Matrix(Matrix &&s) : m_rows(s.m_rows), m_cols(s.m_cols), m_data(s.m_data) {
+        print_move_created(this);
+        s.m_rows = 0;
+        s.m_cols = 0;
+        s.m_data = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    ~Matrix() {
+        print_destroyed(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
+        delete[] m_data;
+    }
+
+    Matrix &operator=(const Matrix &s) {
+        print_copy_assigned(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
+        delete[] m_data;
+        m_rows = s.m_rows;
+        m_cols = s.m_cols;
+        m_data = new float[m_rows * m_cols];
+        memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float) * m_rows * m_cols);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Matrix &operator=(Matrix &&s) {
+        print_move_assigned(this, std::to_string(m_rows) + "x" + std::to_string(m_cols) + " matrix");
+        if (&s != this) {
+            delete[] m_data;
+            m_rows = s.m_rows; m_cols = s.m_cols; m_data = s.m_data;
+            s.m_rows = 0; s.m_cols = 0; s.m_data = nullptr;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    float operator()(size_t i, size_t j) const {
+        return m_data[i*m_cols + j];
+    }
+
+    float &operator()(size_t i, size_t j) {
+        return m_data[i*m_cols + j];
+    }
+
+    float *data() { return m_data; }
+
+    size_t rows() const { return m_rows; }
+    size_t cols() const { return m_cols; }
+private:
+    size_t m_rows;
+    size_t m_cols;
+    float *m_data;
+};
+
+test_initializer buffers([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Matrix> mtx(m, "Matrix", py::buffer_protocol());
+
+    mtx.def(py::init<size_t, size_t>())
+        /// Construct from a buffer
+        .def("__init__", [](Matrix &v, py::buffer b) {
+            py::buffer_info info = b.request();
+            if (info.format != py::format_descriptor<float>::format() || info.ndim != 2)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Incompatible buffer format!");
+            new (&v) Matrix(info.shape[0], info.shape[1]);
+            memcpy(v.data(), info.ptr, sizeof(float) * v.rows() * v.cols());
+        })
+
+       .def("rows", &Matrix::rows)
+       .def("cols", &Matrix::cols)
+
+        /// Bare bones interface
+       .def("__getitem__", [](const Matrix &m, std::pair<size_t, size_t> i) {
+            if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
+                throw py::index_error();
+            return m(i.first, i.second);
+        })
+       .def("__setitem__", [](Matrix &m, std::pair<size_t, size_t> i, float v) {
+            if (i.first >= m.rows() || i.second >= m.cols())
+                throw py::index_error();
+            m(i.first, i.second) = v;
+        })
+       /// Provide buffer access
+       .def_buffer([](Matrix &m) -> py::buffer_info {
+            return py::buffer_info(
+                m.data(),                               /* Pointer to buffer */
+                sizeof(float),                          /* Size of one scalar */
+                py::format_descriptor<float>::format(), /* Python struct-style format descriptor */
+                2,                                      /* Number of dimensions */
+                { m.rows(), m.cols() },                 /* Buffer dimensions */
+                { sizeof(float) * m.rows(),             /* Strides (in bytes) for each index */
+                  sizeof(float) }
+            );
+        })
+        ;
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24843d95a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_buffers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import Matrix, ConstructorStats
+
+pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+def test_from_python():
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        Matrix(np.array([1, 2, 3]))  # trying to assign a 1D array
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "Incompatible buffer format!"
+
+    m3 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]).astype(np.float32)
+    m4 = Matrix(m3)
+
+    for i in range(m4.rows()):
+        for j in range(m4.cols()):
+            assert m3[i, j] == m4[i, j]
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Matrix)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m3, m4
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ["2x3 matrix"]
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+# PyPy: Memory leak in the "np.array(m, copy=False)" call
+# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2444
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_to_python():
+    m = Matrix(5, 5)
+
+    assert m[2, 3] == 0
+    m[2, 3] = 4
+    assert m[2, 3] == 4
+
+    m2 = np.array(m, copy=False)
+    assert m2.shape == (5, 5)
+    assert abs(m2).sum() == 4
+    assert m2[2, 3] == 4
+    m2[2, 3] = 5
+    assert m2[2, 3] == 5
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Matrix)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del m2  # holds an m reference
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ["5x5 matrix"]
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f89cc1c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_callbacks.cpp -- callbacks
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/functional.h>
+
+
+py::object test_callback1(py::object func) {
+    return func();
+}
+
+py::tuple test_callback2(py::object func) {
+    return func("Hello", 'x', true, 5);
+}
+
+std::string test_callback3(const std::function<int(int)> &func) {
+    return "func(43) = " + std::to_string(func(43));
+}
+
+std::function<int(int)> test_callback4() {
+    return [](int i) { return i+1; };
+}
+
+py::cpp_function test_callback5() {
+    return py::cpp_function([](int i) { return i+1; },
+       py::arg("number"));
+}
+
+int dummy_function(int i) { return i + 1; }
+int dummy_function2(int i, int j) { return i + j; }
+std::function<int(int)> roundtrip(std::function<int(int)> f, bool expect_none = false) {
+    if (expect_none && f) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Expected None to be converted to empty std::function");
+    }
+    return f;
+}
+
+std::string test_dummy_function(const std::function<int(int)> &f) {
+    using fn_type = int (*)(int);
+    auto result = f.target<fn_type>();
+    if (!result) {
+        auto r = f(1);
+        return "can't convert to function pointer: eval(1) = " + std::to_string(r);
+    } else if (*result == dummy_function) {
+        auto r = (*result)(1);
+        return "matches dummy_function: eval(1) = " + std::to_string(r);
+    } else {
+        return "argument does NOT match dummy_function. This should never happen!";
+    }
+}
+
+struct Payload {
+    Payload() {
+        print_default_created(this);
+    }
+    ~Payload() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+    }
+    Payload(const Payload &) {
+        print_copy_created(this);
+    }
+    Payload(Payload &&) {
+        print_move_created(this);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Something to trigger a conversion error
+struct Unregistered {};
+
+class AbstractBase {
+public:
+  virtual unsigned int func() = 0;
+};
+
+void func_accepting_func_accepting_base(std::function<double(AbstractBase&)>) { }
+
+struct MovableObject {
+  bool valid = true;
+
+  MovableObject() = default;
+  MovableObject(const MovableObject &) = default;
+  MovableObject &operator=(const MovableObject &) = default;
+  MovableObject(MovableObject &&o) : valid(o.valid) { o.valid = false; }
+  MovableObject &operator=(MovableObject &&o) {
+    valid = o.valid;
+    o.valid = false;
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+test_initializer callbacks([](py::module &m) {
+    m.def("test_callback1", &test_callback1);
+    m.def("test_callback2", &test_callback2);
+    m.def("test_callback3", &test_callback3);
+    m.def("test_callback4", &test_callback4);
+    m.def("test_callback5", &test_callback5);
+
+    // Test keyword args and generalized unpacking
+    m.def("test_tuple_unpacking", [](py::function f) {
+        auto t1 = py::make_tuple(2, 3);
+        auto t2 = py::make_tuple(5, 6);
+        return f("positional", 1, *t1, 4, *t2);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_dict_unpacking", [](py::function f) {
+        auto d1 = py::dict("key"_a="value", "a"_a=1);
+        auto d2 = py::dict();
+        auto d3 = py::dict("b"_a=2);
+        return f("positional", 1, **d1, **d2, **d3);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_keyword_args", [](py::function f) {
+        return f("x"_a=10, "y"_a=20);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_unpacking_and_keywords1", [](py::function f) {
+        auto args = py::make_tuple(2);
+        auto kwargs = py::dict("d"_a=4);
+        return f(1, *args, "c"_a=3, **kwargs);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_unpacking_and_keywords2", [](py::function f) {
+        auto kwargs1 = py::dict("a"_a=1);
+        auto kwargs2 = py::dict("c"_a=3, "d"_a=4);
+        return f("positional", *py::make_tuple(1), 2, *py::make_tuple(3, 4), 5,
+                 "key"_a="value", **kwargs1, "b"_a=2, **kwargs2, "e"_a=5);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_unpacking_error1", [](py::function f) {
+        auto kwargs = py::dict("x"_a=3);
+        return f("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2, **kwargs); // duplicate ** after keyword
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_unpacking_error2", [](py::function f) {
+        auto kwargs = py::dict("x"_a=3);
+        return f(**kwargs, "x"_a=1); // duplicate keyword after **
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_arg_conversion_error1", [](py::function f) {
+        f(234, Unregistered(), "kw"_a=567);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_arg_conversion_error2", [](py::function f) {
+        f(234, "expected_name"_a=Unregistered(), "kw"_a=567);
+    });
+
+    /* Test cleanup of lambda closure */
+    m.def("test_cleanup", []() -> std::function<void(void)> {
+        Payload p;
+
+        return [p]() {
+            /* p should be cleaned up when the returned function is garbage collected */
+            (void) p;
+        };
+    });
+
+    /* Test if passing a function pointer from C++ -> Python -> C++ yields the original pointer */
+    m.def("dummy_function", &dummy_function);
+    m.def("dummy_function2", &dummy_function2);
+    m.def("roundtrip", &roundtrip, py::arg("f"), py::arg("expect_none")=false);
+    m.def("test_dummy_function", &test_dummy_function);
+    // Export the payload constructor statistics for testing purposes:
+    m.def("payload_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<Payload>);
+
+    m.def("func_accepting_func_accepting_base",
+          func_accepting_func_accepting_base);
+
+    py::class_<MovableObject>(m, "MovableObject");
+
+    m.def("callback_with_movable", [](std::function<void(MovableObject &)> f) {
+        auto x = MovableObject();
+        f(x); // lvalue reference shouldn't move out object
+        return x.valid; // must still return `true`
+      });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f94e7b64c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_callbacks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_callbacks():
+    from functools import partial
+    from pybind11_tests import (test_callback1, test_callback2, test_callback3,
+                                test_callback4, test_callback5)
+
+    def func1():
+        return "func1"
+
+    def func2(a, b, c, d):
+        return "func2", a, b, c, d
+
+    def func3(a):
+        return "func3({})".format(a)
+
+    assert test_callback1(func1) == "func1"
+    assert test_callback2(func2) == ("func2", "Hello", "x", True, 5)
+    assert test_callback1(partial(func2, 1, 2, 3, 4)) == ("func2", 1, 2, 3, 4)
+    assert test_callback1(partial(func3, "partial")) == "func3(partial)"
+    assert test_callback3(lambda i: i + 1) == "func(43) = 44"
+
+    f = test_callback4()
+    assert f(43) == 44
+    f = test_callback5()
+    assert f(number=43) == 44
+
+
+def test_keyword_args_and_generalized_unpacking():
+    from pybind11_tests import (test_tuple_unpacking, test_dict_unpacking, test_keyword_args,
+                                test_unpacking_and_keywords1, test_unpacking_and_keywords2,
+                                test_unpacking_error1, test_unpacking_error2,
+                                test_arg_conversion_error1, test_arg_conversion_error2)
+
+    def f(*args, **kwargs):
+        return args, kwargs
+
+    assert test_tuple_unpacking(f) == (("positional", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), {})
+    assert test_dict_unpacking(f) == (("positional", 1), {"key": "value", "a": 1, "b": 2})
+    assert test_keyword_args(f) == ((), {"x": 10, "y": 20})
+    assert test_unpacking_and_keywords1(f) == ((1, 2), {"c": 3, "d": 4})
+    assert test_unpacking_and_keywords2(f) == (
+        ("positional", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
+        {"key": "value", "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4, "e": 5}
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        test_unpacking_error1(f)
+    assert "Got multiple values for keyword argument" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        test_unpacking_error2(f)
+    assert "Got multiple values for keyword argument" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        test_arg_conversion_error1(f)
+    assert "Unable to convert call argument" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        test_arg_conversion_error2(f)
+    assert "Unable to convert call argument" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+def test_lambda_closure_cleanup():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_cleanup, payload_cstats
+
+    test_cleanup()
+    cstats = payload_cstats()
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 1
+    assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
+
+
+def test_cpp_function_roundtrip():
+    """Test if passing a function pointer from C++ -> Python -> C++ yields the original pointer"""
+    from pybind11_tests import dummy_function, dummy_function2, test_dummy_function, roundtrip
+
+    assert test_dummy_function(dummy_function) == "matches dummy_function: eval(1) = 2"
+    assert test_dummy_function(roundtrip(dummy_function)) == "matches dummy_function: eval(1) = 2"
+    assert roundtrip(None, expect_none=True) is None
+    assert test_dummy_function(lambda x: x + 2) == "can't convert to function pointer: eval(1) = 3"
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        test_dummy_function(dummy_function2)
+    assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        test_dummy_function(lambda x, y: x + y)
+    assert any(s in str(excinfo.value) for s in ("missing 1 required positional argument",
+                                                 "takes exactly 2 arguments"))
+
+
+def test_function_signatures(doc):
+    from pybind11_tests import test_callback3, test_callback4
+
+    assert doc(test_callback3) == "test_callback3(arg0: Callable[[int], int]) -> str"
+    assert doc(test_callback4) == "test_callback4() -> Callable[[int], int]"
+
+
+def test_movable_object():
+    from pybind11_tests import callback_with_movable
+
+    assert callback_with_movable(lambda _: None) is True
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcc1b6185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_chrono.cpp -- test conversions to/from std::chrono types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Trent Houliston <trent@houliston.me> and
+                       Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/chrono.h>
+
+// Return the current time off the wall clock
+std::chrono::system_clock::time_point test_chrono1() {
+    return std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+}
+
+// Round trip the passed in system clock time
+std::chrono::system_clock::time_point test_chrono2(std::chrono::system_clock::time_point t) {
+    return t;
+}
+
+// Round trip the passed in duration
+std::chrono::system_clock::duration test_chrono3(std::chrono::system_clock::duration d) {
+    return d;
+}
+
+// Difference between two passed in time_points
+std::chrono::system_clock::duration test_chrono4(std::chrono::system_clock::time_point a, std::chrono::system_clock::time_point b) {
+    return a - b;
+}
+
+// Return the current time off the steady_clock
+std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point test_chrono5() {
+    return std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+}
+
+// Round trip a steady clock timepoint
+std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point test_chrono6(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point t) {
+    return t;
+}
+
+// Roundtrip a duration in microseconds from a float argument
+std::chrono::microseconds test_chrono7(std::chrono::microseconds t) {
+    return t;
+}
+
+// Float durations (issue #719)
+std::chrono::duration<double> test_chrono_float_diff(std::chrono::duration<float> a, std::chrono::duration<float> b) {
+    return a - b;
+}
+
+test_initializer chrono([] (py::module &m) {
+    m.def("test_chrono1", &test_chrono1);
+    m.def("test_chrono2", &test_chrono2);
+    m.def("test_chrono3", &test_chrono3);
+    m.def("test_chrono4", &test_chrono4);
+    m.def("test_chrono5", &test_chrono5);
+    m.def("test_chrono6", &test_chrono6);
+    m.def("test_chrono7", &test_chrono7);
+    m.def("test_chrono_float_diff", &test_chrono_float_diff);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55094edbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_chrono.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+
+
+def test_chrono_system_clock():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono1
+    import datetime
+
+    # Get the time from both c++ and datetime
+    date1 = test_chrono1()
+    date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
+
+    # The returned value should be a datetime
+    assert isinstance(date1, datetime.datetime)
+
+    # The numbers should vary by a very small amount (time it took to execute)
+    diff = abs(date1 - date2)
+
+    # There should never be a days/seconds difference
+    assert diff.days == 0
+    assert diff.seconds == 0
+
+    # We test that no more than about 0.5 seconds passes here
+    # This makes sure that the dates created are very close to the same
+    # but if the testing system is incredibly overloaded this should still pass
+    assert diff.microseconds < 500000
+
+
+def test_chrono_system_clock_roundtrip():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono2
+    import datetime
+
+    date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
+
+    # Roundtrip the time
+    date2 = test_chrono2(date1)
+
+    # The returned value should be a datetime
+    assert isinstance(date2, datetime.datetime)
+
+    # They should be identical (no information lost on roundtrip)
+    diff = abs(date1 - date2)
+    assert diff.days == 0
+    assert diff.seconds == 0
+    assert diff.microseconds == 0
+
+
+def test_chrono_duration_roundtrip():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono3
+    import datetime
+
+    # Get the difference between two times (a timedelta)
+    date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
+    date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
+    diff = date2 - date1
+
+    # Make sure this is a timedelta
+    assert isinstance(diff, datetime.timedelta)
+
+    cpp_diff = test_chrono3(diff)
+
+    assert cpp_diff.days == diff.days
+    assert cpp_diff.seconds == diff.seconds
+    assert cpp_diff.microseconds == diff.microseconds
+
+
+def test_chrono_duration_subtraction_equivalence():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono4
+    import datetime
+
+    date1 = datetime.datetime.today()
+    date2 = datetime.datetime.today()
+
+    diff = date2 - date1
+    cpp_diff = test_chrono4(date2, date1)
+
+    assert cpp_diff.days == diff.days
+    assert cpp_diff.seconds == diff.seconds
+    assert cpp_diff.microseconds == diff.microseconds
+
+
+def test_chrono_steady_clock():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono5
+    import datetime
+
+    time1 = test_chrono5()
+    time2 = test_chrono5()
+
+    assert isinstance(time1, datetime.timedelta)
+    assert isinstance(time2, datetime.timedelta)
+
+
+def test_chrono_steady_clock_roundtrip():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono6
+    import datetime
+
+    time1 = datetime.timedelta(days=10, seconds=10, microseconds=100)
+    time2 = test_chrono6(time1)
+
+    assert isinstance(time2, datetime.timedelta)
+
+    # They should be identical (no information lost on roundtrip)
+    assert time1.days == time2.days
+    assert time1.seconds == time2.seconds
+    assert time1.microseconds == time2.microseconds
+
+
+def test_floating_point_duration():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_chrono7, test_chrono_float_diff
+    import datetime
+
+    # Test using 35.525123 seconds as an example floating point number in seconds
+    time = test_chrono7(35.525123)
+
+    assert isinstance(time, datetime.timedelta)
+
+    assert time.seconds == 35
+    assert 525122 <= time.microseconds <= 525123
+
+    diff = test_chrono_float_diff(43.789012, 1.123456)
+    assert diff.seconds == 42
+    assert 665556 <= diff.microseconds <= 665557
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e18b39db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_class_args.cpp -- tests that various way of defining a class work
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+
+template <int N> class BreaksBase {};
+template <int N> class BreaksTramp : public BreaksBase<N> {};
+// These should all compile just fine:
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<1>>, BreaksTramp<1>> DoesntBreak1;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<2>, BreaksTramp<2>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<2>>> DoesntBreak2;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<3>>> DoesntBreak3;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<4>, BreaksTramp<4>> DoesntBreak4;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<5>> DoesntBreak5;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<6>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<6>>, BreaksTramp<6>> DoesntBreak6;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<7>, BreaksTramp<7>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<7>>> DoesntBreak7;
+typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<8>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<8>>> DoesntBreak8;
+#define CHECK_BASE(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type, BreaksBase<N>>::value, \
+        "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type!")
+CHECK_BASE(1); CHECK_BASE(2); CHECK_BASE(3); CHECK_BASE(4); CHECK_BASE(5); CHECK_BASE(6); CHECK_BASE(7); CHECK_BASE(8);
+#define CHECK_ALIAS(N) static_assert(DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias, BreaksTramp<N>>::value, \
+        "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong type_alias!")
+#define CHECK_NOALIAS(N) static_assert(!DoesntBreak##N::has_alias && std::is_void<typename DoesntBreak##N::type_alias>::value, \
+        "DoesntBreak" #N " has type alias, but shouldn't!")
+CHECK_ALIAS(1); CHECK_ALIAS(2); CHECK_NOALIAS(3); CHECK_ALIAS(4); CHECK_NOALIAS(5); CHECK_ALIAS(6); CHECK_ALIAS(7); CHECK_NOALIAS(8);
+#define CHECK_HOLDER(N, TYPE) static_assert(std::is_same<typename DoesntBreak##N::holder_type, std::TYPE##_ptr<BreaksBase<N>>>::value, \
+        "DoesntBreak" #N " has wrong holder_type!")
+CHECK_HOLDER(1, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(2, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(3, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(4, unique); CHECK_HOLDER(5, unique);
+CHECK_HOLDER(6, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(7, shared); CHECK_HOLDER(8, shared);
+
+// There's no nice way to test that these fail because they fail to compile; leave them here,
+// though, so that they can be manually tested by uncommenting them (and seeing that compilation
+// failures occurs).
+
+// We have to actually look into the type: the typedef alone isn't enough to instantiate the type:
+#define CHECK_BROKEN(N) static_assert(std::is_same<typename Breaks##N::type, BreaksBase<-N>>::value, \
+        "Breaks1 has wrong type!");
+
+//// Two holder classes:
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-1>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-1>>> Breaks1;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(1);
+//// Two aliases:
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>, BreaksTramp<-2>> Breaks2;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(2);
+//// Holder + 2 aliases
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-3>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-3>>, BreaksTramp<-3>, BreaksTramp<-3>> Breaks3;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(3);
+//// Alias + 2 holders
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-4>, std::unique_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>, BreaksTramp<-4>, std::shared_ptr<BreaksBase<-4>>> Breaks4;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(4);
+//// Invalid option (not a subclass or holder)
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-5>, BreaksTramp<-4>> Breaks5;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(5);
+//// Invalid option: multiple inheritance not supported:
+//template <> struct BreaksBase<-8> : BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7> {};
+//typedef py::class_<BreaksBase<-8>, BreaksBase<-6>, BreaksBase<-7>> Breaks8;
+//CHECK_BROKEN(8);
+
+test_initializer class_args([](py::module &m) {
+    // Just test that this compiled okay
+    m.def("class_args_noop", []() {});
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40cbcec9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_class_args.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+
+def test_class_args():
+    """There's basically nothing to test here; just make sure the code compiled
+    and declared its definition
+    """
+    from pybind11_tests import class_args_noop
+    class_args_noop()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_function/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_function/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0c20a8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_function/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+project(test_installed_module CXX)
+
+set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "")
+
+find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
+message(STATUS "Found pybind11 v${pybind11_VERSION}: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
+
+pybind11_add_module(test_cmake_build SHARED NO_EXTRAS ../main.cpp)
+
+add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
+                  ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_target/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd3ae6f7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
+project(test_installed_target CXX)
+
+set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "")
+
+find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
+message(STATUS "Found pybind11 v${pybind11_VERSION}: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
+
+add_library(test_cmake_build MODULE ../main.cpp)
+
+target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::module)
+
+# make sure result is, for example, test_installed_target.so, not libtest_installed_target.dylib
+set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}"
+                                                  SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
+
+# Do not treat includes from IMPORTED target as SYSTEM (Python headers in pybind11::module).
+# This may be needed to resolve header conflicts, e.g. between Python release and debug headers.
+set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES NO_SYSTEM_FROM_IMPORTED ON)
+
+add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
+                  ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/main.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0f5b69c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+PYBIND11_PLUGIN(test_cmake_build) {
+    py::module m("test_cmake_build");
+
+    m.def("add", [](int i, int j) { return i + j; });
+
+    return m.ptr();
+}
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..278007aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+project(test_subdirectory_module CXX)
+
+add_subdirectory(${PYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR} pybind11)
+pybind11_add_module(test_cmake_build THIN_LTO ../main.cpp)
+
+add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
+                  ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b142d62a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
+project(test_subdirectory_target CXX)
+
+add_subdirectory(${PYBIND11_PROJECT_DIR} pybind11)
+
+add_library(test_cmake_build MODULE ../main.cpp)
+
+target_link_libraries(test_cmake_build PRIVATE pybind11::module)
+
+# make sure result is, for example, test_installed_target.so, not libtest_installed_target.dylib
+set_target_properties(test_cmake_build PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}"
+                                                  SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
+
+add_custom_target(check ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E env PYTHONPATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:test_cmake_build>
+                  ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/../test.py ${PROJECT_NAME})
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/test.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1467a61dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_cmake_build/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import sys
+import test_cmake_build
+
+assert test_cmake_build.add(1, 2) == 3
+print("{} imports, runs, and adds: 1 + 2 = 3".format(sys.argv[1]))
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..653bdf6b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp -- global constants and functions, enumerations, raw byte strings
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+enum MyEnum { EFirstEntry = 1, ESecondEntry };
+
+std::string test_function1() {
+    return "test_function()";
+}
+
+std::string test_function2(MyEnum k) {
+    return "test_function(enum=" + std::to_string(k) + ")";
+}
+
+std::string test_function3(int i) {
+    return "test_function(" + std::to_string(i) + ")";
+}
+
+py::str test_function4(int, float) { return "test_function(int, float)"; }
+py::str test_function4(float, int) { return "test_function(float, int)"; }
+
+py::bytes return_bytes() {
+    const char *data = "\x01\x00\x02\x00";
+    return std::string(data, 4);
+}
+
+std::string print_bytes(py::bytes bytes) {
+    std::string ret = "bytes[";
+    const auto value = static_cast<std::string>(bytes);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < value.length(); ++i) {
+        ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(value[i])) + " ";
+    }
+    ret.back() = ']';
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Test that we properly handle C++17 exception specifiers (which are part of the function signature
+// in C++17).  These should all still work before C++17, but don't affect the function signature.
+namespace test_exc_sp {
+int f1(int x) noexcept { return x+1; }
+int f2(int x) noexcept(true) { return x+2; }
+int f3(int x) noexcept(false) { return x+3; }
+int f4(int x) throw() { return x+4; } // Deprecated equivalent to noexcept(true)
+struct C {
+    int m1(int x) noexcept { return x-1; }
+    int m2(int x) const noexcept { return x-2; }
+    int m3(int x) noexcept(true) { return x-3; }
+    int m4(int x) const noexcept(true) { return x-4; }
+    int m5(int x) noexcept(false) { return x-5; }
+    int m6(int x) const noexcept(false) { return x-6; }
+    int m7(int x) throw() { return x-7; }
+    int m8(int x) const throw() { return x-8; }
+};
+}
+
+
+test_initializer constants_and_functions([](py::module &m) {
+    m.attr("some_constant") = py::int_(14);
+
+    m.def("test_function", &test_function1);
+    m.def("test_function", &test_function2);
+    m.def("test_function", &test_function3);
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
+    m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&test_function4));
+    m.def("test_function", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&test_function4));
+#else
+    m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)(int, float)>(&test_function4));
+    m.def("test_function", static_cast<py::str (*)(float, int)>(&test_function4));
+#endif
+
+    py::enum_<MyEnum>(m, "MyEnum")
+        .value("EFirstEntry", EFirstEntry)
+        .value("ESecondEntry", ESecondEntry)
+        .export_values();
+
+    m.def("return_bytes", &return_bytes);
+    m.def("print_bytes", &print_bytes);
+
+    using namespace test_exc_sp;
+    py::module m2 = m.def_submodule("exc_sp");
+    py::class_<C>(m2, "C")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("m1", &C::m1)
+        .def("m2", &C::m2)
+        .def("m3", &C::m3)
+        .def("m4", &C::m4)
+        .def("m5", &C::m5)
+        .def("m6", &C::m6)
+        .def("m7", &C::m7)
+        .def("m8", &C::m8)
+        ;
+    m2.def("f1", f1);
+    m2.def("f2", f2);
+    m2.def("f3", f3);
+    m2.def("f4", f4);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a570d2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_constants_and_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+
+def test_constants():
+    from pybind11_tests import some_constant
+
+    assert some_constant == 14
+
+
+def test_function_overloading():
+    from pybind11_tests import MyEnum, test_function
+
+    assert test_function() == "test_function()"
+    assert test_function(7) == "test_function(7)"
+    assert test_function(MyEnum.EFirstEntry) == "test_function(enum=1)"
+    assert test_function(MyEnum.ESecondEntry) == "test_function(enum=2)"
+
+    assert test_function(1, 1.0) == "test_function(int, float)"
+    assert test_function(2.0, 2) == "test_function(float, int)"
+
+
+def test_bytes():
+    from pybind11_tests import return_bytes, print_bytes
+
+    assert print_bytes(return_bytes()) == "bytes[1 0 2 0]"
+
+
+def test_exception_specifiers():
+    from pybind11_tests.exc_sp import C, f1, f2, f3, f4
+
+    c = C()
+    assert c.m1(2) == 1
+    assert c.m2(3) == 1
+    assert c.m3(5) == 2
+    assert c.m4(7) == 3
+    assert c.m5(10) == 5
+    assert c.m6(14) == 8
+    assert c.m7(20) == 13
+    assert c.m8(29) == 21
+
+    assert f1(33) == 34
+    assert f2(53) == 55
+    assert f3(86) == 89
+    assert f4(140) == 144
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f7907c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_copy_move_policies.cpp -- 'copy' and 'move'
+                                         return value policies
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Ben North <ben@redfrontdoor.org>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+template <typename derived>
+struct empty {
+    static const derived& get_one() { return instance_; }
+    static derived instance_;
+};
+
+struct lacking_copy_ctor : public empty<lacking_copy_ctor> {
+    lacking_copy_ctor() {}
+    lacking_copy_ctor(const lacking_copy_ctor& other) = delete;
+};
+
+template <> lacking_copy_ctor empty<lacking_copy_ctor>::instance_ = {};
+
+struct lacking_move_ctor : public empty<lacking_move_ctor> {
+    lacking_move_ctor() {}
+    lacking_move_ctor(const lacking_move_ctor& other) = delete;
+    lacking_move_ctor(lacking_move_ctor&& other) = delete;
+};
+
+template <> lacking_move_ctor empty<lacking_move_ctor>::instance_ = {};
+
+test_initializer copy_move_policies([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<lacking_copy_ctor>(m, "lacking_copy_ctor")
+        .def_static("get_one", &lacking_copy_ctor::get_one,
+                    py::return_value_policy::copy);
+    py::class_<lacking_move_ctor>(m, "lacking_move_ctor")
+        .def_static("get_one", &lacking_move_ctor::get_one,
+                    py::return_value_policy::move);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edcf38075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_copy_move_policies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_lacking_copy_ctor():
+    from pybind11_tests import lacking_copy_ctor
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        lacking_copy_ctor.get_one()
+    assert "the object is non-copyable!" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+def test_lacking_move_ctor():
+    from pybind11_tests import lacking_move_ctor
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        lacking_move_ctor.get_one()
+    assert "the object is neither movable nor copyable!" in str(excinfo.value)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a9297cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_docstring_options.cpp -- generation of docstrings and signatures
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+struct DocstringTestFoo {
+    int value;
+    void setValue(int v) { value = v; }
+    int getValue() const { return value; }
+};
+
+test_initializer docstring_generation([](py::module &m) {
+
+    {
+        py::options options;
+        options.disable_function_signatures();
+
+        m.def("test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
+
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
+
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
+
+        options.enable_function_signatures();
+
+        m.def("test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+
+        options.disable_function_signatures().disable_user_defined_docstrings();
+
+        m.def("test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+
+        {
+            py::options nested_options;
+            nested_options.enable_user_defined_docstrings();
+            m.def("test_function6", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+        }
+    }
+
+    m.def("test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+
+    {
+        py::options options;
+        options.disable_user_defined_docstrings();
+
+        py::class_<DocstringTestFoo>(m, "DocstringTestFoo", "This is a class docstring")
+            .def_property("value_prop", &DocstringTestFoo::getValue, &DocstringTestFoo::setValue, "This is a property docstring")
+        ;
+    }
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e40f6868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_docstring_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+
+def test_docstring_options():
+    from pybind11_tests import (test_function1, test_function2, test_function3,
+                                test_function4, test_function5, test_function6,
+                                test_function7, DocstringTestFoo,
+                                test_overloaded1, test_overloaded2, test_overloaded3)
+
+    # options.disable_function_signatures()
+    assert not test_function1.__doc__
+
+    assert test_function2.__doc__ == "A custom docstring"
+
+    # docstring specified on just the first overload definition:
+    assert test_overloaded1.__doc__ == "Overload docstring"
+
+    # docstring on both overloads:
+    assert test_overloaded2.__doc__ == "overload docstring 1\noverload docstring 2"
+
+    # docstring on only second overload:
+    assert test_overloaded3.__doc__ == "Overload docstr"
+
+    # options.enable_function_signatures()
+    assert test_function3.__doc__ .startswith("test_function3(a: int, b: int) -> None")
+
+    assert test_function4.__doc__ .startswith("test_function4(a: int, b: int) -> None")
+    assert test_function4.__doc__ .endswith("A custom docstring\n")
+
+    # options.disable_function_signatures()
+    # options.disable_user_defined_docstrings()
+    assert not test_function5.__doc__
+
+    # nested options.enable_user_defined_docstrings()
+    assert test_function6.__doc__ == "A custom docstring"
+
+    # RAII destructor
+    assert test_function7.__doc__ .startswith("test_function7(a: int, b: int) -> None")
+    assert test_function7.__doc__ .endswith("A custom docstring\n")
+
+    # Suppression of user-defined docstrings for non-function objects
+    assert not DocstringTestFoo.__doc__
+    assert not DocstringTestFoo.value_prop.__doc__
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2ec8fd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+/*
+    tests/eigen.cpp -- automatic conversion of Eigen types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/eigen.h>
+#include <Eigen/Cholesky>
+
+using MatrixXdR = Eigen::Matrix<double, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor>;
+
+
+
+// Sets/resets a testing reference matrix to have values of 10*r + c, where r and c are the
+// (1-based) row/column number.
+template <typename M> void reset_ref(M &x) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.rows(); i++) for (int j = 0; j < x.cols(); j++)
+        x(i, j) = 11 + 10*i + j;
+}
+
+// Returns a static, column-major matrix
+Eigen::MatrixXd &get_cm() {
+    static Eigen::MatrixXd *x;
+    if (!x) {
+        x = new Eigen::MatrixXd(3, 3);
+        reset_ref(*x);
+    }
+    return *x;
+}
+// Likewise, but row-major
+MatrixXdR &get_rm() {
+    static MatrixXdR *x;
+    if (!x) {
+        x = new MatrixXdR(3, 3);
+        reset_ref(*x);
+    }
+    return *x;
+}
+// Resets the values of the static matrices returned by get_cm()/get_rm()
+void reset_refs() {
+    reset_ref(get_cm());
+    reset_ref(get_rm());
+}
+
+// Returns element 2,1 from a matrix (used to test copy/nocopy)
+double get_elem(Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> m) { return m(2, 1); };
+
+
+// Returns a matrix with 10*r + 100*c added to each matrix element (to help test that the matrix
+// reference is referencing rows/columns correctly).
+template <typename MatrixArgType> Eigen::MatrixXd adjust_matrix(MatrixArgType m) {
+    Eigen::MatrixXd ret(m);
+    for (int c = 0; c < m.cols(); c++) for (int r = 0; r < m.rows(); r++)
+        ret(r, c) += 10*r + 100*c;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+struct CustomOperatorNew {
+    CustomOperatorNew() = default;
+
+    Eigen::Matrix4d a = Eigen::Matrix4d::Zero();
+    Eigen::Matrix4d b = Eigen::Matrix4d::Identity();
+
+    EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW;
+};
+
+test_initializer eigen([](py::module &m) {
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, 5, 6, Eigen::RowMajor> FixedMatrixR;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, 5, 6> FixedMatrixC;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor> DenseMatrixR;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic> DenseMatrixC;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, 4, Eigen::Dynamic> FourRowMatrixC;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, 4> FourColMatrixC;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, 4, Eigen::Dynamic> FourRowMatrixR;
+    typedef Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, 4> FourColMatrixR;
+    typedef Eigen::SparseMatrix<float, Eigen::RowMajor> SparseMatrixR;
+    typedef Eigen::SparseMatrix<float> SparseMatrixC;
+
+    m.attr("have_eigen") = true;
+
+    m.def("double_col", [](const Eigen::VectorXf &x) -> Eigen::VectorXf { return 2.0f * x; });
+    m.def("double_row", [](const Eigen::RowVectorXf &x) -> Eigen::RowVectorXf { return 2.0f * x; });
+    m.def("double_complex", [](const Eigen::VectorXcf &x) -> Eigen::VectorXcf { return 2.0f * x; });
+    m.def("double_threec", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::Vector3f> x) { x *= 2; });
+    m.def("double_threer", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::RowVector3f> x) { x *= 2; });
+    m.def("double_mat_cm", [](Eigen::MatrixXf x) -> Eigen::MatrixXf { return 2.0f * x; });
+    m.def("double_mat_rm", [](DenseMatrixR x) -> DenseMatrixR { return 2.0f * x; });
+
+    // Different ways of passing via Eigen::Ref; the first and second are the Eigen-recommended
+    m.def("cholesky1", [](Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
+    m.def("cholesky2", [](const Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR> &x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
+    m.def("cholesky3", [](const Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> &x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
+    m.def("cholesky4", [](Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR> x) -> Eigen::MatrixXd { return x.llt().matrixL(); });
+
+    // Mutators: these add some value to the given element using Eigen, but Eigen should be mapping into
+    // the numpy array data and so the result should show up there.  There are three versions: one that
+    // works on a contiguous-row matrix (numpy's default), one for a contiguous-column matrix, and one
+    // for any matrix.
+    auto add_rm = [](Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; };
+    auto add_cm = [](Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; };
+
+    // Mutators (Eigen maps into numpy variables):
+    m.def("add_rm", add_rm); // Only takes row-contiguous
+    m.def("add_cm", add_cm); // Only takes column-contiguous
+    // Overloaded versions that will accept either row or column contiguous:
+    m.def("add1", add_rm);
+    m.def("add1", add_cm);
+    m.def("add2", add_cm);
+    m.def("add2", add_rm);
+    // This one accepts a matrix of any stride:
+    m.def("add_any", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> x, int r, int c, double v) { x(r,c) += v; });
+
+    // Return mutable references (numpy maps into eigen varibles)
+    m.def("get_cm_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd>(get_cm()); });
+    m.def("get_rm_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR>(get_rm()); });
+    // The same references, but non-mutable (numpy maps into eigen variables, but is !writeable)
+    m.def("get_cm_const_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd>(get_cm()); });
+    m.def("get_rm_const_ref", []() { return Eigen::Ref<const MatrixXdR>(get_rm()); });
+    // Just the corners (via a Map instead of a Ref):
+    m.def("get_cm_corners", []() {
+        auto &x = get_cm();
+        return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::Matrix2d>(
+                x.data(),
+                py::EigenDStride(x.outerStride() * (x.rows() - 1), x.innerStride() * (x.cols() - 1)));
+    });
+    m.def("get_cm_corners_const", []() {
+        const auto &x = get_cm();
+        return py::EigenDMap<const Eigen::Matrix2d>(
+                x.data(),
+                py::EigenDStride(x.outerStride() * (x.rows() - 1), x.innerStride() * (x.cols() - 1)));
+    });
+
+    m.def("reset_refs", reset_refs); // Restores get_{cm,rm}_ref to original values
+
+    // Increments and returns ref to (same) matrix
+    m.def("incr_matrix", [](Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> m, double v) {
+        m += Eigen::MatrixXd::Constant(m.rows(), m.cols(), v);
+        return m;
+    }, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    // Same, but accepts a matrix of any strides
+    m.def("incr_matrix_any", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m, double v) {
+        m += Eigen::MatrixXd::Constant(m.rows(), m.cols(), v);
+        return m;
+    }, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    // Returns an eigen slice of even rows
+    m.def("even_rows", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m) {
+        return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::MatrixXd>(
+                m.data(), (m.rows() + 1) / 2, m.cols(),
+                py::EigenDStride(m.outerStride(), 2 * m.innerStride()));
+    }, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    // Returns an eigen slice of even columns
+    m.def("even_cols", [](py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd> m) {
+        return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::MatrixXd>(
+                m.data(), m.rows(), (m.cols() + 1) / 2,
+                py::EigenDStride(2 * m.outerStride(), m.innerStride()));
+    }, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    // Returns diagonals: a vector-like object with an inner stride != 1
+    m.def("diagonal", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x) { return x.diagonal(); });
+    m.def("diagonal_1", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x) { return x.diagonal<1>(); });
+    m.def("diagonal_n", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x, int index) { return x.diagonal(index); });
+
+    // Return a block of a matrix (gives non-standard strides)
+    m.def("block", [](const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &x, int start_row, int start_col, int block_rows, int block_cols) {
+        return x.block(start_row, start_col, block_rows, block_cols);
+    });
+
+    // return value referencing/copying tests:
+    class ReturnTester {
+        Eigen::MatrixXd mat = create();
+    public:
+        ReturnTester() { print_created(this); }
+        ~ReturnTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
+        static Eigen::MatrixXd create() { return Eigen::MatrixXd::Ones(10, 10); }
+        static const Eigen::MatrixXd createConst() { return Eigen::MatrixXd::Ones(10, 10); }
+        Eigen::MatrixXd &get() { return mat; }
+        Eigen::MatrixXd *getPtr() { return &mat; }
+        const Eigen::MatrixXd &view() { return mat; }
+        const Eigen::MatrixXd *viewPtr() { return &mat; }
+        Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd> ref() { return mat; }
+        Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> refConst() { return mat; }
+        Eigen::Block<Eigen::MatrixXd> block(int r, int c, int nrow, int ncol) { return mat.block(r, c, nrow, ncol); }
+        Eigen::Block<const Eigen::MatrixXd> blockConst(int r, int c, int nrow, int ncol) const { return mat.block(r, c, nrow, ncol); }
+        py::EigenDMap<Eigen::Matrix2d> corners() { return py::EigenDMap<Eigen::Matrix2d>(mat.data(),
+                    py::EigenDStride(mat.outerStride() * (mat.outerSize()-1), mat.innerStride() * (mat.innerSize()-1))); }
+        py::EigenDMap<const Eigen::Matrix2d> cornersConst() const { return py::EigenDMap<const Eigen::Matrix2d>(mat.data(),
+                    py::EigenDStride(mat.outerStride() * (mat.outerSize()-1), mat.innerStride() * (mat.innerSize()-1))); }
+    };
+    using rvp = py::return_value_policy;
+    py::class_<ReturnTester>(m, "ReturnTester")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("create", &ReturnTester::create)
+        .def_static("create_const", &ReturnTester::createConst)
+        .def("get", &ReturnTester::get, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("get_ptr", &ReturnTester::getPtr, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("view", &ReturnTester::view, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("view_ptr", &ReturnTester::view, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("copy_get", &ReturnTester::get)   // Default rvp: copy
+        .def("copy_view", &ReturnTester::view) //         "
+        .def("ref", &ReturnTester::ref) // Default for Ref is to reference
+        .def("ref_const", &ReturnTester::refConst) // Likewise, but const
+        .def("ref_safe", &ReturnTester::ref, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("ref_const_safe", &ReturnTester::refConst, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("copy_ref", &ReturnTester::ref, rvp::copy)
+        .def("copy_ref_const", &ReturnTester::refConst, rvp::copy)
+        .def("block", &ReturnTester::block)
+        .def("block_safe", &ReturnTester::block, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("block_const", &ReturnTester::blockConst, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("copy_block", &ReturnTester::block, rvp::copy)
+        .def("corners", &ReturnTester::corners, rvp::reference_internal)
+        .def("corners_const", &ReturnTester::cornersConst, rvp::reference_internal)
+        ;
+
+    // Returns a DiagonalMatrix with diagonal (1,2,3,...)
+    m.def("incr_diag", [](int k) {
+        Eigen::DiagonalMatrix<int, Eigen::Dynamic> m(k);
+        for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) m.diagonal()[i] = i+1;
+        return m;
+    });
+
+    // Returns a SelfAdjointView referencing the lower triangle of m
+    m.def("symmetric_lower", [](const Eigen::MatrixXi &m) {
+            return m.selfadjointView<Eigen::Lower>();
+    });
+    // Returns a SelfAdjointView referencing the lower triangle of m
+    m.def("symmetric_upper", [](const Eigen::MatrixXi &m) {
+            return m.selfadjointView<Eigen::Upper>();
+    });
+
+    // Test matrix for various functions below.
+    Eigen::MatrixXf mat(5, 6);
+    mat << 0,  3,  0,  0,  0, 11,
+           22, 0,  0,  0, 17, 11,
+           7,  5,  0,  1,  0, 11,
+           0,  0,  0,  0,  0, 11,
+           0,  0, 14,  0,  8, 11;
+
+    m.def("fixed_r", [mat]() -> FixedMatrixR { return FixedMatrixR(mat); });
+    m.def("fixed_r_const", [mat]() -> const FixedMatrixR { return FixedMatrixR(mat); });
+    m.def("fixed_c", [mat]() -> FixedMatrixC { return FixedMatrixC(mat); });
+    m.def("fixed_copy_r", [](const FixedMatrixR &m) -> FixedMatrixR { return m; });
+    m.def("fixed_copy_c", [](const FixedMatrixC &m) -> FixedMatrixC { return m; });
+    m.def("fixed_mutator_r", [](Eigen::Ref<FixedMatrixR>) {});
+    m.def("fixed_mutator_c", [](Eigen::Ref<FixedMatrixC>) {});
+    m.def("fixed_mutator_a", [](py::EigenDRef<FixedMatrixC>) {});
+    m.def("dense_r", [mat]() -> DenseMatrixR { return DenseMatrixR(mat); });
+    m.def("dense_c", [mat]() -> DenseMatrixC { return DenseMatrixC(mat); });
+    m.def("dense_copy_r", [](const DenseMatrixR &m) -> DenseMatrixR { return m; });
+    m.def("dense_copy_c", [](const DenseMatrixC &m) -> DenseMatrixC { return m; });
+    m.def("sparse_r", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixR { return Eigen::SparseView<Eigen::MatrixXf>(mat); });
+    m.def("sparse_c", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixC { return Eigen::SparseView<Eigen::MatrixXf>(mat); });
+    m.def("sparse_copy_r", [](const SparseMatrixR &m) -> SparseMatrixR { return m; });
+    m.def("sparse_copy_c", [](const SparseMatrixC &m) -> SparseMatrixC { return m; });
+    m.def("partial_copy_four_rm_r", [](const FourRowMatrixR &m) -> FourRowMatrixR { return m; });
+    m.def("partial_copy_four_rm_c", [](const FourColMatrixR &m) -> FourColMatrixR { return m; });
+    m.def("partial_copy_four_cm_r", [](const FourRowMatrixC &m) -> FourRowMatrixC { return m; });
+    m.def("partial_copy_four_cm_c", [](const FourColMatrixC &m) -> FourColMatrixC { return m; });
+
+    // Test that we can cast a numpy object to a Eigen::MatrixXd explicitly
+    m.def("cpp_copy", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::MatrixXd>()(1, 0); });
+    m.def("cpp_ref_c", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::Ref<Eigen::MatrixXd>>()(1, 0); });
+    m.def("cpp_ref_r", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<Eigen::Ref<MatrixXdR>>()(1, 0); });
+    m.def("cpp_ref_any", [](py::handle m) { return m.cast<py::EigenDRef<Eigen::MatrixXd>>()(1, 0); });
+
+
+    // Test that we can prevent copying into an argument that would normally copy: First a version
+    // that would allow copying (if types or strides don't match) for comparison:
+    m.def("get_elem", &get_elem);
+    // Now this alternative that calls the tells pybind to fail rather than copy:
+    m.def("get_elem_nocopy", [](Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> m) -> double { return get_elem(m); },
+            py::arg().noconvert());
+    // Also test a row-major-only no-copy const ref:
+    m.def("get_elem_rm_nocopy", [](Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix<long, -1, -1, Eigen::RowMajor>> &m) -> long { return m(2, 1); },
+            py::arg().noconvert());
+
+    // Issue #738: 1xN or Nx1 2D matrices were neither accepted nor properly copied with an
+    // incompatible stride value on the length-1 dimension--but that should be allowed (without
+    // requiring a copy!) because the stride value can be safely ignored on a size-1 dimension.
+    m.def("iss738_f1", &adjust_matrix<const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::MatrixXd> &>, py::arg().noconvert());
+    m.def("iss738_f2", &adjust_matrix<const Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix<double, -1, -1, Eigen::RowMajor>> &>, py::arg().noconvert());
+
+    py::class_<CustomOperatorNew>(m, "CustomOperatorNew")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readonly("a", &CustomOperatorNew::a)
+        .def_readonly("b", &CustomOperatorNew::b);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df08edf3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eigen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+import pytest
+
+pytestmark = pytest.requires_eigen_and_numpy
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+    ref = np.array([[ 0.,  3,  0,  0,  0, 11],
+                    [22,  0,  0,  0, 17, 11],
+                    [ 7,  5,  0,  1,  0, 11],
+                    [ 0,  0,  0,  0,  0, 11],
+                    [ 0,  0, 14,  0,  8, 11]])
+
+
+def assert_equal_ref(mat):
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(mat, ref)
+
+
+def assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_mat):
+    assert_equal_ref(sparse_mat.todense())
+
+
+def test_fixed():
+    from pybind11_tests import fixed_r, fixed_c, fixed_copy_r, fixed_copy_c
+
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_c())
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_r())
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_copy_r(fixed_r()))
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_copy_c(fixed_c()))
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_copy_r(fixed_c()))
+    assert_equal_ref(fixed_copy_c(fixed_r()))
+
+
+def test_dense():
+    from pybind11_tests import dense_r, dense_c, dense_copy_r, dense_copy_c
+
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_r())
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_c())
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_copy_r(dense_r()))
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_copy_c(dense_c()))
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_copy_r(dense_c()))
+    assert_equal_ref(dense_copy_c(dense_r()))
+
+
+def test_partially_fixed():
+    from pybind11_tests import (partial_copy_four_rm_r, partial_copy_four_rm_c,
+                                partial_copy_four_cm_r, partial_copy_four_cm_c)
+
+    ref2 = np.array([[0., 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2), ref2)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2), ref2)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2[:, 1]), ref2[:, [1]])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2[0, :]), ref2[[0], :])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_rm_r(ref2[:, (0, 2)]), ref2[:, (0, 2)])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(
+        partial_copy_four_rm_c(ref2[(3, 1, 2), :]), ref2[(3, 1, 2), :])
+
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2), ref2)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2), ref2)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2[:, 1]), ref2[:, [1]])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2[0, :]), ref2[[0], :])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(partial_copy_four_cm_r(ref2[:, (0, 2)]), ref2[:, (0, 2)])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(
+        partial_copy_four_cm_c(ref2[(3, 1, 2), :]), ref2[(3, 1, 2), :])
+
+
+def test_mutator_descriptors():
+    from pybind11_tests import fixed_mutator_r, fixed_mutator_c, fixed_mutator_a
+    zr = np.arange(30, dtype='float32').reshape(5, 6)  # row-major
+    zc = zr.reshape(6, 5).transpose()  # column-major
+
+    fixed_mutator_r(zr)
+    fixed_mutator_c(zc)
+    fixed_mutator_a(zr)
+    fixed_mutator_a(zc)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        fixed_mutator_r(zc)
+    assert ('(numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable, flags.c_contiguous]) -> arg0: None'
+            in str(excinfo.value))
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        fixed_mutator_c(zr)
+    assert ('(numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable, flags.f_contiguous]) -> arg0: None'
+            in str(excinfo.value))
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        fixed_mutator_a(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float32'))
+    assert ('(numpy.ndarray[float32[5, 6], flags.writeable]) -> arg0: None'
+            in str(excinfo.value))
+    zr.flags.writeable = False
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        fixed_mutator_r(zr)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        fixed_mutator_a(zr)
+
+
+def test_cpp_casting():
+    from pybind11_tests import (cpp_copy, cpp_ref_c, cpp_ref_r, cpp_ref_any,
+                                fixed_r, fixed_c, get_cm_ref, get_rm_ref, ReturnTester)
+    assert cpp_copy(fixed_r()) == 22.
+    assert cpp_copy(fixed_c()) == 22.
+    z = np.array([[5., 6], [7, 8]])
+    assert cpp_copy(z) == 7.
+    assert cpp_copy(get_cm_ref()) == 21.
+    assert cpp_copy(get_rm_ref()) == 21.
+    assert cpp_ref_c(get_cm_ref()) == 21.
+    assert cpp_ref_r(get_rm_ref()) == 21.
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        # Can't reference fixed_c: it contains floats, cpp_ref_any wants doubles
+        cpp_ref_any(fixed_c())
+    assert 'Unable to cast Python instance' in str(excinfo.value)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        # Can't reference fixed_r: it contains floats, cpp_ref_any wants doubles
+        cpp_ref_any(fixed_r())
+    assert 'Unable to cast Python instance' in str(excinfo.value)
+    assert cpp_ref_any(ReturnTester.create()) == 1.
+
+    assert cpp_ref_any(get_cm_ref()) == 21.
+    assert cpp_ref_any(get_cm_ref()) == 21.
+
+
+def test_pass_readonly_array():
+    from pybind11_tests import fixed_copy_r, fixed_r, fixed_r_const
+    z = np.full((5, 6), 42.0)
+    z.flags.writeable = False
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(z, fixed_copy_r(z))
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(fixed_r_const(), fixed_r())
+    assert not fixed_r_const().flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(fixed_copy_r(fixed_r_const()), fixed_r_const())
+
+
+def test_nonunit_stride_from_python():
+    from pybind11_tests import (
+        double_row, double_col, double_complex, double_mat_cm, double_mat_rm,
+        double_threec, double_threer)
+
+    counting_mat = np.arange(9.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3))
+    second_row = counting_mat[1, :]
+    second_col = counting_mat[:, 1]
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_row(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_col(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_complex(second_row), 2.0 * second_row)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_row(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_col(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_complex(second_col), 2.0 * second_col)
+
+    counting_3d = np.arange(27.0, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 3, 3))
+    slices = [counting_3d[0, :, :], counting_3d[:, 0, :], counting_3d[:, :, 0]]
+    for slice_idx, ref_mat in enumerate(slices):
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_mat_cm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(double_mat_rm(ref_mat), 2.0 * ref_mat)
+
+    # Mutator:
+    double_threer(second_row)
+    double_threec(second_col)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(counting_mat, [[0., 2, 2], [6, 16, 10], [6, 14, 8]])
+
+
+def test_nonunit_stride_to_python():
+    from pybind11_tests import diagonal, diagonal_1, diagonal_n, block
+
+    assert np.all(diagonal(ref) == ref.diagonal())
+    assert np.all(diagonal_1(ref) == ref.diagonal(1))
+    for i in range(-5, 7):
+        assert np.all(diagonal_n(ref, i) == ref.diagonal(i)), "diagonal_n({})".format(i)
+
+    assert np.all(block(ref, 2, 1, 3, 3) == ref[2:5, 1:4])
+    assert np.all(block(ref, 1, 4, 4, 2) == ref[1:, 4:])
+    assert np.all(block(ref, 1, 4, 3, 2) == ref[1:4, 4:])
+
+
+def test_eigen_ref_to_python():
+    from pybind11_tests import cholesky1, cholesky2, cholesky3, cholesky4
+
+    chols = [cholesky1, cholesky2, cholesky3, cholesky4]
+    for i, chol in enumerate(chols, start=1):
+        mymat = chol(np.array([[1., 2, 4], [2, 13, 23], [4, 23, 77]]))
+        assert np.all(mymat == np.array([[1, 0, 0], [2, 3, 0], [4, 5, 6]])), "cholesky{}".format(i)
+
+
+def assign_both(a1, a2, r, c, v):
+    a1[r, c] = v
+    a2[r, c] = v
+
+
+def array_copy_but_one(a, r, c, v):
+    z = np.array(a, copy=True)
+    z[r, c] = v
+    return z
+
+
+def test_eigen_return_references():
+    """Tests various ways of returning references and non-referencing copies"""
+    from pybind11_tests import ReturnTester
+    master = np.ones((10, 10))
+    a = ReturnTester()
+    a_get1 = a.get()
+    assert not a_get1.flags.owndata and a_get1.flags.writeable
+    assign_both(a_get1, master, 3, 3, 5)
+    a_get2 = a.get_ptr()
+    assert not a_get2.flags.owndata and a_get2.flags.writeable
+    assign_both(a_get1, master, 2, 3, 6)
+
+    a_view1 = a.view()
+    assert not a_view1.flags.owndata and not a_view1.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_view1[2, 3] = 4
+    a_view2 = a.view_ptr()
+    assert not a_view2.flags.owndata and not a_view2.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_view2[2, 3] = 4
+
+    a_copy1 = a.copy_get()
+    assert a_copy1.flags.owndata and a_copy1.flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy1, master)
+    a_copy1[7, 7] = -44  # Shouldn't affect anything else
+    c1want = array_copy_but_one(master, 7, 7, -44)
+    a_copy2 = a.copy_view()
+    assert a_copy2.flags.owndata and a_copy2.flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy2, master)
+    a_copy2[4, 4] = -22  # Shouldn't affect anything else
+    c2want = array_copy_but_one(master, 4, 4, -22)
+
+    a_ref1 = a.ref()
+    assert not a_ref1.flags.owndata and a_ref1.flags.writeable
+    assign_both(a_ref1, master, 1, 1, 15)
+    a_ref2 = a.ref_const()
+    assert not a_ref2.flags.owndata and not a_ref2.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_ref2[5, 5] = 33
+    a_ref3 = a.ref_safe()
+    assert not a_ref3.flags.owndata and a_ref3.flags.writeable
+    assign_both(a_ref3, master, 0, 7, 99)
+    a_ref4 = a.ref_const_safe()
+    assert not a_ref4.flags.owndata and not a_ref4.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_ref4[7, 0] = 987654321
+
+    a_copy3 = a.copy_ref()
+    assert a_copy3.flags.owndata and a_copy3.flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy3, master)
+    a_copy3[8, 1] = 11
+    c3want = array_copy_but_one(master, 8, 1, 11)
+    a_copy4 = a.copy_ref_const()
+    assert a_copy4.flags.owndata and a_copy4.flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy4, master)
+    a_copy4[8, 4] = 88
+    c4want = array_copy_but_one(master, 8, 4, 88)
+
+    a_block1 = a.block(3, 3, 2, 2)
+    assert not a_block1.flags.owndata and a_block1.flags.writeable
+    a_block1[0, 0] = 55
+    master[3, 3] = 55
+    a_block2 = a.block_safe(2, 2, 3, 2)
+    assert not a_block2.flags.owndata and a_block2.flags.writeable
+    a_block2[2, 1] = -123
+    master[4, 3] = -123
+    a_block3 = a.block_const(6, 7, 4, 3)
+    assert not a_block3.flags.owndata and not a_block3.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_block3[2, 2] = -44444
+
+    a_copy5 = a.copy_block(2, 2, 2, 3)
+    assert a_copy5.flags.owndata and a_copy5.flags.writeable
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy5, master[2:4, 2:5])
+    a_copy5[1, 1] = 777
+    c5want = array_copy_but_one(master[2:4, 2:5], 1, 1, 777)
+
+    a_corn1 = a.corners()
+    assert not a_corn1.flags.owndata and a_corn1.flags.writeable
+    a_corn1 *= 50
+    a_corn1[1, 1] = 999
+    master[0, 0] = 50
+    master[0, 9] = 50
+    master[9, 0] = 50
+    master[9, 9] = 999
+    a_corn2 = a.corners_const()
+    assert not a_corn2.flags.owndata and not a_corn2.flags.writeable
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        a_corn2[1, 0] = 51
+
+    # All of the changes made all the way along should be visible everywhere
+    # now (except for the copies, of course)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_get1, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_get2, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_view1, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_view2, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref1, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref2, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref3, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_ref4, master)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block1, master[3:5, 3:5])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block2, master[2:5, 2:4])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_block3, master[6:10, 7:10])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_corn1, master[0::master.shape[0] - 1, 0::master.shape[1] - 1])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_corn2, master[0::master.shape[0] - 1, 0::master.shape[1] - 1])
+
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy1, c1want)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy2, c2want)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy3, c3want)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy4, c4want)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a_copy5, c5want)
+
+
+def assert_keeps_alive(cl, method, *args):
+    from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(cl)
+    start_with = cstats.alive()
+    a = cl()
+    assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
+    z = method(a, *args)
+    assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
+    del a
+    # Here's the keep alive in action:
+    assert cstats.alive() == start_with + 1
+    del z
+    # Keep alive should have expired:
+    assert cstats.alive() == start_with
+
+
+def test_eigen_keepalive():
+    from pybind11_tests import ReturnTester, ConstructorStats
+    a = ReturnTester()
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(ReturnTester)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    unsafe = [a.ref(), a.ref_const(), a.block(1, 2, 3, 4)]
+    copies = [a.copy_get(), a.copy_view(), a.copy_ref(), a.copy_ref_const(),
+              a.copy_block(4, 3, 2, 1)]
+    del a
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    del unsafe
+    del copies
+
+    for meth in [ReturnTester.get, ReturnTester.get_ptr, ReturnTester.view,
+                 ReturnTester.view_ptr, ReturnTester.ref_safe, ReturnTester.ref_const_safe,
+                 ReturnTester.corners, ReturnTester.corners_const]:
+        assert_keeps_alive(ReturnTester, meth)
+
+    for meth in [ReturnTester.block_safe, ReturnTester.block_const]:
+        assert_keeps_alive(ReturnTester, meth, 4, 3, 2, 1)
+
+
+def test_eigen_ref_mutators():
+    """Tests whether Eigen can mutate numpy values"""
+    from pybind11_tests import add_rm, add_cm, add_any, add1, add2
+    orig = np.array([[1., 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
+    zr = np.array(orig)
+    zc = np.array(orig, order='F')
+    add_rm(zr, 1, 0, 100)
+    assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [104, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+    add_cm(zc, 1, 0, 200)
+    assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [204, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+
+    add_any(zr, 1, 0, 20)
+    assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [124, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+    add_any(zc, 1, 0, 10)
+    assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 3], [214, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+
+    # Can't reference a col-major array with a row-major Ref, and vice versa:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_rm(zc, 1, 0, 1)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_cm(zr, 1, 0, 1)
+
+    # Overloads:
+    add1(zr, 1, 0, -100)
+    add2(zr, 1, 0, -20)
+    assert np.all(zr == orig)
+    add1(zc, 1, 0, -200)
+    add2(zc, 1, 0, -10)
+    assert np.all(zc == orig)
+
+    # a non-contiguous slice (this won't work on either the row- or
+    # column-contiguous refs, but should work for the any)
+    cornersr = zr[0::2, 0::2]
+    cornersc = zc[0::2, 0::2]
+
+    assert np.all(cornersr == np.array([[1., 3], [7, 9]]))
+    assert np.all(cornersc == np.array([[1., 3], [7, 9]]))
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_rm(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_cm(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_rm(cornersc, 0, 1, 25)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_cm(cornersc, 0, 1, 25)
+    add_any(cornersr, 0, 1, 25)
+    add_any(cornersc, 0, 1, 44)
+    assert np.all(zr == np.array([[1., 2, 28], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+    assert np.all(zc == np.array([[1., 2, 47], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+
+    # You shouldn't be allowed to pass a non-writeable array to a mutating Eigen method:
+    zro = zr[0:4, 0:4]
+    zro.flags.writeable = False
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_rm(zro, 0, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_any(zro, 0, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add1(zro, 0, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add2(zro, 0, 0, 0)
+
+    # integer array shouldn't be passable to a double-matrix-accepting mutating func:
+    zi = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        add_rm(zi)
+
+
+def test_numpy_ref_mutators():
+    """Tests numpy mutating Eigen matrices (for returned Eigen::Ref<...>s)"""
+    from pybind11_tests import (
+        get_cm_ref, get_cm_const_ref, get_rm_ref, get_rm_const_ref, reset_refs)
+    reset_refs()  # In case another test already changed it
+
+    zc = get_cm_ref()
+    zcro = get_cm_const_ref()
+    zr = get_rm_ref()
+    zrro = get_rm_const_ref()
+
+    assert [zc[1, 2], zcro[1, 2], zr[1, 2], zrro[1, 2]] == [23] * 4
+
+    assert not zc.flags.owndata and zc.flags.writeable
+    assert not zr.flags.owndata and zr.flags.writeable
+    assert not zcro.flags.owndata and not zcro.flags.writeable
+    assert not zrro.flags.owndata and not zrro.flags.writeable
+
+    zc[1, 2] = 99
+    expect = np.array([[11., 12, 13], [21, 22, 99], [31, 32, 33]])
+    # We should have just changed zc, of course, but also zcro and the original eigen matrix
+    assert np.all(zc == expect)
+    assert np.all(zcro == expect)
+    assert np.all(get_cm_ref() == expect)
+
+    zr[1, 2] = 99
+    assert np.all(zr == expect)
+    assert np.all(zrro == expect)
+    assert np.all(get_rm_ref() == expect)
+
+    # Make sure the readonly ones are numpy-readonly:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        zcro[1, 2] = 6
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        zrro[1, 2] = 6
+
+    # We should be able to explicitly copy like this (and since we're copying,
+    # the const should drop away)
+    y1 = np.array(get_cm_const_ref())
+
+    assert y1.flags.owndata and y1.flags.writeable
+    # We should get copies of the eigen data, which was modified above:
+    assert y1[1, 2] == 99
+    y1[1, 2] += 12
+    assert y1[1, 2] == 111
+    assert zc[1, 2] == 99  # Make sure we aren't referencing the original
+
+
+def test_both_ref_mutators():
+    """Tests a complex chain of nested eigen/numpy references"""
+    from pybind11_tests import (
+        incr_matrix, get_cm_ref, incr_matrix_any, even_cols, even_rows, reset_refs)
+    reset_refs()  # In case another test already changed it
+
+    z = get_cm_ref()  # numpy -> eigen
+    z[0, 2] -= 3
+    z2 = incr_matrix(z, 1)  # numpy -> eigen -> numpy -> eigen
+    z2[1, 1] += 6
+    z3 = incr_matrix(z, 2)  # (numpy -> eigen)^3
+    z3[2, 2] += -5
+    z4 = incr_matrix(z, 3)  # (numpy -> eigen)^4
+    z4[1, 1] -= 1
+    z5 = incr_matrix(z, 4)  # (numpy -> eigen)^5
+    z5[0, 0] = 0
+    assert np.all(z == z2)
+    assert np.all(z == z3)
+    assert np.all(z == z4)
+    assert np.all(z == z5)
+    expect = np.array([[0., 22, 20], [31, 37, 33], [41, 42, 38]])
+    assert np.all(z == expect)
+
+    y = np.array(range(100), dtype='float64').reshape(10, 10)
+    y2 = incr_matrix_any(y, 10)  # np -> eigen -> np
+    y3 = incr_matrix_any(y2[0::2, 0::2], -33)  # np -> eigen -> np slice -> np -> eigen -> np
+    y4 = even_rows(y3)  # numpy -> eigen slice -> (... y3)
+    y5 = even_cols(y4)  # numpy -> eigen slice -> (... y4)
+    y6 = incr_matrix_any(y5, 1000)  # numpy -> eigen -> (... y5)
+
+    # Apply same mutations using just numpy:
+    yexpect = np.array(range(100), dtype='float64').reshape(10, 10)
+    yexpect += 10
+    yexpect[0::2, 0::2] -= 33
+    yexpect[0::4, 0::4] += 1000
+    assert np.all(y6 == yexpect[0::4, 0::4])
+    assert np.all(y5 == yexpect[0::4, 0::4])
+    assert np.all(y4 == yexpect[0::4, 0::2])
+    assert np.all(y3 == yexpect[0::2, 0::2])
+    assert np.all(y2 == yexpect)
+    assert np.all(y == yexpect)
+
+
+def test_nocopy_wrapper():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_elem, get_elem_nocopy, get_elem_rm_nocopy
+    # get_elem requires a column-contiguous matrix reference, but should be
+    # callable with other types of matrix (via copying):
+    int_matrix_colmajor = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], order='F')
+    dbl_matrix_colmajor = np.array(int_matrix_colmajor, dtype='double', order='F', copy=True)
+    int_matrix_rowmajor = np.array(int_matrix_colmajor, order='C', copy=True)
+    dbl_matrix_rowmajor = np.array(int_matrix_rowmajor, dtype='double', order='C', copy=True)
+
+    # All should be callable via get_elem:
+    assert get_elem(int_matrix_colmajor) == 8
+    assert get_elem(dbl_matrix_colmajor) == 8
+    assert get_elem(int_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
+    assert get_elem(dbl_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
+
+    # All but the second should fail with get_elem_nocopy:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_nocopy(int_matrix_colmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+    assert get_elem_nocopy(dbl_matrix_colmajor) == 8
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_nocopy(int_matrix_rowmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_nocopy(dbl_matrix_rowmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.f_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+
+    # For the row-major test, we take a long matrix in row-major, so only the third is allowed:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_rm_nocopy(int_matrix_colmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_rm_nocopy(dbl_matrix_colmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+    assert get_elem_rm_nocopy(int_matrix_rowmajor) == 8
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_elem_rm_nocopy(dbl_matrix_rowmajor)
+    assert ('get_elem_rm_nocopy(): incompatible function arguments.' in str(excinfo.value) and
+            ', flags.c_contiguous' in str(excinfo.value))
+
+
+def test_special_matrix_objects():
+    from pybind11_tests import incr_diag, symmetric_upper, symmetric_lower
+
+    assert np.all(incr_diag(7) == np.diag([1., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))
+
+    asymm = np.array([[ 1.,  2,  3,  4],
+                      [ 5,  6,  7,  8],
+                      [ 9, 10, 11, 12],
+                      [13, 14, 15, 16]])
+    symm_lower = np.array(asymm)
+    symm_upper = np.array(asymm)
+    for i in range(4):
+        for j in range(i + 1, 4):
+            symm_lower[i, j] = symm_lower[j, i]
+            symm_upper[j, i] = symm_upper[i, j]
+
+    assert np.all(symmetric_lower(asymm) == symm_lower)
+    assert np.all(symmetric_upper(asymm) == symm_upper)
+
+
+def test_dense_signature(doc):
+    from pybind11_tests import double_col, double_row, double_complex, double_mat_rm
+
+    assert doc(double_col) == """
+        double_col(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[m, 1]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[m, 1]]
+    """
+    assert doc(double_row) == """
+        double_row(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[1, n]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[1, n]]
+    """
+    assert doc(double_complex) == """
+        double_complex(arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex64[m, 1]]) -> numpy.ndarray[complex64[m, 1]]
+    """
+    assert doc(double_mat_rm) == """
+        double_mat_rm(arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32[m, n]]) -> numpy.ndarray[float32[m, n]]
+    """
+
+
+@pytest.requires_eigen_and_scipy
+def test_sparse():
+    from pybind11_tests import sparse_r, sparse_c, sparse_copy_r, sparse_copy_c
+
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_r())
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_c())
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_copy_r(sparse_r()))
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_copy_c(sparse_c()))
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_copy_r(sparse_c()))
+    assert_sparse_equal_ref(sparse_copy_c(sparse_r()))
+
+
+@pytest.requires_eigen_and_scipy
+def test_sparse_signature(doc):
+    from pybind11_tests import sparse_copy_r, sparse_copy_c
+
+    assert doc(sparse_copy_r) == """
+        sparse_copy_r(arg0: scipy.sparse.csr_matrix[float32]) -> scipy.sparse.csr_matrix[float32]
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    assert doc(sparse_copy_c) == """
+        sparse_copy_c(arg0: scipy.sparse.csc_matrix[float32]) -> scipy.sparse.csc_matrix[float32]
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+
+def test_issue738():
+    from pybind11_tests import iss738_f1, iss738_f2
+
+    assert np.all(iss738_f1(np.array([[1., 2, 3]])) == np.array([[1., 102, 203]]))
+    assert np.all(iss738_f1(np.array([[1.], [2], [3]])) == np.array([[1.], [12], [23]]))
+
+    assert np.all(iss738_f2(np.array([[1., 2, 3]])) == np.array([[1., 102, 203]]))
+    assert np.all(iss738_f2(np.array([[1.], [2], [3]])) == np.array([[1.], [12], [23]]))
+
+
+def test_custom_operator_new():
+    """Using Eigen types as member variables requires a class-specific
+    operator new with proper alignment"""
+    from pybind11_tests import CustomOperatorNew
+
+    o = CustomOperatorNew()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(o.a, 0.0)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(o.b.diagonal(), 1.0)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09f334cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_enums.cpp -- enumerations
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+enum UnscopedEnum {
+    EOne = 1,
+    ETwo
+};
+
+enum class ScopedEnum {
+    Two = 2,
+    Three
+};
+
+enum Flags {
+    Read = 4,
+    Write = 2,
+    Execute = 1
+};
+
+class ClassWithUnscopedEnum {
+public:
+    enum EMode {
+        EFirstMode = 1,
+        ESecondMode
+    };
+
+    static EMode test_function(EMode mode) {
+        return mode;
+    }
+};
+
+std::string test_scoped_enum(ScopedEnum z) {
+    return "ScopedEnum::" + std::string(z == ScopedEnum::Two ? "Two" : "Three");
+}
+
+test_initializer enums([](py::module &m) {
+    m.def("test_scoped_enum", &test_scoped_enum);
+
+    py::enum_<UnscopedEnum>(m, "UnscopedEnum", py::arithmetic())
+        .value("EOne", EOne)
+        .value("ETwo", ETwo)
+        .export_values();
+
+    py::enum_<ScopedEnum>(m, "ScopedEnum", py::arithmetic())
+        .value("Two", ScopedEnum::Two)
+        .value("Three", ScopedEnum::Three);
+
+    py::enum_<Flags>(m, "Flags", py::arithmetic())
+        .value("Read", Flags::Read)
+        .value("Write", Flags::Write)
+        .value("Execute", Flags::Execute)
+        .export_values();
+
+    py::class_<ClassWithUnscopedEnum> exenum_class(m, "ClassWithUnscopedEnum");
+    exenum_class.def_static("test_function", &ClassWithUnscopedEnum::test_function);
+    py::enum_<ClassWithUnscopedEnum::EMode>(exenum_class, "EMode")
+        .value("EFirstMode", ClassWithUnscopedEnum::EFirstMode)
+        .value("ESecondMode", ClassWithUnscopedEnum::ESecondMode)
+        .export_values();
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba7e22ab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_enum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_unscoped_enum():
+    from pybind11_tests import UnscopedEnum, EOne
+
+    assert str(UnscopedEnum.EOne) == "UnscopedEnum.EOne"
+    assert str(UnscopedEnum.ETwo) == "UnscopedEnum.ETwo"
+    assert str(EOne) == "UnscopedEnum.EOne"
+    # __members__ property
+    assert UnscopedEnum.__members__ == {"EOne": UnscopedEnum.EOne, "ETwo": UnscopedEnum.ETwo}
+    # __members__ readonly
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        UnscopedEnum.__members__ = {}
+    # __members__ returns a copy
+    foo = UnscopedEnum.__members__
+    foo["bar"] = "baz"
+    assert UnscopedEnum.__members__ == {"EOne": UnscopedEnum.EOne, "ETwo": UnscopedEnum.ETwo}
+
+    # no TypeError exception for unscoped enum ==/!= int comparisons
+    y = UnscopedEnum.ETwo
+    assert y == 2
+    assert y != 3
+
+    assert int(UnscopedEnum.ETwo) == 2
+    assert str(UnscopedEnum(2)) == "UnscopedEnum.ETwo"
+
+    # order
+    assert UnscopedEnum.EOne < UnscopedEnum.ETwo
+    assert UnscopedEnum.EOne < 2
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo > UnscopedEnum.EOne
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo > 1
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo <= 2
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= 2
+    assert UnscopedEnum.EOne <= UnscopedEnum.ETwo
+    assert UnscopedEnum.EOne <= 2
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= UnscopedEnum.EOne
+    assert UnscopedEnum.ETwo >= 1
+    assert not (UnscopedEnum.ETwo < UnscopedEnum.EOne)
+    assert not (2 < UnscopedEnum.EOne)
+
+
+def test_scoped_enum():
+    from pybind11_tests import ScopedEnum, test_scoped_enum
+
+    assert test_scoped_enum(ScopedEnum.Three) == "ScopedEnum::Three"
+    z = ScopedEnum.Two
+    assert test_scoped_enum(z) == "ScopedEnum::Two"
+
+    # expected TypeError exceptions for scoped enum ==/!= int comparisons
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        assert z == 2
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        assert z != 3
+
+    # order
+    assert ScopedEnum.Two < ScopedEnum.Three
+    assert ScopedEnum.Three > ScopedEnum.Two
+    assert ScopedEnum.Two <= ScopedEnum.Three
+    assert ScopedEnum.Two <= ScopedEnum.Two
+    assert ScopedEnum.Two >= ScopedEnum.Two
+    assert ScopedEnum.Three >= ScopedEnum.Two
+
+
+def test_implicit_conversion():
+    from pybind11_tests import ClassWithUnscopedEnum
+
+    assert str(ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EMode.EFirstMode) == "EMode.EFirstMode"
+    assert str(ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EFirstMode) == "EMode.EFirstMode"
+
+    f = ClassWithUnscopedEnum.test_function
+    first = ClassWithUnscopedEnum.EFirstMode
+    second = ClassWithUnscopedEnum.ESecondMode
+
+    assert f(first) == 1
+
+    assert f(first) == f(first)
+    assert not f(first) != f(first)
+
+    assert f(first) != f(second)
+    assert not f(first) == f(second)
+
+    assert f(first) == int(f(first))
+    assert not f(first) != int(f(first))
+
+    assert f(first) != int(f(second))
+    assert not f(first) == int(f(second))
+
+    # noinspection PyDictCreation
+    x = {f(first): 1, f(second): 2}
+    x[f(first)] = 3
+    x[f(second)] = 4
+    # Hashing test
+    assert str(x) == "{EMode.EFirstMode: 3, EMode.ESecondMode: 4}"
+
+
+def test_binary_operators():
+    from pybind11_tests import Flags
+
+    assert int(Flags.Read) == 4
+    assert int(Flags.Write) == 2
+    assert int(Flags.Execute) == 1
+    assert int(Flags.Read | Flags.Write | Flags.Execute) == 7
+    assert int(Flags.Read | Flags.Write) == 6
+    assert int(Flags.Read | Flags.Execute) == 5
+    assert int(Flags.Write | Flags.Execute) == 3
+    assert int(Flags.Write | 1) == 3
+
+    state = Flags.Read | Flags.Write
+    assert (state & Flags.Read) != 0
+    assert (state & Flags.Write) != 0
+    assert (state & Flags.Execute) == 0
+    assert (state & 1) == 0
+
+    state2 = ~state
+    assert state2 == -7
+    assert int(state ^ state2) == -1
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed4c226fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_eval.cpp -- Usage of eval() and eval_file()
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Klemens D. Morgenstern
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+
+#include <pybind11/eval.h>
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+test_initializer eval([](py::module &m) {
+    auto global = py::dict(py::module::import("__main__").attr("__dict__"));
+
+    m.def("test_eval_statements", [global]() {
+        auto local = py::dict();
+        local["call_test"] = py::cpp_function([&]() -> int {
+            return 42;
+        });
+
+        auto result = py::eval<py::eval_statements>(
+            "print('Hello World!');\n"
+            "x = call_test();",
+            global, local
+        );
+        auto x = local["x"].cast<int>();
+
+        return result == py::none() && x == 42;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_eval", [global]() {
+        auto local = py::dict();
+        local["x"] = py::int_(42);
+        auto x = py::eval("x", global, local);
+        return x.cast<int>() == 42;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_eval_single_statement", []() {
+        auto local = py::dict();
+        local["call_test"] = py::cpp_function([&]() -> int {
+            return 42;
+        });
+
+        auto result = py::eval<py::eval_single_statement>("x = call_test()", py::dict(), local);
+        auto x = local["x"].cast<int>();
+        return result == py::none() && x == 42;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_eval_file", [global](py::str filename) {
+        auto local = py::dict();
+        local["y"] = py::int_(43);
+
+        int val_out;
+        local["call_test2"] = py::cpp_function([&](int value) { val_out = value; });
+
+        auto result = py::eval_file(filename, global, local);
+        return val_out == 43 && result == py::none();
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_eval_failure", []() {
+        try {
+            py::eval("nonsense code ...");
+        } catch (py::error_already_set &) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_eval_file_failure", []() {
+        try {
+            py::eval_file("non-existing file");
+        } catch (std::exception &) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8715dbadb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import os
+
+
+def test_evals(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import (test_eval_statements, test_eval, test_eval_single_statement,
+                                test_eval_file, test_eval_failure, test_eval_file_failure)
+
+    with capture:
+        assert test_eval_statements()
+    assert capture == "Hello World!"
+
+    assert test_eval()
+    assert test_eval_single_statement()
+
+    filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test_eval_call.py")
+    assert test_eval_file(filename)
+
+    assert test_eval_failure()
+    assert test_eval_file_failure()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval_call.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53c7e721f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_eval_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# This file is called from 'test_eval.py'
+
+if 'call_test2' in locals():
+    call_test2(y)  # noqa: F821 undefined name
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..706b500f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_custom-exceptions.cpp -- exception translation
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Pim Schellart <P.Schellart@princeton.edu>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+// A type that should be raised as an exeption in Python
+class MyException : public std::exception {
+public:
+    explicit MyException(const char * m) : message{m} {}
+    virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
+private:
+    std::string message = "";
+};
+
+// A type that should be translated to a standard Python exception
+class MyException2 : public std::exception {
+public:
+    explicit MyException2(const char * m) : message{m} {}
+    virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
+private:
+    std::string message = "";
+};
+
+// A type that is not derived from std::exception (and is thus unknown)
+class MyException3 {
+public:
+    explicit MyException3(const char * m) : message{m} {}
+    virtual const char * what() const noexcept {return message.c_str();}
+private:
+    std::string message = "";
+};
+
+// A type that should be translated to MyException
+// and delegated to its exception translator
+class MyException4 : public std::exception {
+public:
+    explicit MyException4(const char * m) : message{m} {}
+    virtual const char * what() const noexcept override {return message.c_str();}
+private:
+    std::string message = "";
+};
+
+
+// Like the above, but declared via the helper function
+class MyException5 : public std::logic_error {
+public:
+    explicit MyException5(const std::string &what) : std::logic_error(what) {}
+};
+
+// Inherits from MyException5
+class MyException5_1 : public MyException5 {
+    using MyException5::MyException5;
+};
+
+void throws1() {
+    throw MyException("this error should go to a custom type");
+}
+
+void throws2() {
+    throw MyException2("this error should go to a standard Python exception");
+}
+
+void throws3() {
+    throw MyException3("this error cannot be translated");
+}
+
+void throws4() {
+    throw MyException4("this error is rethrown");
+}
+
+void throws5() {
+    throw MyException5("this is a helper-defined translated exception");
+}
+
+void throws5_1() {
+    throw MyException5_1("MyException5 subclass");
+}
+
+void throws_logic_error() {
+    throw std::logic_error("this error should fall through to the standard handler");
+}
+
+struct PythonCallInDestructor {
+    PythonCallInDestructor(const py::dict &d) : d(d) {}
+    ~PythonCallInDestructor() { d["good"] = true; }
+
+    py::dict d;
+};
+
+test_initializer custom_exceptions([](py::module &m) {
+    // make a new custom exception and use it as a translation target
+    static py::exception<MyException> ex(m, "MyException");
+    py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
+        try {
+            if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        } catch (const MyException &e) {
+            // Set MyException as the active python error
+            ex(e.what());
+        }
+    });
+
+    // register new translator for MyException2
+    // no need to store anything here because this type will
+    // never by visible from Python
+    py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
+        try {
+            if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        } catch (const MyException2 &e) {
+            // Translate this exception to a standard RuntimeError
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what());
+        }
+    });
+
+    // register new translator for MyException4
+    // which will catch it and delegate to the previously registered
+    // translator for MyException by throwing a new exception
+    py::register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
+        try {
+            if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        } catch (const MyException4 &e) {
+            throw MyException(e.what());
+        }
+    });
+
+    // A simple exception translation:
+    auto ex5 = py::register_exception<MyException5>(m, "MyException5");
+    // A slightly more complicated one that declares MyException5_1 as a subclass of MyException5
+    py::register_exception<MyException5_1>(m, "MyException5_1", ex5.ptr());
+
+    m.def("throws1", &throws1);
+    m.def("throws2", &throws2);
+    m.def("throws3", &throws3);
+    m.def("throws4", &throws4);
+    m.def("throws5", &throws5);
+    m.def("throws5_1", &throws5_1);
+    m.def("throws_logic_error", &throws_logic_error);
+
+    m.def("throw_already_set", [](bool err) {
+        if (err)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
+        try {
+            throw py::error_already_set();
+        } catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
+            if ((err && e.what() != std::string("ValueError: foo")) ||
+                (!err && e.what() != std::string("Unknown internal error occurred")))
+            {
+                PyErr_Clear();
+                throw std::runtime_error("error message mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        if (err)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
+        throw py::error_already_set();
+    });
+
+    m.def("python_call_in_destructor", [](py::dict d) {
+        try {
+            PythonCallInDestructor set_dict_in_destructor(d);
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "foo");
+            throw py::error_already_set();
+        } catch (const py::error_already_set&) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0025e4eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_error_already_set(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import throw_already_set
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        throw_already_set(False)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Unknown internal error occurred"
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        throw_already_set(True)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "foo"
+
+
+def test_python_call_in_catch():
+    from pybind11_tests import python_call_in_destructor
+
+    d = {}
+    assert python_call_in_destructor(d) is True
+    assert d["good"] is True
+
+
+def test_custom(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import (MyException, MyException5, MyException5_1,
+                                throws1, throws2, throws3, throws4, throws5, throws5_1,
+                                throws_logic_error)
+
+    # Can we catch a MyException?"
+    with pytest.raises(MyException) as excinfo:
+        throws1()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a custom type"
+
+    # Can we translate to standard Python exceptions?
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        throws2()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should go to a standard Python exception"
+
+    # Can we handle unknown exceptions?
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        throws3()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "Caught an unknown exception!"
+
+    # Can we delegate to another handler by rethrowing?
+    with pytest.raises(MyException) as excinfo:
+        throws4()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error is rethrown"
+
+    # "Can we fall-through to the default handler?"
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        throws_logic_error()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this error should fall through to the standard handler"
+
+    # Can we handle a helper-declared exception?
+    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
+        throws5()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
+
+    # Exception subclassing:
+    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
+        throws5_1()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
+    assert isinstance(excinfo.value, MyException5_1)
+
+    with pytest.raises(MyException5_1) as excinfo:
+        throws5_1()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "MyException5 subclass"
+
+    with pytest.raises(MyException5) as excinfo:
+        try:
+            throws5()
+        except MyException5_1:
+            raise RuntimeError("Exception error: caught child from parent")
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c19f58dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_inheritance.cpp -- inheritance, automatic upcasting for polymorphic types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+class Pet {
+public:
+    Pet(const std::string &name, const std::string &species)
+        : m_name(name), m_species(species) {}
+    std::string name() const { return m_name; }
+    std::string species() const { return m_species; }
+private:
+    std::string m_name;
+    std::string m_species;
+};
+
+class Dog : public Pet {
+public:
+    Dog(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "dog") {}
+    std::string bark() const { return "Woof!"; }
+};
+
+class Rabbit : public Pet {
+public:
+    Rabbit(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "parrot") {}
+};
+
+class Hamster : public Pet {
+public:
+    Hamster(const std::string &name) : Pet(name, "rodent") {}
+};
+
+class Chimera : public Pet {
+    Chimera() : Pet("Kimmy", "chimera") {}
+};
+
+std::string pet_name_species(const Pet &pet) {
+    return pet.name() + " is a " + pet.species();
+}
+
+std::string dog_bark(const Dog &dog) {
+    return dog.bark();
+}
+
+
+struct BaseClass { virtual ~BaseClass() {} };
+struct DerivedClass1 : BaseClass { };
+struct DerivedClass2 : BaseClass { };
+
+struct MismatchBase1 { };
+struct MismatchDerived1 : MismatchBase1 { };
+
+struct MismatchBase2 { };
+struct MismatchDerived2 : MismatchBase2 { };
+
+test_initializer inheritance([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Pet> pet_class(m, "Pet");
+    pet_class
+        .def(py::init<std::string, std::string>())
+        .def("name", &Pet::name)
+        .def("species", &Pet::species);
+
+    /* One way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's class_ object */
+    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet_class)
+        .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+    /* Another way of declaring a subclass relationship: reference parent's C++ type */
+    py::class_<Rabbit, Pet>(m, "Rabbit")
+        .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+    /* And another: list parent in class template arguments */
+    py::class_<Hamster, Pet>(m, "Hamster")
+        .def(py::init<std::string>());
+
+    py::class_<Chimera, Pet>(m, "Chimera");
+
+    m.def("pet_name_species", pet_name_species);
+    m.def("dog_bark", dog_bark);
+
+    py::class_<BaseClass>(m, "BaseClass").def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<DerivedClass1>(m, "DerivedClass1").def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<DerivedClass2>(m, "DerivedClass2").def(py::init<>());
+
+    m.def("return_class_1", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass1(); });
+    m.def("return_class_2", []() -> BaseClass* { return new DerivedClass2(); });
+    m.def("return_class_n", [](int n) -> BaseClass* {
+        if (n == 1) return new DerivedClass1();
+        if (n == 2) return new DerivedClass2();
+        return new BaseClass();
+    });
+    m.def("return_none", []() -> BaseClass* { return nullptr; });
+
+    m.def("test_isinstance", [](py::list l) {
+        struct Unregistered { }; // checks missing type_info code path
+
+        return py::make_tuple(
+            py::isinstance<py::tuple>(l[0]),
+            py::isinstance<py::dict>(l[1]),
+            py::isinstance<Pet>(l[2]),
+            py::isinstance<Pet>(l[3]),
+            py::isinstance<Dog>(l[4]),
+            py::isinstance<Rabbit>(l[5]),
+            py::isinstance<Unregistered>(l[6])
+        );
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_mismatched_holder_type_1", []() {
+        auto m = py::module::import("__main__");
+        py::class_<MismatchBase1, std::shared_ptr<MismatchBase1>>(m, "MismatchBase1");
+        py::class_<MismatchDerived1, MismatchBase1>(m, "MismatchDerived1");
+    });
+    m.def("test_mismatched_holder_type_2", []() {
+        auto m = py::module::import("__main__");
+        py::class_<MismatchBase2>(m, "MismatchBase2");
+        py::class_<MismatchDerived2, std::shared_ptr<MismatchDerived2>, MismatchBase2>(m, "MismatchDerived2");
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1f537d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_inheritance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_inheritance(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import Pet, Dog, Rabbit, Hamster, Chimera, dog_bark, pet_name_species
+
+    roger = Rabbit('Rabbit')
+    assert roger.name() + " is a " + roger.species() == "Rabbit is a parrot"
+    assert pet_name_species(roger) == "Rabbit is a parrot"
+
+    polly = Pet('Polly', 'parrot')
+    assert polly.name() + " is a " + polly.species() == "Polly is a parrot"
+    assert pet_name_species(polly) == "Polly is a parrot"
+
+    molly = Dog('Molly')
+    assert molly.name() + " is a " + molly.species() == "Molly is a dog"
+    assert pet_name_species(molly) == "Molly is a dog"
+
+    fred = Hamster('Fred')
+    assert fred.name() + " is a " + fred.species() == "Fred is a rodent"
+
+    assert dog_bark(molly) == "Woof!"
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        dog_bark(polly)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        dog_bark(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: m.Dog) -> str
+
+        Invoked with: <m.Pet object at 0>
+    """
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        Chimera("lion", "goat")
+    assert "No constructor defined!" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+def test_automatic_upcasting():
+    from pybind11_tests import return_class_1, return_class_2, return_class_n, return_none
+
+    assert type(return_class_1()).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
+    assert type(return_class_2()).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
+    assert type(return_none()).__name__ == "NoneType"
+    # Repeat these a few times in a random order to ensure no invalid caching
+    # is applied
+    assert type(return_class_n(1)).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
+    assert type(return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
+    assert type(return_class_n(0)).__name__ == "BaseClass"
+    assert type(return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
+    assert type(return_class_n(2)).__name__ == "DerivedClass2"
+    assert type(return_class_n(0)).__name__ == "BaseClass"
+    assert type(return_class_n(1)).__name__ == "DerivedClass1"
+
+
+def test_isinstance():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_isinstance, Pet, Dog
+
+    objects = [tuple(), dict(), Pet("Polly", "parrot")] + [Dog("Molly")] * 4
+    expected = (True, True, True, True, True, False, False)
+    assert test_isinstance(objects) == expected
+
+
+def test_holder():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_mismatched_holder_type_1, test_mismatched_holder_type_2
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        test_mismatched_holder_type_1()
+
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == ("generic_type: type \"MismatchDerived1\" does not have "
+                                  "a non-default holder type while its base "
+                                  "\"MismatchBase1\" does")
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        test_mismatched_holder_type_2()
+
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == ("generic_type: type \"MismatchDerived2\" has a "
+                                  "non-default holder type while its base "
+                                  "\"MismatchBase2\" does not")
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7da370045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_issues.cpp -- collection of testcases for miscellaneous issues
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+#include <pybind11/operators.h>
+#include <pybind11/complex.h>
+
+#define TRACKERS(CLASS) CLASS() { print_default_created(this); } ~CLASS() { print_destroyed(this); }
+struct NestABase { int value = -2; TRACKERS(NestABase) };
+struct NestA : NestABase { int value = 3; NestA& operator+=(int i) { value += i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestA) };
+struct NestB { NestA a; int value = 4; NestB& operator-=(int i) { value -= i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestB) };
+struct NestC { NestB b; int value = 5; NestC& operator*=(int i) { value *= i; return *this; } TRACKERS(NestC) };
+
+/// #393
+class OpTest1 {};
+class OpTest2 {};
+
+OpTest1 operator+(const OpTest1 &, const OpTest1 &) {
+    py::print("Add OpTest1 with OpTest1");
+    return OpTest1();
+}
+OpTest2 operator+(const OpTest2 &, const OpTest2 &) {
+    py::print("Add OpTest2 with OpTest2");
+    return OpTest2();
+}
+OpTest2 operator+(const OpTest2 &, const OpTest1 &) {
+    py::print("Add OpTest2 with OpTest1");
+    return OpTest2();
+}
+
+// #461
+class Dupe1 {
+public:
+    Dupe1(int v) : v_{v} {}
+    int get_value() const { return v_; }
+private:
+    int v_;
+};
+class Dupe2 {};
+class Dupe3 {};
+class DupeException : public std::runtime_error {};
+
+// #478
+template <typename T> class custom_unique_ptr {
+public:
+    custom_unique_ptr() { print_default_created(this); }
+    custom_unique_ptr(T *ptr) : _ptr{ptr} { print_created(this, ptr); }
+    custom_unique_ptr(custom_unique_ptr<T> &&move) : _ptr{move._ptr} { move._ptr = nullptr; print_move_created(this); }
+    custom_unique_ptr &operator=(custom_unique_ptr<T> &&move) { print_move_assigned(this); if (_ptr) destruct_ptr(); _ptr = move._ptr; move._ptr = nullptr; return *this; }
+    custom_unique_ptr(const custom_unique_ptr<T> &) = delete;
+    void operator=(const custom_unique_ptr<T> &copy) = delete;
+    ~custom_unique_ptr() { print_destroyed(this); if (_ptr) destruct_ptr(); }
+private:
+    T *_ptr = nullptr;
+    void destruct_ptr() { delete _ptr; }
+};
+PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, custom_unique_ptr<T>);
+
+/// Issue #528: templated constructor
+struct TplConstrClass {
+    template <typename T> TplConstrClass(const T &arg) : str{arg} {}
+    std::string str;
+    bool operator==(const TplConstrClass &t) const { return t.str == str; }
+};
+namespace std {
+template <> struct hash<TplConstrClass> { size_t operator()(const TplConstrClass &t) const { return std::hash<std::string>()(t.str); } };
+}
+
+void init_issues(py::module &m) {
+    py::module m2 = m.def_submodule("issues");
+
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+    // Visual Studio 2015 currently cannot compile this test
+    // (see the comment in type_caster_base::make_copy_constructor)
+    // #70 compilation issue if operator new is not public
+    class NonConstructible { private: void *operator new(size_t bytes) throw(); };
+    py::class_<NonConstructible>(m, "Foo");
+    m2.def("getstmt", []() -> NonConstructible * { return nullptr; },
+        py::return_value_policy::reference);
+#endif
+
+    // #137: const char* isn't handled properly
+    m2.def("print_cchar", [](const char *s) { return std::string(s); });
+
+    // #150: char bindings broken
+    m2.def("print_char", [](char c) { return std::string(1, c); });
+
+    // #159: virtual function dispatch has problems with similar-named functions
+    struct Base { virtual std::string dispatch() const {
+        /* for some reason MSVC2015 can't compile this if the function is pure virtual */
+        return {};
+    }; };
+
+    struct DispatchIssue : Base {
+        virtual std::string dispatch() const {
+            PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(std::string, Base, dispatch, /* no arguments */);
+        }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<Base, DispatchIssue>(m2, "DispatchIssue")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("dispatch", &Base::dispatch);
+
+    m2.def("dispatch_issue_go", [](const Base * b) { return b->dispatch(); });
+
+    struct Placeholder { int i; Placeholder(int i) : i(i) { } };
+
+    py::class_<Placeholder>(m2, "Placeholder")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("__repr__", [](const Placeholder &p) { return "Placeholder[" + std::to_string(p.i) + "]"; });
+
+    // #171: Can't return reference wrappers (or STL datastructures containing them)
+    m2.def("return_vec_of_reference_wrapper", [](std::reference_wrapper<Placeholder> p4) {
+        Placeholder *p1 = new Placeholder{1};
+        Placeholder *p2 = new Placeholder{2};
+        Placeholder *p3 = new Placeholder{3};
+        std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<Placeholder>> v;
+        v.push_back(std::ref(*p1));
+        v.push_back(std::ref(*p2));
+        v.push_back(std::ref(*p3));
+        v.push_back(p4);
+        return v;
+    });
+
+    // #181: iterator passthrough did not compile
+    m2.def("iterator_passthrough", [](py::iterator s) -> py::iterator {
+        return py::make_iterator(std::begin(s), std::end(s));
+    });
+
+    // #187: issue involving std::shared_ptr<> return value policy & garbage collection
+    struct ElementBase { virtual void foo() { } /* Force creation of virtual table */ };
+    struct ElementA : ElementBase {
+        ElementA(int v) : v(v) { }
+        int value() { return v; }
+        int v;
+    };
+
+    struct ElementList {
+        void add(std::shared_ptr<ElementBase> e) { l.push_back(e); }
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>> l;
+    };
+
+    py::class_<ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementBase>> (m2, "ElementBase");
+
+    py::class_<ElementA, ElementBase, std::shared_ptr<ElementA>>(m2, "ElementA")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("value", &ElementA::value);
+
+    py::class_<ElementList, std::shared_ptr<ElementList>>(m2, "ElementList")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("add", &ElementList::add)
+        .def("get", [](ElementList &el) {
+            py::list list;
+            for (auto &e : el.l)
+                list.append(py::cast(e));
+            return list;
+        });
+
+    // (no id): should not be able to pass 'None' to a reference argument
+    m2.def("get_element", [](ElementA &el) { return el.value(); });
+
+    // (no id): don't cast doubles to ints
+    m2.def("expect_float", [](float f) { return f; });
+    m2.def("expect_int", [](int i) { return i; });
+
+    try {
+        py::class_<Placeholder>(m2, "Placeholder");
+        throw std::logic_error("Expected an exception!");
+    } catch (std::runtime_error &) {
+        /* All good */
+    }
+
+    // Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
+    class StrIssue {
+    public:
+        StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
+        StrIssue() : StrIssue(-1) {}
+        int value() const { return val; }
+    private:
+        int val;
+    };
+    py::class_<StrIssue> si(m2, "StrIssue");
+    si  .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) { return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.value()) + "]"; })
+        ;
+
+    // Issue #328: first member in a class can't be used in operators
+    py::class_<NestABase>(m2, "NestABase").def(py::init<>()).def_readwrite("value", &NestABase::value);
+    py::class_<NestA>(m2, "NestA").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self += int())
+        .def("as_base", [](NestA &a) -> NestABase& { return (NestABase&) a; }, py::return_value_policy::reference_internal);
+    py::class_<NestB>(m2, "NestB").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self -= int()).def_readwrite("a", &NestB::a);
+    py::class_<NestC>(m2, "NestC").def(py::init<>()).def(py::self *= int()).def_readwrite("b", &NestC::b);
+    m2.def("get_NestA", [](const NestA &a) { return a.value; });
+    m2.def("get_NestB", [](const NestB &b) { return b.value; });
+    m2.def("get_NestC", [](const NestC &c) { return c.value; });
+
+    // Issue 389: r_v_p::move should fall-through to copy on non-movable objects
+    class MoveIssue1 {
+    public:
+        MoveIssue1(int v) : v{v} {}
+        MoveIssue1(const MoveIssue1 &c) { v = c.v; }
+        MoveIssue1(MoveIssue1 &&) = delete;
+        int v;
+    };
+    class MoveIssue2 {
+    public:
+        MoveIssue2(int v) : v{v} {}
+        MoveIssue2(MoveIssue2 &&) = default;
+        int v;
+    };
+    py::class_<MoveIssue1>(m2, "MoveIssue1").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue1::v);
+    py::class_<MoveIssue2>(m2, "MoveIssue2").def(py::init<int>()).def_readwrite("value", &MoveIssue2::v);
+    m2.def("get_moveissue1", [](int i) -> MoveIssue1 * { return new MoveIssue1(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
+    m2.def("get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
+
+    // Issues 392/397: overridding reference-returning functions
+    class OverrideTest {
+    public:
+        struct A { std::string value = "hi"; };
+        std::string v;
+        A a;
+        explicit OverrideTest(const std::string &v) : v{v} {}
+        virtual std::string str_value() { return v; }
+        virtual std::string &str_ref() { return v; }
+        virtual A A_value() { return a; }
+        virtual A &A_ref() { return a; }
+    };
+    class PyOverrideTest : public OverrideTest {
+    public:
+        using OverrideTest::OverrideTest;
+        std::string str_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_value); }
+        // Not allowed (uncommenting should hit a static_assert failure): we can't get a reference
+        // to a python numeric value, since we only copy values in the numeric type caster:
+//      std::string &str_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string &, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
+        // But we can work around it like this:
+    private:
+        std::string _tmp;
+        std::string str_ref_helper() { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, OverrideTest, str_ref); }
+    public:
+        std::string &str_ref() override { return _tmp = str_ref_helper(); }
+
+        A A_value() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A, OverrideTest, A_value); }
+        A &A_ref() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(A &, OverrideTest, A_ref); }
+    };
+    py::class_<OverrideTest::A>(m2, "OverrideTest_A")
+        .def_readwrite("value", &OverrideTest::A::value);
+    py::class_<OverrideTest, PyOverrideTest>(m2, "OverrideTest")
+        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
+        .def("str_value", &OverrideTest::str_value)
+//      .def("str_ref", &OverrideTest::str_ref)
+        .def("A_value", &OverrideTest::A_value)
+        .def("A_ref", &OverrideTest::A_ref);
+
+    /// Issue 393: need to return NotSupported to ensure correct arithmetic operator behavior
+    py::class_<OpTest1>(m2, "OpTest1")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def(py::self + py::self);
+
+    py::class_<OpTest2>(m2, "OpTest2")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def(py::self + py::self)
+        .def("__add__", [](const OpTest2& c2, const OpTest1& c1) { return c2 + c1; })
+        .def("__radd__", [](const OpTest2& c2, const OpTest1& c1) { return c2 + c1; });
+
+    // Issue 388: Can't make iterators via make_iterator() with different r/v policies
+    static std::vector<int> list = { 1, 2, 3 };
+    m2.def("make_iterator_1", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::copy>(list); });
+    m2.def("make_iterator_2", []() { return py::make_iterator<py::return_value_policy::automatic>(list); });
+
+    static std::vector<std::string> nothrows;
+    // Issue 461: registering two things with the same name:
+    py::class_<Dupe1>(m2, "Dupe1")
+        .def("get_value", &Dupe1::get_value)
+        ;
+    m2.def("dupe1_factory", [](int v) { return new Dupe1(v); });
+
+    py::class_<Dupe2>(m2, "Dupe2");
+    py::exception<DupeException>(m2, "DupeException");
+
+    try {
+        m2.def("Dupe1", [](int v) { return new Dupe1(v); });
+        nothrows.emplace_back("Dupe1");
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+    try {
+        py::class_<Dupe3>(m2, "dupe1_factory");
+        nothrows.emplace_back("dupe1_factory");
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+    try {
+        py::exception<Dupe3>(m2, "Dupe2");
+        nothrows.emplace_back("Dupe2");
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+    try {
+        m2.def("DupeException", []() { return 30; });
+        nothrows.emplace_back("DupeException1");
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+    try {
+        py::class_<DupeException>(m2, "DupeException");
+        nothrows.emplace_back("DupeException2");
+    }
+    catch (std::runtime_error &) {}
+    m2.def("dupe_exception_failures", []() {
+        py::list l;
+        for (auto &e : nothrows) l.append(py::cast(e));
+        return l;
+    });
+
+    /// Issue #471: shared pointer instance not dellocated
+    class SharedChild : public std::enable_shared_from_this<SharedChild> {
+    public:
+        SharedChild() { print_created(this); }
+        ~SharedChild() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    };
+
+    class SharedParent {
+    public:
+        SharedParent() : child(std::make_shared<SharedChild>()) { }
+        const SharedChild &get_child() const { return *child; }
+
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<SharedChild> child;
+    };
+
+    py::class_<SharedChild, std::shared_ptr<SharedChild>>(m, "SharedChild");
+    py::class_<SharedParent, std::shared_ptr<SharedParent>>(m, "SharedParent")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("get_child", &SharedParent::get_child, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    /// Issue/PR #478: unique ptrs constructed and freed without destruction
+    class SpecialHolderObj {
+    public:
+        int val = 0;
+        SpecialHolderObj *ch = nullptr;
+        SpecialHolderObj(int v, bool make_child = true) : val{v}, ch{make_child ? new SpecialHolderObj(val+1, false) : nullptr}
+        { print_created(this, val); }
+        ~SpecialHolderObj() { delete ch; print_destroyed(this); }
+        SpecialHolderObj *child() { return ch; }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<SpecialHolderObj, custom_unique_ptr<SpecialHolderObj>>(m, "SpecialHolderObj")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("child", &SpecialHolderObj::child, pybind11::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+        .def_readwrite("val", &SpecialHolderObj::val)
+        .def_static("holder_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<custom_unique_ptr<SpecialHolderObj>>,
+                py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    /// Issue #484: number conversion generates unhandled exceptions
+    m2.def("test_complex", [](float x) { py::print("{}"_s.format(x)); });
+    m2.def("test_complex", [](std::complex<float> x) { py::print("({}, {})"_s.format(x.real(), x.imag())); });
+
+    /// Issue #511: problem with inheritance + overwritten def_static
+    struct MyBase {
+        static std::unique_ptr<MyBase> make() {
+            return std::unique_ptr<MyBase>(new MyBase());
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct MyDerived : MyBase {
+        static std::unique_ptr<MyDerived> make() {
+            return std::unique_ptr<MyDerived>(new MyDerived());
+        }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<MyBase>(m2, "MyBase")
+        .def_static("make", &MyBase::make);
+
+    py::class_<MyDerived, MyBase>(m2, "MyDerived")
+        .def_static("make", &MyDerived::make)
+        .def_static("make2", &MyDerived::make);
+
+    py::dict d;
+    std::string bar = "bar";
+    d["str"] = bar;
+    d["num"] = 3.7;
+
+    /// Issue #528: templated constructor
+    m2.def("tpl_constr_vector", [](std::vector<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+    m2.def("tpl_constr_map", [](std::unordered_map<TplConstrClass, TplConstrClass> &) {});
+    m2.def("tpl_constr_set", [](std::unordered_set<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL)
+    m2.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::optional<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#elif defined(PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL)
+    m2.def("tpl_constr_optional", [](std::experimental::optional<TplConstrClass> &) {});
+#endif
+}
+
+// MSVC workaround: trying to use a lambda here crashes MSVC
+test_initializer issues(&init_issues);
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e60b5ca90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_issues.py
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+
+
+def test_regressions():
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import print_cchar, print_char
+
+    # #137: const char* isn't handled properly
+    assert print_cchar("const char *") == "const char *"
+    # #150: char bindings broken
+    assert print_char("c") == "c"
+
+
+def test_dispatch_issue(msg):
+    """#159: virtual function dispatch has problems with similar-named functions"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import DispatchIssue, dispatch_issue_go
+
+    class PyClass1(DispatchIssue):
+        def dispatch(self):
+            return "Yay.."
+
+    class PyClass2(DispatchIssue):
+        def dispatch(self):
+            with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+                super(PyClass2, self).dispatch()
+            assert msg(excinfo.value) == 'Tried to call pure virtual function "Base::dispatch"'
+
+            p = PyClass1()
+            return dispatch_issue_go(p)
+
+    b = PyClass2()
+    assert dispatch_issue_go(b) == "Yay.."
+
+
+def test_reference_wrapper():
+    """#171: Can't return reference wrappers (or STL data structures containing them)"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import Placeholder, return_vec_of_reference_wrapper
+
+    assert str(return_vec_of_reference_wrapper(Placeholder(4))) == \
+        "[Placeholder[1], Placeholder[2], Placeholder[3], Placeholder[4]]"
+
+
+def test_iterator_passthrough():
+    """#181: iterator passthrough did not compile"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import iterator_passthrough
+
+    assert list(iterator_passthrough(iter([3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]))) == [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]
+
+
+def test_shared_ptr_gc():
+    """// #187: issue involving std::shared_ptr<> return value policy & garbage collection"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import ElementList, ElementA
+
+    el = ElementList()
+    for i in range(10):
+        el.add(ElementA(i))
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+    for i, v in enumerate(el.get()):
+        assert i == v.value()
+
+
+def test_no_id(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import get_element, expect_float, expect_int
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_element(None)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        get_element(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: m.issues.ElementA) -> int
+
+        Invoked with: None
+    """
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        expect_int(5.2)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        expect_int(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: int) -> int
+
+        Invoked with: 5.2
+    """
+    assert expect_float(12) == 12
+
+
+def test_str_issue(msg):
+    """Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import StrIssue
+
+    assert str(StrIssue(3)) == "StrIssue[3]"
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        str(StrIssue("no", "such", "constructor"))
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        __init__(): incompatible constructor arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. m.issues.StrIssue(arg0: int)
+            2. m.issues.StrIssue()
+
+        Invoked with: 'no', 'such', 'constructor'
+    """
+
+
+def test_nested():
+    """ #328: first member in a class can't be used in operators"""
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import NestA, NestB, NestC, get_NestA, get_NestB, get_NestC
+
+    a = NestA()
+    b = NestB()
+    c = NestC()
+
+    a += 10
+    assert get_NestA(a) == 13
+    b.a += 100
+    assert get_NestA(b.a) == 103
+    c.b.a += 1000
+    assert get_NestA(c.b.a) == 1003
+    b -= 1
+    assert get_NestB(b) == 3
+    c.b -= 3
+    assert get_NestB(c.b) == 1
+    c *= 7
+    assert get_NestC(c) == 35
+
+    abase = a.as_base()
+    assert abase.value == -2
+    a.as_base().value += 44
+    assert abase.value == 42
+    assert c.b.a.as_base().value == -2
+    c.b.a.as_base().value += 44
+    assert c.b.a.as_base().value == 42
+
+    del c
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+    del a  # Should't delete while abase is still alive
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+
+    assert abase.value == 42
+    del abase, b
+    pytest.gc_collect()
+
+
+def test_move_fallback():
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import get_moveissue1, get_moveissue2
+    m2 = get_moveissue2(2)
+    assert m2.value == 2
+    m1 = get_moveissue1(1)
+    assert m1.value == 1
+
+
+def test_override_ref():
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import OverrideTest
+    o = OverrideTest("asdf")
+
+    # Not allowed (see associated .cpp comment)
+    # i = o.str_ref()
+    # assert o.str_ref() == "asdf"
+    assert o.str_value() == "asdf"
+
+    assert o.A_value().value == "hi"
+    a = o.A_ref()
+    assert a.value == "hi"
+    a.value = "bye"
+    assert a.value == "bye"
+
+
+def test_operators_notimplemented(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import OpTest1, OpTest2
+    with capture:
+        c1, c2 = OpTest1(), OpTest2()
+        c1 + c1
+        c2 + c2
+        c2 + c1
+        c1 + c2
+    assert capture == """
+        Add OpTest1 with OpTest1
+        Add OpTest2 with OpTest2
+        Add OpTest2 with OpTest1
+        Add OpTest2 with OpTest1
+    """
+
+
+def test_iterator_rvpolicy():
+    """ Issue 388: Can't make iterators via make_iterator() with different r/v policies """
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import make_iterator_1
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import make_iterator_2
+
+    assert list(make_iterator_1()) == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert list(make_iterator_2()) == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert not isinstance(make_iterator_1(), type(make_iterator_2()))
+
+
+def test_dupe_assignment():
+    """ Issue 461: overwriting a class with a function """
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import dupe_exception_failures
+    assert dupe_exception_failures() == []
+
+
+def test_enable_shared_from_this_with_reference_rvp():
+    """ Issue #471: shared pointer instance not dellocated """
+    from pybind11_tests import SharedParent, SharedChild
+
+    parent = SharedParent()
+    child = parent.get_child()
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(SharedChild)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del child, parent
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_non_destructed_holders():
+    """ Issue #478: unique ptrs constructed and freed without destruction """
+    from pybind11_tests import SpecialHolderObj
+
+    a = SpecialHolderObj(123)
+    b = a.child()
+
+    assert a.val == 123
+    assert b.val == 124
+
+    cstats = SpecialHolderObj.holder_cstats()
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del b
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del a
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_complex_cast(capture):
+    """ Issue #484: number conversion generates unhandled exceptions """
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import test_complex
+
+    with capture:
+        test_complex(1)
+        test_complex(2j)
+
+    assert capture == """
+        1.0
+        (0.0, 2.0)
+    """
+
+
+def test_inheritance_override_def_static():
+    from pybind11_tests.issues import MyBase, MyDerived
+
+    b = MyBase.make()
+    d1 = MyDerived.make2()
+    d2 = MyDerived.make()
+
+    assert isinstance(b, MyBase)
+    assert isinstance(d1, MyDerived)
+    assert isinstance(d2, MyDerived)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd62a02e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_keep_alive.cpp -- keep_alive modifier (pybind11's version
+    of Boost.Python's with_custodian_and_ward / with_custodian_and_ward_postcall)
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+class Child {
+public:
+    Child() { py::print("Allocating child."); }
+    ~Child() { py::print("Releasing child."); }
+};
+
+class Parent {
+public:
+    Parent() { py::print("Allocating parent."); }
+    ~Parent() { py::print("Releasing parent."); }
+    void addChild(Child *) { }
+    Child *returnChild() { return new Child(); }
+    Child *returnNullChild() { return nullptr; }
+};
+
+test_initializer keep_alive([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Parent>(m, "Parent")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("addChild", &Parent::addChild)
+        .def("addChildKeepAlive", &Parent::addChild, py::keep_alive<1, 2>())
+        .def("returnChild", &Parent::returnChild)
+        .def("returnChildKeepAlive", &Parent::returnChild, py::keep_alive<1, 0>())
+        .def("returnNullChildKeepAliveChild", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<1, 0>())
+        .def("returnNullChildKeepAliveParent", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
+
+    py::class_<Child>(m, "Child")
+        .def(py::init<>());
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfd7d40c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_keep_alive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_keep_alive_argument(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import Parent, Child
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.addChild(Child())
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        Allocating child.
+        Releasing child.
+    """
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Releasing parent."
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.addChildKeepAlive(Child())
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Allocating child."
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        Releasing parent.
+        Releasing child.
+    """
+
+
+def test_keep_alive_return_value(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import Parent
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.returnChild()
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        Allocating child.
+        Releasing child.
+    """
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Releasing parent."
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.returnChildKeepAlive()
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Allocating child."
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        Releasing parent.
+        Releasing child.
+    """
+
+
+def test_return_none(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import Parent
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.returnNullChildKeepAliveChild()
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == ""
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Releasing parent."
+
+    with capture:
+        p = Parent()
+    assert capture == "Allocating parent."
+    with capture:
+        p.returnNullChildKeepAliveParent()
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == ""
+    with capture:
+        del p
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == "Releasing parent."
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3180123df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp -- keyword arguments and default values
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+
+std::string kw_func(int x, int y) { return "x=" + std::to_string(x) + ", y=" + std::to_string(y); }
+
+std::string kw_func4(const std::vector<int> &entries) {
+    std::string ret = "{";
+    for (int i : entries)
+        ret += std::to_string(i) + " ";
+    ret.back() = '}';
+    return ret;
+}
+
+py::tuple args_function(py::args args) {
+    return args;
+}
+
+py::tuple args_kwargs_function(py::args args, py::kwargs kwargs) {
+    return py::make_tuple(args, kwargs);
+}
+
+py::tuple mixed_plus_args(int i, double j, py::args args) {
+    return py::make_tuple(i, j, args);
+}
+
+py::tuple mixed_plus_kwargs(int i, double j, py::kwargs kwargs) {
+    return py::make_tuple(i, j, kwargs);
+}
+
+py::tuple mixed_plus_args_kwargs(int i, double j, py::args args, py::kwargs kwargs) {
+    return py::make_tuple(i, j, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+// pybind11 won't allow these to be bound: args and kwargs, if present, must be at the end.
+void bad_args1(py::args, int) {}
+void bad_args2(py::kwargs, int) {}
+void bad_args3(py::kwargs, py::args) {}
+void bad_args4(py::args, int, py::kwargs) {}
+void bad_args5(py::args, py::kwargs, int) {}
+void bad_args6(py::args, py::args) {}
+void bad_args7(py::kwargs, py::kwargs) {}
+
+struct KWClass {
+    void foo(int, float) {}
+};
+
+test_initializer arg_keywords_and_defaults([](py::module &m) {
+    m.def("kw_func0", &kw_func);
+    m.def("kw_func1", &kw_func, py::arg("x"), py::arg("y"));
+    m.def("kw_func2", &kw_func, py::arg("x") = 100, py::arg("y") = 200);
+    m.def("kw_func3", [](const char *) { }, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
+
+    /* A fancier default argument */
+    std::vector<int> list;
+    list.push_back(13);
+    list.push_back(17);
+    m.def("kw_func4", &kw_func4, py::arg("myList") = list);
+
+    m.def("args_function", &args_function);
+    m.def("args_kwargs_function", &args_kwargs_function);
+
+    m.def("kw_func_udl", &kw_func, "x"_a, "y"_a=300);
+    m.def("kw_func_udl_z", &kw_func, "x"_a, "y"_a=0);
+
+    py::class_<KWClass>(m, "KWClass")
+        .def("foo0", &KWClass::foo)
+        .def("foo1", &KWClass::foo, "x"_a, "y"_a);
+
+    m.def("mixed_plus_args", &mixed_plus_args);
+    m.def("mixed_plus_kwargs", &mixed_plus_kwargs);
+    m.def("mixed_plus_args_kwargs", &mixed_plus_args_kwargs);
+
+    m.def("mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults", &mixed_plus_args_kwargs,
+            py::arg("i") = 1, py::arg("j") = 3.14159);
+
+    // Uncomment these to test that the static_assert is indeed working:
+//    m.def("bad_args1", &bad_args1);
+//    m.def("bad_args2", &bad_args2);
+//    m.def("bad_args3", &bad_args3);
+//    m.def("bad_args4", &bad_args4);
+//    m.def("bad_args5", &bad_args5);
+//    m.def("bad_args6", &bad_args6);
+//    m.def("bad_args7", &bad_args7);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90f8489ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import (kw_func0, kw_func1, kw_func2, kw_func3, kw_func4, args_function,
+                            args_kwargs_function, kw_func_udl, kw_func_udl_z, KWClass)
+
+
+def test_function_signatures(doc):
+    assert doc(kw_func0) == "kw_func0(arg0: int, arg1: int) -> str"
+    assert doc(kw_func1) == "kw_func1(x: int, y: int) -> str"
+    assert doc(kw_func2) == "kw_func2(x: int=100, y: int=200) -> str"
+    assert doc(kw_func3) == "kw_func3(data: str='Hello world!') -> None"
+    assert doc(kw_func4) == "kw_func4(myList: List[int]=[13, 17]) -> str"
+    assert doc(kw_func_udl) == "kw_func_udl(x: int, y: int=300) -> str"
+    assert doc(kw_func_udl_z) == "kw_func_udl_z(x: int, y: int=0) -> str"
+    assert doc(args_function) == "args_function(*args) -> tuple"
+    assert doc(args_kwargs_function) == "args_kwargs_function(*args, **kwargs) -> tuple"
+    assert doc(KWClass.foo0) == "foo0(self: m.KWClass, arg0: int, arg1: float) -> None"
+    assert doc(KWClass.foo1) == "foo1(self: m.KWClass, x: int, y: float) -> None"
+
+
+def test_named_arguments(msg):
+    assert kw_func0(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
+
+    assert kw_func1(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
+    assert kw_func1(5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
+    assert kw_func1(y=10, x=5) == "x=5, y=10"
+
+    assert kw_func2() == "x=100, y=200"
+    assert kw_func2(5) == "x=5, y=200"
+    assert kw_func2(x=5) == "x=5, y=200"
+    assert kw_func2(y=10) == "x=100, y=10"
+    assert kw_func2(5, 10) == "x=5, y=10"
+    assert kw_func2(x=5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        # noinspection PyArgumentList
+        kw_func2(x=5, y=10, z=12)
+    assert excinfo.match(
+        r'(?s)^kw_func2\(\): incompatible.*Invoked with: kwargs: ((x=5|y=10|z=12)(, |$))' + '{3}$')
+
+    assert kw_func4() == "{13 17}"
+    assert kw_func4(myList=[1, 2, 3]) == "{1 2 3}"
+
+    assert kw_func_udl(x=5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"
+    assert kw_func_udl_z(x=5) == "x=5, y=0"
+
+
+def test_arg_and_kwargs():
+    args = 'arg1_value', 'arg2_value', 3
+    assert args_function(*args) == args
+
+    args = 'a1', 'a2'
+    kwargs = dict(arg3='a3', arg4=4)
+    assert args_kwargs_function(*args, **kwargs) == (args, kwargs)
+
+
+def test_mixed_args_and_kwargs(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import (mixed_plus_args, mixed_plus_kwargs, mixed_plus_args_kwargs,
+                                mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults)
+    mpa = mixed_plus_args
+    mpk = mixed_plus_kwargs
+    mpak = mixed_plus_args_kwargs
+    mpakd = mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults
+
+    assert mpa(1, 2.5, 4, 99.5, None) == (1, 2.5, (4, 99.5, None))
+    assert mpa(1, 2.5) == (1, 2.5, ())
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        assert mpa(1)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        mixed_plus_args(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: int, arg1: float, *args) -> tuple
+
+        Invoked with: 1
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        assert mpa()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        mixed_plus_args(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: int, arg1: float, *args) -> tuple
+
+        Invoked with:
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+    assert mpk(-2, 3.5, pi=3.14159, e=2.71828) == (-2, 3.5, {'e': 2.71828, 'pi': 3.14159})
+    assert mpak(7, 7.7, 7.77, 7.777, 7.7777, minusseven=-7) == (
+        7, 7.7, (7.77, 7.777, 7.7777), {'minusseven': -7})
+    assert mpakd() == (1, 3.14159, (), {})
+    assert mpakd(3) == (3, 3.14159, (), {})
+    assert mpakd(j=2.71828) == (1, 2.71828, (), {})
+    assert mpakd(k=42) == (1, 3.14159, (), {'k': 42})
+    assert mpakd(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, then=13, followedby=21) == (
+        1, 1, (2, 3, 5, 8), {'then': 13, 'followedby': 21})
+    # Arguments specified both positionally and via kwargs should fail:
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        assert mpakd(1, i=1)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (i: int=1, j: float=3.14159, *args, **kwargs) -> tuple
+
+        Invoked with: 1; kwargs: i=1
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        assert mpakd(1, 2, j=1)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        mixed_plus_args_kwargs_defaults(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (i: int=1, j: float=3.14159, *args, **kwargs) -> tuple
+
+        Invoked with: 1, 2; kwargs: j=1
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7b2edfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,
+    __str__, argument and return value conventions
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+class ExampleMandA {
+public:
+    ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }
+    ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }
+    ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }
+    ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }
+    ~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+    std::string toString() {
+        return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+    }
+
+    void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
+    void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
+
+    void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; }           // passing by value
+    void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; }          // passing by reference
+    void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; }    // passing by const reference
+    void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; }         // passing by pointer
+    void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; }   // passing by const pointer
+
+    void add6(int other) { value += other; }                      // passing by value
+    void add7(int &other) { value += other; }                     // passing by reference
+    void add8(const int &other) { value += other; }               // passing by const reference
+    void add9(int *other) { value += *other; }                    // passing by pointer
+    void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; }             // passing by const pointer
+
+    ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; }                            // return by value
+    ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; }                           // return by reference
+    const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; }                     // return by const reference
+    ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; }                            // return by pointer
+    const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; }                      // return by const pointer
+
+    int internal1() { return value; }                             // return by value
+    int &internal2() { return value; }                            // return by reference
+    const int &internal3() { return value; }                      // return by const reference
+    int *internal4() { return &value; }                           // return by pointer
+    const int *internal5() { return &value; }                     // return by const pointer
+
+    py::str overloaded(int, float)   { return "(int, float)"; }
+    py::str overloaded(float, int)   { return "(float, int)"; }
+    py::str overloaded(int, int)     { return "(int, int)"; }
+    py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }
+    py::str overloaded(int, float)   const { return "(int, float) const"; }
+    py::str overloaded(float, int)   const { return "(float, int) const"; }
+    py::str overloaded(int, int)     const { return "(int, int) const"; }
+    py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }
+
+    int value = 0;
+};
+
+struct TestProperties {
+    int value = 1;
+    static int static_value;
+
+    int get() const { return value; }
+    void set(int v) { value = v; }
+
+    static int static_get() { return static_value; }
+    static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }
+};
+
+int TestProperties::static_value = 1;
+
+struct SimpleValue { int value = 1; };
+
+struct TestPropRVP {
+    SimpleValue v1;
+    SimpleValue v2;
+    static SimpleValue sv1;
+    static SimpleValue sv2;
+
+    const SimpleValue &get1() const { return v1; }
+    const SimpleValue &get2() const { return v2; }
+    SimpleValue get_rvalue() const { return v2; }
+    void set1(int v) { v1.value = v; }
+    void set2(int v) { v2.value = v; }
+};
+
+SimpleValue TestPropRVP::sv1{};
+SimpleValue TestPropRVP::sv2{};
+
+class DynamicClass {
+public:
+    DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }
+    ~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }
+};
+
+class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };
+
+// py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked
+class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };
+class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };
+class ArgAlwaysConverts { };
+namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +
+            std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed.  "
+            "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+        return str(src.arg).release();
+    }
+};
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +
+            std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed.  "
+            "Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+        return str(src.arg).release();
+    }
+};
+template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));
+
+    bool load(handle, bool convert) {
+        return convert;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {
+        return py::none();
+    }
+};
+}}
+
+/// Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
+class NotRegistered {};
+
+test_initializer methods_and_attributes([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<ExampleMandA>(m, "ExampleMandA")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())
+        .def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)
+        .def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)
+        .def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)
+        .def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)
+        .def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)
+        .def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)
+        .def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)
+        .def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)
+        .def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)
+        .def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)
+        .def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)
+        .def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)
+        .def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)
+        .def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)
+        .def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)
+        .def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)
+        .def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)
+        .def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)
+        .def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)
+        .def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)
+#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
+        .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int,   float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float,   int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int,     int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int,   float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+        .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float,   int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+        .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int,     int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+        .def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
+#else
+        .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,   float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float,   int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,     int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_float", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,   float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float,   int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int,     int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+        .def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
+#endif
+        .def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)
+        .def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);
+
+    py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)
+        .def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)
+        .def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)
+        .def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)
+        .def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
+        .def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
+        .def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",
+                                      [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })
+        .def_property_static("def_property_static",
+                             [](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },
+                             [](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })
+        .def_property_static("static_cls",
+                             [](py::object cls) { return cls; },
+                             [](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });
+
+    py::class_<SimpleValue>(m, "SimpleValue")
+        .def_readwrite("value", &SimpleValue::value);
+
+    auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const SimpleValue & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };
+    auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const SimpleValue & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };
+    auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.value = v; };
+    auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.value = v; };
+    auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;
+
+    py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)
+        .def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)
+        .def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))
+        .def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)
+        .def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)
+        .def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)
+        .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)
+        .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)
+        .def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))
+        .def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)
+        .def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)
+        .def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)
+        .def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)
+        .def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return SimpleValue(); });
+
+    struct MetaclassOverride { };
+    py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))
+        .def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())
+        .def(py::init());
+
+    py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")
+        .def(py::init());
+#endif
+
+    // Test converting.  The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass
+    // fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows
+    // some conversion).
+    class ArgInspector {
+    public:
+        ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
+        std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {
+            return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;
+        }
+        static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
+    };
+    py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+        .def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+        .def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
+        ;
+    m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },
+            py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
+
+    m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
+    m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
+
+    /// Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
+#else
+    m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
+#endif
+    m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{
+        auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests.issues");
+        m.def("should_fail", [](int, NotRegistered) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = NotRegistered());
+    });
+    m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{
+        auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests.issues");
+        m.def("should_fail", [](int, NotRegistered) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = NotRegistered());
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f185ac26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import ExampleMandA, ConstructorStats
+
+
+def test_methods_and_attributes():
+    instance1 = ExampleMandA()
+    instance2 = ExampleMandA(32)
+
+    instance1.add1(instance2)
+    instance1.add2(instance2)
+    instance1.add3(instance2)
+    instance1.add4(instance2)
+    instance1.add5(instance2)
+    instance1.add6(32)
+    instance1.add7(32)
+    instance1.add8(32)
+    instance1.add9(32)
+    instance1.add10(32)
+
+    assert str(instance1) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+    assert str(instance2) == "ExampleMandA[value=32]"
+    assert str(instance1.self1()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+    assert str(instance1.self2()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+    assert str(instance1.self3()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+    assert str(instance1.self4()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+    assert str(instance1.self5()) == "ExampleMandA[value=320]"
+
+    assert instance1.internal1() == 320
+    assert instance1.internal2() == 320
+    assert instance1.internal3() == 320
+    assert instance1.internal4() == 320
+    assert instance1.internal5() == 320
+
+    assert instance1.overloaded(1, 1.0) == "(int, float)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded(2.0, 2) == "(float, int)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded(3,   3) == "(int, int)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded(4., 4.) == "(float, float)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_const(5, 5.0) == "(int, float) const"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_const(6.0, 6) == "(float, int) const"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_const(7,   7) == "(int, int) const"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_const(8., 8.) == "(float, float) const"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_float(1, 1) == "(float, float)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_float(1, 1.) == "(float, float)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_float(1., 1) == "(float, float)"
+    assert instance1.overloaded_float(1., 1.) == "(float, float)"
+
+    assert instance1.value == 320
+    instance1.value = 100
+    assert str(instance1) == "ExampleMandA[value=100]"
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(ExampleMandA)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 2
+    del instance1, instance2
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ["32"]
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 1
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 3
+    assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+def test_properties():
+    from pybind11_tests import TestProperties
+
+    instance = TestProperties()
+
+    assert instance.def_readonly == 1
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        instance.def_readonly = 2
+
+    instance.def_readwrite = 2
+    assert instance.def_readwrite == 2
+
+    assert instance.def_property_readonly == 2
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        instance.def_property_readonly = 3
+
+    instance.def_property = 3
+    assert instance.def_property == 3
+
+
+def test_static_properties():
+    from pybind11_tests import TestProperties as Type
+
+    assert Type.def_readonly_static == 1
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
+        Type.def_readonly_static = 2
+    assert "can't set attribute" in str(excinfo)
+
+    Type.def_readwrite_static = 2
+    assert Type.def_readwrite_static == 2
+
+    assert Type.def_property_readonly_static == 2
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
+        Type.def_property_readonly_static = 3
+    assert "can't set attribute" in str(excinfo)
+
+    Type.def_property_static = 3
+    assert Type.def_property_static == 3
+
+    # Static property read and write via instance
+    instance = Type()
+
+    Type.def_readwrite_static = 0
+    assert Type.def_readwrite_static == 0
+    assert instance.def_readwrite_static == 0
+
+    instance.def_readwrite_static = 2
+    assert Type.def_readwrite_static == 2
+    assert instance.def_readwrite_static == 2
+
+
+def test_static_cls():
+    """Static property getter and setters expect the type object as the their only argument"""
+    from pybind11_tests import TestProperties as Type
+
+    instance = Type()
+    assert Type.static_cls is Type
+    assert instance.static_cls is Type
+
+    def check_self(self):
+        assert self is Type
+
+    Type.static_cls = check_self
+    instance.static_cls = check_self
+
+
+def test_metaclass_override():
+    """Overriding pybind11's default metaclass changes the behavior of `static_property`"""
+    from pybind11_tests import MetaclassOverride
+
+    assert type(ExampleMandA).__name__ == "pybind11_type"
+    assert type(MetaclassOverride).__name__ == "type"
+
+    assert MetaclassOverride.readonly == 1
+    assert type(MetaclassOverride.__dict__["readonly"]).__name__ == "pybind11_static_property"
+
+    # Regular `type` replaces the property instead of calling `__set__()`
+    MetaclassOverride.readonly = 2
+    assert MetaclassOverride.readonly == 2
+    assert isinstance(MetaclassOverride.__dict__["readonly"], int)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("access", ["ro", "rw", "static_ro", "static_rw"])
+def test_property_return_value_policies(access):
+    from pybind11_tests import TestPropRVP
+
+    if not access.startswith("static"):
+        obj = TestPropRVP()
+    else:
+        obj = TestPropRVP
+
+    ref = getattr(obj, access + "_ref")
+    assert ref.value == 1
+    ref.value = 2
+    assert getattr(obj, access + "_ref").value == 2
+    ref.value = 1  # restore original value for static properties
+
+    copy = getattr(obj, access + "_copy")
+    assert copy.value == 1
+    copy.value = 2
+    assert getattr(obj, access + "_copy").value == 1
+
+    copy = getattr(obj, access + "_func")
+    assert copy.value == 1
+    copy.value = 2
+    assert getattr(obj, access + "_func").value == 1
+
+
+def test_property_rvalue_policy():
+    """When returning an rvalue, the return value policy is automatically changed from
+    `reference(_internal)` to `move`. The following would not work otherwise.
+    """
+    from pybind11_tests import TestPropRVP
+
+    instance = TestPropRVP()
+    o = instance.rvalue
+    assert o.value == 1
+
+
+def test_property_rvalue_policy_static():
+    """When returning an rvalue, the return value policy is automatically changed from
+    `reference(_internal)` to `move`. The following would not work otherwise.
+    """
+    from pybind11_tests import TestPropRVP
+    o = TestPropRVP.static_rvalue
+    assert o.value == 1
+
+
+# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2447
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_dynamic_attributes():
+    from pybind11_tests import DynamicClass, CppDerivedDynamicClass
+
+    instance = DynamicClass()
+    assert not hasattr(instance, "foo")
+    assert "foo" not in dir(instance)
+
+    # Dynamically add attribute
+    instance.foo = 42
+    assert hasattr(instance, "foo")
+    assert instance.foo == 42
+    assert "foo" in dir(instance)
+
+    # __dict__ should be accessible and replaceable
+    assert "foo" in instance.__dict__
+    instance.__dict__ = {"bar": True}
+    assert not hasattr(instance, "foo")
+    assert hasattr(instance, "bar")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        instance.__dict__ = []
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "__dict__ must be set to a dictionary, not a 'list'"
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(DynamicClass)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del instance
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+    # Derived classes should work as well
+    class PythonDerivedDynamicClass(DynamicClass):
+        pass
+
+    for cls in CppDerivedDynamicClass, PythonDerivedDynamicClass:
+        derived = cls()
+        derived.foobar = 100
+        assert derived.foobar == 100
+
+        assert cstats.alive() == 1
+        del derived
+        assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+
+# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2447
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_cyclic_gc():
+    from pybind11_tests import DynamicClass
+
+    # One object references itself
+    instance = DynamicClass()
+    instance.circular_reference = instance
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(DynamicClass)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del instance
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+    # Two object reference each other
+    i1 = DynamicClass()
+    i2 = DynamicClass()
+    i1.cycle = i2
+    i2.cycle = i1
+
+    assert cstats.alive() == 2
+    del i1, i2
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_noconvert_args(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import ArgInspector, arg_inspect_func, floats_only, floats_preferred
+
+    a = ArgInspector()
+    assert msg(a.f("hi")) == """
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = hi
+    """
+    assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b")) == """
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is a
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is b
+        13
+        loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = (default arg inspector 2)
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b", 42)) == """
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is a
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is b
+        42
+        loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = (default arg inspector 2)
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    assert msg(a.g("this is a", "this is b", 42, "this is d")) == """
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is a
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is b
+        42
+        loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = this is d
+    """
+    assert (a.h("arg 1") ==
+            "loading ArgInspector2 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed.  Argument value = arg 1")
+    assert msg(arg_inspect_func("A1", "A2")) == """
+        loading ArgInspector2 argument WITH conversion allowed.  Argument value = A1
+        loading ArgInspector1 argument WITHOUT conversion allowed.  Argument value = A2
+    """
+
+    assert floats_preferred(4) == 2.0
+    assert floats_only(4.0) == 2.0
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        floats_only(4)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        floats_only(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (f: float) -> float
+
+        Invoked with: 4
+    """
+
+
+def test_bad_arg_default(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import debug_enabled, bad_arg_def_named, bad_arg_def_unnamed
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        bad_arg_def_named()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == (
+        "arg(): could not convert default argument 'a: NotRegistered' in function 'should_fail' "
+        "into a Python object (type not registered yet?)"
+        if debug_enabled else
+        "arg(): could not convert default argument into a Python object (type not registered "
+        "yet?). Compile in debug mode for more information."
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        bad_arg_def_unnamed()
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == (
+        "arg(): could not convert default argument 'NotRegistered' in function 'should_fail' "
+        "into a Python object (type not registered yet?)"
+        if debug_enabled else
+        "arg(): could not convert default argument into a Python object (type not registered "
+        "yet?). Compile in debug mode for more information."
+    )
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50c7d8412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_modules.cpp -- nested modules, importing modules, and
+                            internal references
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+
+std::string submodule_func() {
+    return "submodule_func()";
+}
+
+class A {
+public:
+    A(int v) : v(v) { print_created(this, v); }
+    ~A() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    A(const A&) { print_copy_created(this); }
+    A& operator=(const A &copy) { print_copy_assigned(this); v = copy.v; return *this; }
+    std::string toString() { return "A[" + std::to_string(v) + "]"; }
+private:
+    int v;
+};
+
+class B {
+public:
+    B() { print_default_created(this); }
+    ~B() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    B(const B&) { print_copy_created(this); }
+    B& operator=(const B &copy) { print_copy_assigned(this); a1 = copy.a1; a2 = copy.a2; return *this; }
+    A &get_a1() { return a1; }
+    A &get_a2() { return a2; }
+
+    A a1{1};
+    A a2{2};
+};
+
+test_initializer modules([](py::module &m) {
+    py::module m_sub = m.def_submodule("submodule");
+    m_sub.def("submodule_func", &submodule_func);
+
+    py::class_<A>(m_sub, "A")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("__repr__", &A::toString);
+
+    py::class_<B>(m_sub, "B")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("get_a1", &B::get_a1, "Return the internal A 1", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+        .def("get_a2", &B::get_a2, "Return the internal A 2", py::return_value_policy::reference_internal)
+        .def_readwrite("a1", &B::a1)  // def_readonly uses an internal reference return policy by default
+        .def_readwrite("a2", &B::a2);
+
+    m.attr("OD") = py::module::import("collections").attr("OrderedDict");
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69620949b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_modules.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+def test_nested_modules():
+    import pybind11_tests
+    from pybind11_tests.submodule import submodule_func
+
+    assert pybind11_tests.__name__ == "pybind11_tests"
+    assert pybind11_tests.submodule.__name__ == "pybind11_tests.submodule"
+
+    assert submodule_func() == "submodule_func()"
+
+
+def test_reference_internal():
+    from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+    from pybind11_tests.submodule import A, B
+
+    b = B()
+    assert str(b.get_a1()) == "A[1]"
+    assert str(b.a1) == "A[1]"
+    assert str(b.get_a2()) == "A[2]"
+    assert str(b.a2) == "A[2]"
+
+    b.a1 = A(42)
+    b.a2 = A(43)
+    assert str(b.get_a1()) == "A[42]"
+    assert str(b.a1) == "A[42]"
+    assert str(b.get_a2()) == "A[43]"
+    assert str(b.a2) == "A[43]"
+
+    astats, bstats = ConstructorStats.get(A), ConstructorStats.get(B)
+    assert astats.alive() == 2
+    assert bstats.alive() == 1
+    del b
+    assert astats.alive() == 0
+    assert bstats.alive() == 0
+    assert astats.values() == ['1', '2', '42', '43']
+    assert bstats.values() == []
+    assert astats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert bstats.default_constructions == 1
+    assert astats.copy_constructions == 0
+    assert bstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert astats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    # assert bstats.move_constructions >= 0  # Don't invoke any
+    assert astats.copy_assignments == 2
+    assert bstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert astats.move_assignments == 0
+    assert bstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+def test_importing():
+    from pybind11_tests import OD
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+
+    assert OD is OrderedDict
+    assert str(OD([(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])) == "OrderedDict([(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')])"
+
+
+def test_pydoc():
+    """Pydoc needs to be able to provide help() for everything inside a pybind11 module"""
+    import pybind11_tests
+    import pydoc
+
+    assert pydoc.text.docmodule(pybind11_tests)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ebeb202b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_multiple_inheritance.cpp -- multiple inheritance,
+    implicit MI casts
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+struct Base1 {
+    Base1(int i) : i(i) { }
+    int foo() { return i; }
+    int i;
+};
+
+struct Base2 {
+    Base2(int i) : i(i) { }
+    int bar() { return i; }
+    int i;
+};
+
+struct Base12 : Base1, Base2 {
+    Base12(int i, int j) : Base1(i), Base2(j) { }
+};
+
+struct MIType : Base12 {
+    MIType(int i, int j) : Base12(i, j) { }
+};
+
+test_initializer multiple_inheritance([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Base1> b1(m, "Base1");
+    b1.def(py::init<int>())
+      .def("foo", &Base1::foo);
+
+    py::class_<Base2> b2(m, "Base2");
+    b2.def(py::init<int>())
+      .def("bar", &Base2::bar);
+
+    py::class_<Base12, Base1, Base2>(m, "Base12");
+
+    py::class_<MIType, Base12>(m, "MIType")
+        .def(py::init<int, int>());
+
+    // Uncommenting this should result in a compile time failure (MI can only be specified via
+    // template parameters because pybind has to know the types involved; see discussion in #742 for
+    // details).
+//    struct Base12v2 : Base1, Base2 {
+//        Base12v2(int i, int j) : Base1(i), Base2(j) { }
+//    };
+//    py::class_<Base12v2>(m, "Base12v2", b1, b2)
+//        .def(py::init<int, int>());
+});
+
+/* Test the case where not all base classes are specified,
+   and where pybind11 requires the py::multiple_inheritance
+   flag to perform proper casting between types */
+
+struct Base1a {
+    Base1a(int i) : i(i) { }
+    int foo() { return i; }
+    int i;
+};
+
+struct Base2a {
+    Base2a(int i) : i(i) { }
+    int bar() { return i; }
+    int i;
+};
+
+struct Base12a : Base1a, Base2a {
+    Base12a(int i, int j) : Base1a(i), Base2a(j) { }
+};
+
+test_initializer multiple_inheritance_nonexplicit([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Base1a, std::shared_ptr<Base1a>>(m, "Base1a")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("foo", &Base1a::foo);
+
+    py::class_<Base2a, std::shared_ptr<Base2a>>(m, "Base2a")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def("bar", &Base2a::bar);
+
+    py::class_<Base12a, /* Base1 missing */ Base2a,
+               std::shared_ptr<Base12a>>(m, "Base12a", py::multiple_inheritance())
+        .def(py::init<int, int>());
+
+    m.def("bar_base2a", [](Base2a *b) { return b->bar(); });
+    m.def("bar_base2a_sharedptr", [](std::shared_ptr<Base2a> b) { return b->bar(); });
+});
+
+struct Vanilla {
+    std::string vanilla() { return "Vanilla"; };
+};
+
+struct WithStatic1 {
+    static std::string static_func1() { return "WithStatic1"; };
+    static int static_value1;
+};
+
+struct WithStatic2 {
+    static std::string static_func2() { return "WithStatic2"; };
+    static int static_value2;
+};
+
+struct WithDict { };
+
+struct VanillaStaticMix1 : Vanilla, WithStatic1, WithStatic2 {
+    static std::string static_func() { return "VanillaStaticMix1"; }
+    static int static_value;
+};
+
+struct VanillaStaticMix2 : WithStatic1, Vanilla, WithStatic2 {
+    static std::string static_func() { return "VanillaStaticMix2"; }
+    static int static_value;
+};
+
+struct VanillaDictMix1 : Vanilla, WithDict { };
+struct VanillaDictMix2 : WithDict, Vanilla { };
+
+int WithStatic1::static_value1 = 1;
+int WithStatic2::static_value2 = 2;
+int VanillaStaticMix1::static_value = 12;
+int VanillaStaticMix2::static_value = 12;
+
+test_initializer mi_static_properties([](py::module &pm) {
+    auto m = pm.def_submodule("mi");
+
+    py::class_<Vanilla>(m, "Vanilla")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("vanilla", &Vanilla::vanilla);
+
+    py::class_<WithStatic1>(m, "WithStatic1")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("static_func1", &WithStatic1::static_func1)
+        .def_readwrite_static("static_value1", &WithStatic1::static_value1);
+
+    py::class_<WithStatic2>(m, "WithStatic2")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("static_func2", &WithStatic2::static_func2)
+        .def_readwrite_static("static_value2", &WithStatic2::static_value2);
+
+    py::class_<VanillaStaticMix1, Vanilla, WithStatic1, WithStatic2>(
+        m, "VanillaStaticMix1")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("static_func", &VanillaStaticMix1::static_func)
+        .def_readwrite_static("static_value", &VanillaStaticMix1::static_value);
+
+    py::class_<VanillaStaticMix2, WithStatic1, Vanilla, WithStatic2>(
+        m, "VanillaStaticMix2")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("static_func", &VanillaStaticMix2::static_func)
+        .def_readwrite_static("static_value", &VanillaStaticMix2::static_value);
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    py::class_<WithDict>(m, "WithDict", py::dynamic_attr()).def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<VanillaDictMix1, Vanilla, WithDict>(m, "VanillaDictMix1").def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<VanillaDictMix2, WithDict, Vanilla>(m, "VanillaDictMix2").def(py::init<>());
+#endif
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7aaab7cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_multiple_inheritance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_multiple_inheritance_cpp():
+    from pybind11_tests import MIType
+
+    mt = MIType(3, 4)
+
+    assert mt.foo() == 3
+    assert mt.bar() == 4
+
+
+def test_multiple_inheritance_mix1():
+    from pybind11_tests import Base2
+
+    class Base1:
+        def __init__(self, i):
+            self.i = i
+
+        def foo(self):
+            return self.i
+
+    class MITypePy(Base1, Base2):
+        def __init__(self, i, j):
+            Base1.__init__(self, i)
+            Base2.__init__(self, j)
+
+    mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
+
+    assert mt.foo() == 3
+    assert mt.bar() == 4
+
+
+def test_multiple_inheritance_mix2():
+    from pybind11_tests import Base1
+
+    class Base2:
+        def __init__(self, i):
+            self.i = i
+
+        def bar(self):
+            return self.i
+
+    class MITypePy(Base1, Base2):
+        def __init__(self, i, j):
+            Base1.__init__(self, i)
+            Base2.__init__(self, j)
+
+    mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
+
+    assert mt.foo() == 3
+    assert mt.bar() == 4
+
+
+def test_multiple_inheritance_error():
+    """Inheriting from multiple C++ bases in Python is not supported"""
+    from pybind11_tests import Base1, Base2
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        # noinspection PyUnusedLocal
+        class MI(Base1, Base2):
+            pass
+    assert "Can't inherit from multiple C++ classes in Python" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+def test_multiple_inheritance_virtbase():
+    from pybind11_tests import Base12a, bar_base2a, bar_base2a_sharedptr
+
+    class MITypePy(Base12a):
+        def __init__(self, i, j):
+            Base12a.__init__(self, i, j)
+
+    mt = MITypePy(3, 4)
+    assert mt.bar() == 4
+    assert bar_base2a(mt) == 4
+    assert bar_base2a_sharedptr(mt) == 4
+
+
+def test_mi_static_properties():
+    """Mixing bases with and without static properties should be possible
+     and the result should be independent of base definition order"""
+    from pybind11_tests import mi
+
+    for d in (mi.VanillaStaticMix1(), mi.VanillaStaticMix2()):
+        assert d.vanilla() == "Vanilla"
+        assert d.static_func1() == "WithStatic1"
+        assert d.static_func2() == "WithStatic2"
+        assert d.static_func() == d.__class__.__name__
+
+        mi.WithStatic1.static_value1 = 1
+        mi.WithStatic2.static_value2 = 2
+        assert d.static_value1 == 1
+        assert d.static_value2 == 2
+        assert d.static_value == 12
+
+        d.static_value1 = 0
+        assert d.static_value1 == 0
+        d.static_value2 = 0
+        assert d.static_value2 == 0
+        d.static_value = 0
+        assert d.static_value == 0
+
+
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_mi_dynamic_attributes():
+    """Mixing bases with and without dynamic attribute support"""
+    from pybind11_tests import mi
+
+    for d in (mi.VanillaDictMix1(), mi.VanillaDictMix2()):
+        d.dynamic = 1
+        assert d.dynamic == 1
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd6487249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_numpy_array.cpp -- test core array functionality
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Ivan Smirnov <i.s.smirnov@gmail.com>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+using arr = py::array;
+using arr_t = py::array_t<uint16_t, 0>;
+static_assert(std::is_same<arr_t::value_type, uint16_t>::value, "");
+
+template<typename... Ix> arr data(const arr& a, Ix... index) {
+    return arr(a.nbytes() - a.offset_at(index...), (const uint8_t *) a.data(index...));
+}
+
+template<typename... Ix> arr data_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... index) {
+    return arr(a.size() - a.index_at(index...), a.data(index...));
+}
+
+arr& mutate_data(arr& a) {
+    auto ptr = (uint8_t *) a.mutable_data();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < a.nbytes(); i++)
+        ptr[i] = (uint8_t) (ptr[i] * 2);
+    return a;
+}
+
+arr_t& mutate_data_t(arr_t& a) {
+    auto ptr = a.mutable_data();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
+        ptr[i]++;
+    return a;
+}
+
+template<typename... Ix> arr& mutate_data(arr& a, Ix... index) {
+    auto ptr = (uint8_t *) a.mutable_data(index...);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < a.nbytes() - a.offset_at(index...); i++)
+        ptr[i] = (uint8_t) (ptr[i] * 2);
+    return a;
+}
+
+template<typename... Ix> arr_t& mutate_data_t(arr_t& a, Ix... index) {
+    auto ptr = a.mutable_data(index...);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size() - a.index_at(index...); i++)
+        ptr[i]++;
+    return a;
+}
+
+template<typename... Ix> size_t index_at(const arr& a, Ix... idx) { return a.index_at(idx...); }
+template<typename... Ix> size_t index_at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.index_at(idx...); }
+template<typename... Ix> size_t offset_at(const arr& a, Ix... idx) { return a.offset_at(idx...); }
+template<typename... Ix> size_t offset_at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.offset_at(idx...); }
+template<typename... Ix> size_t at_t(const arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { return a.at(idx...); }
+template<typename... Ix> arr_t& mutate_at_t(arr_t& a, Ix... idx) { a.mutable_at(idx...)++; return a; }
+
+#define def_index_fn(name, type) \
+    sm.def(#name, [](type a) { return name(a); }); \
+    sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i) { return name(a, i); }); \
+    sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i, int j) { return name(a, i, j); }); \
+    sm.def(#name, [](type a, int i, int j, int k) { return name(a, i, j, k); });
+
+template <typename T, typename T2> py::handle auxiliaries(T &&r, T2 &&r2) {
+    if (r.ndim() != 2) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 2");
+    py::list l;
+    l.append(*r.data(0, 0));
+    l.append(*r2.mutable_data(0, 0));
+    l.append(r.data(0, 1) == r2.mutable_data(0, 1));
+    l.append(r.ndim());
+    l.append(r.itemsize());
+    l.append(r.shape(0));
+    l.append(r.shape(1));
+    l.append(r.size());
+    l.append(r.nbytes());
+    return l.release();
+}
+
+test_initializer numpy_array([](py::module &m) {
+    auto sm = m.def_submodule("array");
+
+    sm.def("ndim", [](const arr& a) { return a.ndim(); });
+    sm.def("shape", [](const arr& a) { return arr(a.ndim(), a.shape()); });
+    sm.def("shape", [](const arr& a, size_t dim) { return a.shape(dim); });
+    sm.def("strides", [](const arr& a) { return arr(a.ndim(), a.strides()); });
+    sm.def("strides", [](const arr& a, size_t dim) { return a.strides(dim); });
+    sm.def("writeable", [](const arr& a) { return a.writeable(); });
+    sm.def("size", [](const arr& a) { return a.size(); });
+    sm.def("itemsize", [](const arr& a) { return a.itemsize(); });
+    sm.def("nbytes", [](const arr& a) { return a.nbytes(); });
+    sm.def("owndata", [](const arr& a) { return a.owndata(); });
+
+    def_index_fn(data, const arr&);
+    def_index_fn(data_t, const arr_t&);
+    def_index_fn(index_at, const arr&);
+    def_index_fn(index_at_t, const arr_t&);
+    def_index_fn(offset_at, const arr&);
+    def_index_fn(offset_at_t, const arr_t&);
+    def_index_fn(mutate_data, arr&);
+    def_index_fn(mutate_data_t, arr_t&);
+    def_index_fn(at_t, const arr_t&);
+    def_index_fn(mutate_at_t, arr_t&);
+
+    sm.def("make_f_array", [] {
+        return py::array_t<float>({ 2, 2 }, { 4, 8 });
+    });
+
+    sm.def("make_c_array", [] {
+        return py::array_t<float>({ 2, 2 }, { 8, 4 });
+    });
+
+    sm.def("wrap", [](py::array a) {
+        return py::array(
+            a.dtype(),
+            std::vector<size_t>(a.shape(), a.shape() + a.ndim()),
+            std::vector<size_t>(a.strides(), a.strides() + a.ndim()),
+            a.data(),
+            a
+        );
+    });
+
+    struct ArrayClass {
+        int data[2] = { 1, 2 };
+        ArrayClass() { py::print("ArrayClass()"); }
+        ~ArrayClass() { py::print("~ArrayClass()"); }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<ArrayClass>(sm, "ArrayClass")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("numpy_view", [](py::object &obj) {
+            py::print("ArrayClass::numpy_view()");
+            ArrayClass &a = obj.cast<ArrayClass&>();
+            return py::array_t<int>({2}, {4}, a.data, obj);
+        }
+    );
+
+    sm.def("function_taking_uint64", [](uint64_t) { });
+
+    sm.def("isinstance_untyped", [](py::object yes, py::object no) {
+        return py::isinstance<py::array>(yes) && !py::isinstance<py::array>(no);
+    });
+
+    sm.def("isinstance_typed", [](py::object o) {
+        return py::isinstance<py::array_t<double>>(o) && !py::isinstance<py::array_t<int>>(o);
+    });
+
+    sm.def("default_constructors", []() {
+        return py::dict(
+            "array"_a=py::array(),
+            "array_t<int32>"_a=py::array_t<std::int32_t>(),
+            "array_t<double>"_a=py::array_t<double>()
+        );
+    });
+
+    sm.def("converting_constructors", [](py::object o) {
+        return py::dict(
+            "array"_a=py::array(o),
+            "array_t<int32>"_a=py::array_t<std::int32_t>(o),
+            "array_t<double>"_a=py::array_t<double>(o)
+        );
+    });
+
+    // Overload resolution tests:
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<float>) { return "float"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<int>) { return "int"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<unsigned short>) { return "unsigned short"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<long long>) { return "long long"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<std::complex<double>>) { return "double complex"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>>) { return "float complex"; });
+
+    sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<std::complex<double>>) { return "double complex"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>>) { return "float complex"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded2", [](py::array_t<float>) { return "float"; });
+
+    // Only accept the exact types:
+    sm.def("overloaded3", [](py::array_t<int>) { return "int"; }, py::arg().noconvert());
+    sm.def("overloaded3", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; }, py::arg().noconvert());
+
+    // Make sure we don't do unsafe coercion (e.g. float to int) when not using forcecast, but
+    // rather that float gets converted via the safe (conversion to double) overload:
+    sm.def("overloaded4", [](py::array_t<long long, 0>) { return "long long"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded4", [](py::array_t<double, 0>) { return "double"; });
+
+    // But we do allow conversion to int if forcecast is enabled (but only if no overload matches
+    // without conversion)
+    sm.def("overloaded5", [](py::array_t<unsigned int>) { return "unsigned int"; });
+    sm.def("overloaded5", [](py::array_t<double>) { return "double"; });
+
+    // Issue 685: ndarray shouldn't go to std::string overload
+    sm.def("issue685", [](std::string) { return "string"; });
+    sm.def("issue685", [](py::array) { return "array"; });
+    sm.def("issue685", [](py::object) { return "other"; });
+
+    sm.def("proxy_add2", [](py::array_t<double> a, double v) {
+        auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<2>();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+                r(i, j) += v;
+    }, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg());
+
+    sm.def("proxy_init3", [](double start) {
+        py::array_t<double, py::array::c_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
+        auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<3>();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+        for (size_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
+            r(i, j, k) = start++;
+        return a;
+    });
+    sm.def("proxy_init3F", [](double start) {
+        py::array_t<double, py::array::f_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
+        auto r = a.mutable_unchecked<3>();
+        for (size_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            r(i, j, k) = start++;
+        return a;
+    });
+    sm.def("proxy_squared_L2_norm", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
+        auto r = a.unchecked<1>();
+        double sumsq = 0;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            sumsq += r[i] * r(i); // Either notation works for a 1D array
+        return sumsq;
+    });
+
+    sm.def("proxy_auxiliaries2", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
+        auto r = a.unchecked<2>();
+        auto r2 = a.mutable_unchecked<2>();
+        return auxiliaries(r, r2);
+    });
+
+    // Same as the above, but without a compile-time dimensions specification:
+    sm.def("proxy_add2_dyn", [](py::array_t<double> a, double v) {
+        auto r = a.mutable_unchecked();
+        if (r.ndim() != 2) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 2");
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+                r(i, j) += v;
+    }, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg());
+    sm.def("proxy_init3_dyn", [](double start) {
+        py::array_t<double, py::array::c_style> a({ 3, 3, 3 });
+        auto r = a.mutable_unchecked();
+        if (r.ndim() != 3) throw std::domain_error("error: ndim != 3");
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < r.shape(0); i++)
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < r.shape(1); j++)
+        for (size_t k = 0; k < r.shape(2); k++)
+            r(i, j, k) = start++;
+        return a;
+    });
+    sm.def("proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
+        return auxiliaries(a.unchecked(), a.mutable_unchecked());
+    });
+
+    sm.def("array_auxiliaries2", [](py::array_t<double> a) {
+        return auxiliaries(a, a);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14c25b371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_array.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+import pytest
+
+pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+def arr():
+    return np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], '=u2')
+
+
+def test_array_attributes():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (
+        ndim, shape, strides, writeable, size, itemsize, nbytes, owndata
+    )
+
+    a = np.array(0, 'f8')
+    assert ndim(a) == 0
+    assert all(shape(a) == [])
+    assert all(strides(a) == [])
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+        shape(a, 0)
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 0 (ndim = 0)'
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+        strides(a, 0)
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 0 (ndim = 0)'
+    assert writeable(a)
+    assert size(a) == 1
+    assert itemsize(a) == 8
+    assert nbytes(a) == 8
+    assert owndata(a)
+
+    a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], 'u2').view()
+    a.flags.writeable = False
+    assert ndim(a) == 2
+    assert all(shape(a) == [2, 3])
+    assert shape(a, 0) == 2
+    assert shape(a, 1) == 3
+    assert all(strides(a) == [6, 2])
+    assert strides(a, 0) == 6
+    assert strides(a, 1) == 2
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+        shape(a, 2)
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 2 (ndim = 2)'
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+        strides(a, 2)
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == 'invalid axis: 2 (ndim = 2)'
+    assert not writeable(a)
+    assert size(a) == 6
+    assert itemsize(a) == 2
+    assert nbytes(a) == 12
+    assert not owndata(a)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('args, ret', [([], 0), ([0], 0), ([1], 3), ([0, 1], 1), ([1, 2], 5)])
+def test_index_offset(arr, args, ret):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import index_at, index_at_t, offset_at, offset_at_t
+    assert index_at(arr, *args) == ret
+    assert index_at_t(arr, *args) == ret
+    assert offset_at(arr, *args) == ret * arr.dtype.itemsize
+    assert offset_at_t(arr, *args) == ret * arr.dtype.itemsize
+
+
+def test_dim_check_fail(arr):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (index_at, index_at_t, offset_at, offset_at_t, data, data_t,
+                                      mutate_data, mutate_data_t)
+    for func in (index_at, index_at_t, offset_at, offset_at_t, data, data_t,
+                 mutate_data, mutate_data_t):
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+            func(arr, 1, 2, 3)
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == 'too many indices for an array: 3 (ndim = 2)'
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('args, ret',
+                         [([], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
+                          ([1], [4, 5, 6]),
+                          ([0, 1], [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
+                          ([1, 2], [6])])
+def test_data(arr, args, ret):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import data, data_t
+    from sys import byteorder
+    assert all(data_t(arr, *args) == ret)
+    assert all(data(arr, *args)[(0 if byteorder == 'little' else 1)::2] == ret)
+    assert all(data(arr, *args)[(1 if byteorder == 'little' else 0)::2] == 0)
+
+
+def test_mutate_readonly(arr):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import mutate_data, mutate_data_t, mutate_at_t
+    arr.flags.writeable = False
+    for func, args in (mutate_data, ()), (mutate_data_t, ()), (mutate_at_t, (0, 0)):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            func(arr, *args)
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == 'array is not writeable'
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dim', [0, 1, 3])
+def test_at_fail(arr, dim):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import at_t, mutate_at_t
+    for func in at_t, mutate_at_t:
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+            func(arr, *([0] * dim))
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index dimension mismatch: {} (ndim = 2)'.format(dim)
+
+
+def test_at(arr):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import at_t, mutate_at_t
+
+    assert at_t(arr, 0, 2) == 3
+    assert at_t(arr, 1, 0) == 4
+
+    assert all(mutate_at_t(arr, 0, 2).ravel() == [1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6])
+    assert all(mutate_at_t(arr, 1, 0).ravel() == [1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6])
+
+
+def test_mutate_data(arr):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import mutate_data, mutate_data_t
+
+    assert all(mutate_data(arr).ravel() == [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12])
+    assert all(mutate_data(arr).ravel() == [4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24])
+    assert all(mutate_data(arr, 1).ravel() == [4, 8, 12, 32, 40, 48])
+    assert all(mutate_data(arr, 0, 1).ravel() == [4, 16, 24, 64, 80, 96])
+    assert all(mutate_data(arr, 1, 2).ravel() == [4, 16, 24, 64, 80, 192])
+
+    assert all(mutate_data_t(arr).ravel() == [5, 17, 25, 65, 81, 193])
+    assert all(mutate_data_t(arr).ravel() == [6, 18, 26, 66, 82, 194])
+    assert all(mutate_data_t(arr, 1).ravel() == [6, 18, 26, 67, 83, 195])
+    assert all(mutate_data_t(arr, 0, 1).ravel() == [6, 19, 27, 68, 84, 196])
+    assert all(mutate_data_t(arr, 1, 2).ravel() == [6, 19, 27, 68, 84, 197])
+
+
+def test_bounds_check(arr):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (index_at, index_at_t, data, data_t,
+                                      mutate_data, mutate_data_t, at_t, mutate_at_t)
+    funcs = (index_at, index_at_t, data, data_t,
+             mutate_data, mutate_data_t, at_t, mutate_at_t)
+    for func in funcs:
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+            func(arr, 2, 0)
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index 2 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 2'
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError) as excinfo:
+            func(arr, 0, 4)
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == 'index 4 is out of bounds for axis 1 with size 3'
+
+
+def test_make_c_f_array():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (
+        make_c_array, make_f_array
+    )
+    assert make_c_array().flags.c_contiguous
+    assert not make_c_array().flags.f_contiguous
+    assert make_f_array().flags.f_contiguous
+    assert not make_f_array().flags.c_contiguous
+
+
+def test_wrap():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import wrap
+
+    def assert_references(a, b, base=None):
+        if base is None:
+            base = a
+        assert a is not b
+        assert a.__array_interface__['data'][0] == b.__array_interface__['data'][0]
+        assert a.shape == b.shape
+        assert a.strides == b.strides
+        assert a.flags.c_contiguous == b.flags.c_contiguous
+        assert a.flags.f_contiguous == b.flags.f_contiguous
+        assert a.flags.writeable == b.flags.writeable
+        assert a.flags.aligned == b.flags.aligned
+        assert a.flags.updateifcopy == b.flags.updateifcopy
+        assert np.all(a == b)
+        assert not b.flags.owndata
+        assert b.base is base
+        if a.flags.writeable and a.ndim == 2:
+            a[0, 0] = 1234
+            assert b[0, 0] == 1234
+
+    a1 = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int16)
+    assert a1.flags.owndata and a1.base is None
+    a2 = wrap(a1)
+    assert_references(a1, a2)
+
+    a1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float32, order='F')
+    assert a1.flags.owndata and a1.base is None
+    a2 = wrap(a1)
+    assert_references(a1, a2)
+
+    a1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float32, order='C')
+    a1.flags.writeable = False
+    a2 = wrap(a1)
+    assert_references(a1, a2)
+
+    a1 = np.random.random((4, 4, 4))
+    a2 = wrap(a1)
+    assert_references(a1, a2)
+
+    a1t = a1.transpose()
+    a2 = wrap(a1t)
+    assert_references(a1t, a2, a1)
+
+    a1d = a1.diagonal()
+    a2 = wrap(a1d)
+    assert_references(a1d, a2, a1)
+
+
+def test_numpy_view(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import ArrayClass
+    with capture:
+        ac = ArrayClass()
+        ac_view_1 = ac.numpy_view()
+        ac_view_2 = ac.numpy_view()
+        assert np.all(ac_view_1 == np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int32))
+        del ac
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        ArrayClass()
+        ArrayClass::numpy_view()
+        ArrayClass::numpy_view()
+    """
+    ac_view_1[0] = 4
+    ac_view_1[1] = 3
+    assert ac_view_2[0] == 4
+    assert ac_view_2[1] == 3
+    with capture:
+        del ac_view_1
+        del ac_view_2
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture == """
+        ~ArrayClass()
+    """
+
+
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_cast_numpy_int64_to_uint64():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import function_taking_uint64
+    function_taking_uint64(123)
+    function_taking_uint64(np.uint64(123))
+
+
+def test_isinstance():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import isinstance_untyped, isinstance_typed
+
+    assert isinstance_untyped(np.array([1, 2, 3]), "not an array")
+    assert isinstance_typed(np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
+
+
+def test_constructors():
+    from pybind11_tests.array import default_constructors, converting_constructors
+
+    defaults = default_constructors()
+    for a in defaults.values():
+        assert a.size == 0
+    assert defaults["array"].dtype == np.array([]).dtype
+    assert defaults["array_t<int32>"].dtype == np.int32
+    assert defaults["array_t<double>"].dtype == np.float64
+
+    results = converting_constructors([1, 2, 3])
+    for a in results.values():
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(a, [1, 2, 3])
+    assert results["array"].dtype == np.int_
+    assert results["array_t<int32>"].dtype == np.int32
+    assert results["array_t<double>"].dtype == np.float64
+
+
+def test_overload_resolution(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import overloaded, overloaded2, overloaded3, overloaded4, overloaded5
+
+    # Exact overload matches:
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='ushort')) == 'unsigned short'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='intc')) == 'int'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='longlong')) == 'long long'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='complex')) == 'double complex'
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='csingle')) == 'float complex'
+
+    # No exact match, should call first convertible version:
+    assert overloaded(np.array([1], dtype='uint8')) == 'double'
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        overloaded("not an array")
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        overloaded(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> str
+            2. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float32]) -> str
+            3. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32]) -> str
+            4. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[uint16]) -> str
+            5. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int64]) -> str
+            6. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex128]) -> str
+            7. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[complex64]) -> str
+
+        Invoked with: 'not an array'
+    """
+
+    assert overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
+    assert overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='complex64')) == 'float complex'
+    assert overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='complex128')) == 'double complex'
+    assert overloaded2(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'float'
+
+    assert overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='float64')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='intc')) == 'int'
+    expected_exc = """
+        overloaded3(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32]) -> str
+            2. (arg0: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> str
+
+        Invoked with:"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='uintc'))
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + " array([1], dtype=uint32)"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='float32'))
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + " array([ 1.], dtype=float32)"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        overloaded3(np.array([1], dtype='complex'))
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == expected_exc + " array([ 1.+0.j])"
+
+    # Exact matches:
+    assert overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='double')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='longlong')) == 'long long'
+    # Non-exact matches requiring conversion.  Since float to integer isn't a
+    # save conversion, it should go to the double overload, but short can go to
+    # either (and so should end up on the first-registered, the long long).
+    assert overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded4(np.array([1], dtype='short')) == 'long long'
+
+    assert overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='double')) == 'double'
+    assert overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='uintc')) == 'unsigned int'
+    assert overloaded5(np.array([1], dtype='float32')) == 'unsigned int'
+
+
+def test_greedy_string_overload():  # issue 685
+    from pybind11_tests.array import issue685
+
+    assert issue685("abc") == "string"
+    assert issue685(np.array([97, 98, 99], dtype='b')) == "array"
+    assert issue685(123) == "other"
+
+
+def test_array_unchecked_fixed_dims(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (proxy_add2, proxy_init3F, proxy_init3, proxy_squared_L2_norm,
+                                      proxy_auxiliaries2, array_auxiliaries2)
+
+    z1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float64')
+    proxy_add2(z1, 10)
+    assert np.all(z1 == [[11, 12], [13, 14]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        proxy_add2(np.array([1., 2, 3]), 5.0)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == "array has incorrect number of dimensions: 1; expected 2"
+
+    expect_c = np.ndarray(shape=(3, 3, 3), buffer=np.array(range(3, 30)), dtype='int')
+    assert np.all(proxy_init3(3.0) == expect_c)
+    expect_f = np.transpose(expect_c)
+    assert np.all(proxy_init3F(3.0) == expect_f)
+
+    assert proxy_squared_L2_norm(np.array(range(6))) == 55
+    assert proxy_squared_L2_norm(np.array(range(6), dtype="float64")) == 55
+
+    assert proxy_auxiliaries2(z1) == [11, 11, True, 2, 8, 2, 2, 4, 32]
+    assert proxy_auxiliaries2(z1) == array_auxiliaries2(z1)
+
+
+def test_array_unchecked_dyn_dims(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests.array import (proxy_add2_dyn, proxy_init3_dyn, proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn,
+                                      array_auxiliaries2)
+    z1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype='float64')
+    proxy_add2_dyn(z1, 10)
+    assert np.all(z1 == [[11, 12], [13, 14]])
+
+    expect_c = np.ndarray(shape=(3, 3, 3), buffer=np.array(range(3, 30)), dtype='int')
+    assert np.all(proxy_init3_dyn(3.0) == expect_c)
+
+    assert proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn(z1) == [11, 11, True, 2, 8, 2, 2, 4, 32]
+    assert proxy_auxiliaries2_dyn(z1) == array_auxiliaries2(z1)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f6c85704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+/*
+  tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp -- Structured and compound NumPy dtypes
+
+  Copyright (c) 2016 Ivan Smirnov
+
+  All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+  BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define PYBIND11_PACKED(cls) cls __attribute__((__packed__))
+#else
+#define PYBIND11_PACKED(cls) __pragma(pack(push, 1)) cls __pragma(pack(pop))
+#endif
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+struct SimpleStruct {
+    bool bool_;
+    uint32_t uint_;
+    float float_;
+    long double ldbl_;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SimpleStruct& v) {
+    return os << "s:" << v.bool_ << "," << v.uint_ << "," << v.float_ << "," << v.ldbl_;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_PACKED(struct PackedStruct {
+    bool bool_;
+    uint32_t uint_;
+    float float_;
+    long double ldbl_;
+});
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const PackedStruct& v) {
+    return os << "p:" << v.bool_ << "," << v.uint_ << "," << v.float_ << "," << v.ldbl_;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_PACKED(struct NestedStruct {
+    SimpleStruct a;
+    PackedStruct b;
+});
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const NestedStruct& v) {
+    return os << "n:a=" << v.a << ";b=" << v.b;
+}
+
+struct PartialStruct {
+    bool bool_;
+    uint32_t uint_;
+    float float_;
+    uint64_t dummy2;
+    long double ldbl_;
+};
+
+struct PartialNestedStruct {
+    uint64_t dummy1;
+    PartialStruct a;
+    uint64_t dummy2;
+};
+
+struct UnboundStruct { };
+
+struct StringStruct {
+    char a[3];
+    std::array<char, 3> b;
+};
+
+PYBIND11_PACKED(struct StructWithUglyNames {
+    int8_t __x__;
+    uint64_t __y__;
+});
+
+enum class E1 : int64_t { A = -1, B = 1 };
+enum E2 : uint8_t { X = 1, Y = 2 };
+
+PYBIND11_PACKED(struct EnumStruct {
+    E1 e1;
+    E2 e2;
+});
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StringStruct& v) {
+    os << "a='";
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && v.a[i]; i++) os << v.a[i];
+    os << "',b='";
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && v.b[i]; i++) os << v.b[i];
+    return os << "'";
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const EnumStruct& v) {
+    return os << "e1=" << (v.e1 == E1::A ? "A" : "B") << ",e2=" << (v.e2 == E2::X ? "X" : "Y");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+py::array mkarray_via_buffer(size_t n) {
+    return py::array(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(T),
+                                     py::format_descriptor<T>::format(),
+                                     1, { n }, { sizeof(T) }));
+}
+
+#define SET_TEST_VALS(s, i) do { \
+    s.bool_ = (i) % 2 != 0; \
+    s.uint_ = (uint32_t) (i); \
+    s.float_ = (float) (i) * 1.5f; \
+    s.ldbl_ = (long double) (i) * -2.5L; } while (0)
+
+template <typename S>
+py::array_t<S, 0> create_recarray(size_t n) {
+    auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<S>(n);
+    auto req = arr.request();
+    auto ptr = static_cast<S*>(req.ptr);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i], i);
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+std::string get_format_unbound() {
+    return py::format_descriptor<UnboundStruct>::format();
+}
+
+py::array_t<NestedStruct, 0> create_nested(size_t n) {
+    auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<NestedStruct>(n);
+    auto req = arr.request();
+    auto ptr = static_cast<NestedStruct*>(req.ptr);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].a, i);
+        SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].b, i + 1);
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+py::array_t<PartialNestedStruct, 0> create_partial_nested(size_t n) {
+    auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<PartialNestedStruct>(n);
+    auto req = arr.request();
+    auto ptr = static_cast<PartialNestedStruct*>(req.ptr);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        SET_TEST_VALS(ptr[i].a, i);
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+py::array_t<StringStruct, 0> create_string_array(bool non_empty) {
+    auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<StringStruct>(non_empty ? 4 : 0);
+    if (non_empty) {
+        auto req = arr.request();
+        auto ptr = static_cast<StringStruct*>(req.ptr);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < req.size * req.itemsize; i++)
+            static_cast<char*>(req.ptr)[i] = 0;
+        ptr[1].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[1].b[0] = 'a';
+        ptr[2].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[2].b[0] = 'a';
+        ptr[3].a[0] = 'a'; ptr[3].b[0] = 'a';
+
+        ptr[2].a[1] = 'b'; ptr[2].b[1] = 'b';
+        ptr[3].a[1] = 'b'; ptr[3].b[1] = 'b';
+
+        ptr[3].a[2] = 'c'; ptr[3].b[2] = 'c';
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+py::array_t<EnumStruct, 0> create_enum_array(size_t n) {
+    auto arr = mkarray_via_buffer<EnumStruct>(n);
+    auto ptr = (EnumStruct *) arr.mutable_data();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        ptr[i].e1 = static_cast<E1>(-1 + ((int) i % 2) * 2);
+        ptr[i].e2 = static_cast<E2>(1 + (i % 2));
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
+template <typename S>
+py::list print_recarray(py::array_t<S, 0> arr) {
+    const auto req = arr.request();
+    const auto ptr = static_cast<S*>(req.ptr);
+    auto l = py::list();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < req.size; i++) {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << ptr[i];
+        l.append(py::str(ss.str()));
+    }
+    return l;
+}
+
+py::list print_format_descriptors() {
+    const auto fmts = {
+        py::format_descriptor<SimpleStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<PackedStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<NestedStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<PartialStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<PartialNestedStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<StringStruct>::format(),
+        py::format_descriptor<EnumStruct>::format()
+    };
+    auto l = py::list();
+    for (const auto &fmt : fmts) {
+        l.append(py::cast(fmt));
+    }
+    return l;
+}
+
+py::list print_dtypes() {
+    const auto dtypes = {
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<SimpleStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<PackedStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<NestedStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<PartialStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<PartialNestedStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<StringStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<EnumStruct>()),
+        py::str(py::dtype::of<StructWithUglyNames>())
+    };
+    auto l = py::list();
+    for (const auto &s : dtypes) {
+        l.append(s);
+    }
+    return l;
+}
+
+py::array_t<int32_t, 0> test_array_ctors(int i) {
+    using arr_t = py::array_t<int32_t, 0>;
+
+    std::vector<int32_t> data { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
+    std::vector<size_t> shape { 3, 2 };
+    std::vector<size_t> strides { 8, 4 };
+
+    auto ptr = data.data();
+    auto vptr = (void *) ptr;
+    auto dtype = py::dtype("int32");
+
+    py::buffer_info buf_ndim1(vptr, 4, "i", 6);
+    py::buffer_info buf_ndim1_null(nullptr, 4, "i", 6);
+    py::buffer_info buf_ndim2(vptr, 4, "i", 2, shape, strides);
+    py::buffer_info buf_ndim2_null(nullptr, 4, "i", 2, shape, strides);
+
+    auto fill = [](py::array arr) {
+        auto req = arr.request();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) ((int32_t *) req.ptr)[i] = i + 1;
+        return arr;
+    };
+
+    switch (i) {
+    // shape: (3, 2)
+    case 10: return arr_t(shape, strides, ptr);
+    case 11: return py::array(shape, strides, ptr);
+    case 12: return py::array(dtype, shape, strides, vptr);
+    case 13: return arr_t(shape, ptr);
+    case 14: return py::array(shape, ptr);
+    case 15: return py::array(dtype, shape, vptr);
+    case 16: return arr_t(buf_ndim2);
+    case 17: return py::array(buf_ndim2);
+    // shape: (3, 2) - post-fill
+    case 20: return fill(arr_t(shape, strides));
+    case 21: return py::array(shape, strides, ptr); // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
+    case 22: return fill(py::array(dtype, shape, strides));
+    case 23: return fill(arr_t(shape));
+    case 24: return py::array(shape, ptr); // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
+    case 25: return fill(py::array(dtype, shape));
+    case 26: return fill(arr_t(buf_ndim2_null));
+    case 27: return fill(py::array(buf_ndim2_null));
+    // shape: (6, )
+    case 30: return arr_t(6, ptr);
+    case 31: return py::array(6, ptr);
+    case 32: return py::array(dtype, 6, vptr);
+    case 33: return arr_t(buf_ndim1);
+    case 34: return py::array(buf_ndim1);
+    // shape: (6, )
+    case 40: return fill(arr_t(6));
+    case 41: return py::array(6, ptr);  // can't have nullptr due to templated ctor
+    case 42: return fill(py::array(dtype, 6));
+    case 43: return fill(arr_t(buf_ndim1_null));
+    case 44: return fill(py::array(buf_ndim1_null));
+    }
+    return arr_t();
+}
+
+py::list test_dtype_ctors() {
+    py::list list;
+    list.append(py::dtype("int32"));
+    list.append(py::dtype(std::string("float64")));
+    list.append(py::dtype::from_args(py::str("bool")));
+    py::list names, offsets, formats;
+    py::dict dict;
+    names.append(py::str("a")); names.append(py::str("b")); dict["names"] = names;
+    offsets.append(py::int_(1)); offsets.append(py::int_(10)); dict["offsets"] = offsets;
+    formats.append(py::dtype("int32")); formats.append(py::dtype("float64")); dict["formats"] = formats;
+    dict["itemsize"] = py::int_(20);
+    list.append(py::dtype::from_args(dict));
+    list.append(py::dtype(names, formats, offsets, 20));
+    list.append(py::dtype(py::buffer_info((void *) 0, sizeof(unsigned int), "I", 1)));
+    list.append(py::dtype(py::buffer_info((void *) 0, 0, "T{i:a:f:b:}", 1)));
+    return list;
+}
+
+struct TrailingPaddingStruct {
+    int32_t a;
+    char b;
+};
+
+py::dtype trailing_padding_dtype() {
+    return py::dtype::of<TrailingPaddingStruct>();
+}
+
+py::dtype buffer_to_dtype(py::buffer& buf) {
+    return py::dtype(buf.request());
+}
+
+py::list test_dtype_methods() {
+    py::list list;
+    auto dt1 = py::dtype::of<int32_t>();
+    auto dt2 = py::dtype::of<SimpleStruct>();
+    list.append(dt1); list.append(dt2);
+    list.append(py::bool_(dt1.has_fields())); list.append(py::bool_(dt2.has_fields()));
+    list.append(py::int_(dt1.itemsize())); list.append(py::int_(dt2.itemsize()));
+    return list;
+}
+
+struct CompareStruct {
+    bool x;
+    uint32_t y;
+    float z;
+};
+
+py::list test_compare_buffer_info() {
+    py::list list;
+    list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<float>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(float), "f", 1))));
+    list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<unsigned>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(int), "I", 1))));
+    list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<long>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(long), "l", 1))));
+    list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<long>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(long), sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) ? "i" : "q", 1))));
+    list.append(py::bool_(py::detail::compare_buffer_info<CompareStruct>::compare(py::buffer_info(nullptr, sizeof(CompareStruct), "T{?:x:3xI:y:f:z:}", 1))));
+    return list;
+}
+
+test_initializer numpy_dtypes([](py::module &m) {
+    try {
+        py::module::import("numpy");
+    } catch (...) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // typeinfo may be registered before the dtype descriptor for scalar casts to work...
+    py::class_<SimpleStruct>(m, "SimpleStruct");
+
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(SimpleStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PackedStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(NestedStruct, a, b);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PartialStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(PartialNestedStruct, a);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(StringStruct, a, b);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(EnumStruct, e1, e2);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(TrailingPaddingStruct, a, b);
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(CompareStruct, x, y, z);
+
+    // ... or after
+    py::class_<PackedStruct>(m, "PackedStruct");
+
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(StructWithUglyNames, __x__, "x", __y__, "y");
+
+    // If uncommented, this should produce a static_assert failure telling the user that the struct
+    // is not a POD type
+//    struct NotPOD { std::string v; NotPOD() : v("hi") {}; };
+//    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(NotPOD, v);
+
+    m.def("create_rec_simple", &create_recarray<SimpleStruct>);
+    m.def("create_rec_packed", &create_recarray<PackedStruct>);
+    m.def("create_rec_nested", &create_nested);
+    m.def("create_rec_partial", &create_recarray<PartialStruct>);
+    m.def("create_rec_partial_nested", &create_partial_nested);
+    m.def("print_format_descriptors", &print_format_descriptors);
+    m.def("print_rec_simple", &print_recarray<SimpleStruct>);
+    m.def("print_rec_packed", &print_recarray<PackedStruct>);
+    m.def("print_rec_nested", &print_recarray<NestedStruct>);
+    m.def("print_dtypes", &print_dtypes);
+    m.def("get_format_unbound", &get_format_unbound);
+    m.def("create_string_array", &create_string_array);
+    m.def("print_string_array", &print_recarray<StringStruct>);
+    m.def("create_enum_array", &create_enum_array);
+    m.def("print_enum_array", &print_recarray<EnumStruct>);
+    m.def("test_array_ctors", &test_array_ctors);
+    m.def("test_dtype_ctors", &test_dtype_ctors);
+    m.def("test_dtype_methods", &test_dtype_methods);
+    m.def("compare_buffer_info", &test_compare_buffer_info);
+    m.def("trailing_padding_dtype", &trailing_padding_dtype);
+    m.def("buffer_to_dtype", &buffer_to_dtype);
+    m.def("f_simple", [](SimpleStruct s) { return s.uint_ * 10; });
+    m.def("f_packed", [](PackedStruct s) { return s.uint_ * 10; });
+    m.def("f_nested", [](NestedStruct s) { return s.a.uint_ * 10; });
+    m.def("register_dtype", []() { PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(SimpleStruct, bool_, uint_, float_, ldbl_); });
+});
+
+#undef PYBIND11_PACKED
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f63814f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+import re
+import pytest
+
+pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def simple_dtype():
+    ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
+    return np.dtype({'names': ['bool_', 'uint_', 'float_', 'ldbl_'],
+                     'formats': ['?', 'u4', 'f4', 'f{}'.format(ld.itemsize)],
+                     'offsets': [0, 4, 8, (16 if ld.alignment > 4 else 12)]})
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def packed_dtype():
+    return np.dtype([('bool_', '?'), ('uint_', 'u4'), ('float_', 'f4'), ('ldbl_', 'g')])
+
+
+def dt_fmt():
+    from sys import byteorder
+    e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+    return ("{{'names':['bool_','uint_','float_','ldbl_'],"
+            " 'formats':['?','" + e + "u4','" + e + "f4','" + e + "f{}'],"
+            " 'offsets':[0,4,8,{}], 'itemsize':{}}}")
+
+
+def simple_dtype_fmt():
+    ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
+    simple_ld_off = 12 + 4 * (ld.alignment > 4)
+    return dt_fmt().format(ld.itemsize, simple_ld_off, simple_ld_off + ld.itemsize)
+
+
+def packed_dtype_fmt():
+    from sys import byteorder
+    return "[('bool_', '?'), ('uint_', '{e}u4'), ('float_', '{e}f4'), ('ldbl_', '{e}f{}')]".format(
+        np.dtype('longdouble').itemsize, e='<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>')
+
+
+def partial_ld_offset():
+    return 12 + 4 * (np.dtype('uint64').alignment > 4) + 8 + 8 * (
+        np.dtype('longdouble').alignment > 8)
+
+
+def partial_dtype_fmt():
+    ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
+    partial_ld_off = partial_ld_offset()
+    return dt_fmt().format(ld.itemsize, partial_ld_off, partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize)
+
+
+def partial_nested_fmt():
+    ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
+    partial_nested_off = 8 + 8 * (ld.alignment > 8)
+    partial_ld_off = partial_ld_offset()
+    partial_nested_size = partial_nested_off * 2 + partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize
+    return "{{'names':['a'], 'formats':[{}], 'offsets':[{}], 'itemsize':{}}}".format(
+        partial_dtype_fmt(), partial_nested_off, partial_nested_size)
+
+
+def assert_equal(actual, expected_data, expected_dtype):
+    np.testing.assert_equal(actual, np.array(expected_data, dtype=expected_dtype))
+
+
+def test_format_descriptors():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_format_unbound, print_format_descriptors
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        get_format_unbound()
+    assert re.match('^NumPy type info missing for .*UnboundStruct.*$', str(excinfo.value))
+
+    ld = np.dtype('longdouble')
+    ldbl_fmt = ('4x' if ld.alignment > 4 else '') + ld.char
+    ss_fmt = "T{?:bool_:3xI:uint_:f:float_:" + ldbl_fmt + ":ldbl_:}"
+    dbl = np.dtype('double')
+    partial_fmt = ("T{?:bool_:3xI:uint_:f:float_:" +
+                   str(4 * (dbl.alignment > 4) + dbl.itemsize + 8 * (ld.alignment > 8)) +
+                   "xg:ldbl_:}")
+    nested_extra = str(max(8, ld.alignment))
+    assert print_format_descriptors() == [
+        ss_fmt,
+        "T{?:bool_:^I:uint_:^f:float_:^g:ldbl_:}",
+        "T{" + ss_fmt + ":a:T{?:bool_:^I:uint_:^f:float_:^g:ldbl_:}:b:}",
+        partial_fmt,
+        "T{" + nested_extra + "x" + partial_fmt + ":a:" + nested_extra + "x}",
+        "T{3s:a:3s:b:}",
+        'T{q:e1:B:e2:}'
+    ]
+
+
+def test_dtype(simple_dtype):
+    from pybind11_tests import (print_dtypes, test_dtype_ctors, test_dtype_methods,
+                                trailing_padding_dtype, buffer_to_dtype)
+    from sys import byteorder
+    e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+
+    assert print_dtypes() == [
+        simple_dtype_fmt(),
+        packed_dtype_fmt(),
+        "[('a', {}), ('b', {})]".format(simple_dtype_fmt(), packed_dtype_fmt()),
+        partial_dtype_fmt(),
+        partial_nested_fmt(),
+        "[('a', 'S3'), ('b', 'S3')]",
+        "[('e1', '" + e + "i8'), ('e2', 'u1')]",
+        "[('x', 'i1'), ('y', '" + e + "u8')]"
+    ]
+
+    d1 = np.dtype({'names': ['a', 'b'], 'formats': ['int32', 'float64'],
+                   'offsets': [1, 10], 'itemsize': 20})
+    d2 = np.dtype([('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'f4')])
+    assert test_dtype_ctors() == [np.dtype('int32'), np.dtype('float64'),
+                                  np.dtype('bool'), d1, d1, np.dtype('uint32'), d2]
+
+    assert test_dtype_methods() == [np.dtype('int32'), simple_dtype, False, True,
+                                    np.dtype('int32').itemsize, simple_dtype.itemsize]
+
+    assert trailing_padding_dtype() == buffer_to_dtype(np.zeros(1, trailing_padding_dtype()))
+
+
+def test_recarray(simple_dtype, packed_dtype):
+    from pybind11_tests import (create_rec_simple, create_rec_packed, create_rec_nested,
+                                print_rec_simple, print_rec_packed, print_rec_nested,
+                                create_rec_partial, create_rec_partial_nested)
+
+    elements = [(False, 0, 0.0, -0.0), (True, 1, 1.5, -2.5), (False, 2, 3.0, -5.0)]
+
+    for func, dtype in [(create_rec_simple, simple_dtype), (create_rec_packed, packed_dtype)]:
+        arr = func(0)
+        assert arr.dtype == dtype
+        assert_equal(arr, [], simple_dtype)
+        assert_equal(arr, [], packed_dtype)
+
+        arr = func(3)
+        assert arr.dtype == dtype
+        assert_equal(arr, elements, simple_dtype)
+        assert_equal(arr, elements, packed_dtype)
+
+        if dtype == simple_dtype:
+            assert print_rec_simple(arr) == [
+                "s:0,0,0,-0",
+                "s:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
+                "s:0,2,3,-5"
+            ]
+        else:
+            assert print_rec_packed(arr) == [
+                "p:0,0,0,-0",
+                "p:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
+                "p:0,2,3,-5"
+            ]
+
+    nested_dtype = np.dtype([('a', simple_dtype), ('b', packed_dtype)])
+
+    arr = create_rec_nested(0)
+    assert arr.dtype == nested_dtype
+    assert_equal(arr, [], nested_dtype)
+
+    arr = create_rec_nested(3)
+    assert arr.dtype == nested_dtype
+    assert_equal(arr, [((False, 0, 0.0, -0.0), (True, 1, 1.5, -2.5)),
+                       ((True, 1, 1.5, -2.5), (False, 2, 3.0, -5.0)),
+                       ((False, 2, 3.0, -5.0), (True, 3, 4.5, -7.5))], nested_dtype)
+    assert print_rec_nested(arr) == [
+        "n:a=s:0,0,0,-0;b=p:1,1,1.5,-2.5",
+        "n:a=s:1,1,1.5,-2.5;b=p:0,2,3,-5",
+        "n:a=s:0,2,3,-5;b=p:1,3,4.5,-7.5"
+    ]
+
+    arr = create_rec_partial(3)
+    assert str(arr.dtype) == partial_dtype_fmt()
+    partial_dtype = arr.dtype
+    assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields
+    assert partial_dtype.itemsize > simple_dtype.itemsize
+    assert_equal(arr, elements, simple_dtype)
+    assert_equal(arr, elements, packed_dtype)
+
+    arr = create_rec_partial_nested(3)
+    assert str(arr.dtype) == partial_nested_fmt()
+    assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields
+    assert '' not in arr.dtype.fields['a'][0].fields
+    assert arr.dtype.itemsize > partial_dtype.itemsize
+    np.testing.assert_equal(arr['a'], create_rec_partial(3))
+
+
+def test_array_constructors():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_array_ctors
+
+    data = np.arange(1, 7, dtype='int32')
+    for i in range(8):
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(test_array_ctors(10 + i), data.reshape((3, 2)))
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(test_array_ctors(20 + i), data.reshape((3, 2)))
+    for i in range(5):
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(test_array_ctors(30 + i), data)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(test_array_ctors(40 + i), data)
+
+
+def test_string_array():
+    from pybind11_tests import create_string_array, print_string_array
+
+    arr = create_string_array(True)
+    assert str(arr.dtype) == "[('a', 'S3'), ('b', 'S3')]"
+    assert print_string_array(arr) == [
+        "a='',b=''",
+        "a='a',b='a'",
+        "a='ab',b='ab'",
+        "a='abc',b='abc'"
+    ]
+    dtype = arr.dtype
+    assert arr['a'].tolist() == [b'', b'a', b'ab', b'abc']
+    assert arr['b'].tolist() == [b'', b'a', b'ab', b'abc']
+    arr = create_string_array(False)
+    assert dtype == arr.dtype
+
+
+def test_enum_array():
+    from pybind11_tests import create_enum_array, print_enum_array
+    from sys import byteorder
+    e = '<' if byteorder == 'little' else '>'
+
+    arr = create_enum_array(3)
+    dtype = arr.dtype
+    assert dtype == np.dtype([('e1', e + 'i8'), ('e2', 'u1')])
+    assert print_enum_array(arr) == [
+        "e1=A,e2=X",
+        "e1=B,e2=Y",
+        "e1=A,e2=X"
+    ]
+    assert arr['e1'].tolist() == [-1, 1, -1]
+    assert arr['e2'].tolist() == [1, 2, 1]
+    assert create_enum_array(0).dtype == dtype
+
+
+def test_signature(doc):
+    from pybind11_tests import create_rec_nested
+
+    assert doc(create_rec_nested) == "create_rec_nested(arg0: int) -> numpy.ndarray[NestedStruct]"
+
+
+def test_scalar_conversion():
+    from pybind11_tests import (create_rec_simple, f_simple,
+                                create_rec_packed, f_packed,
+                                create_rec_nested, f_nested,
+                                create_enum_array)
+
+    n = 3
+    arrays = [create_rec_simple(n), create_rec_packed(n),
+              create_rec_nested(n), create_enum_array(n)]
+    funcs = [f_simple, f_packed, f_nested]
+
+    for i, func in enumerate(funcs):
+        for j, arr in enumerate(arrays):
+            if i == j and i < 2:
+                assert [func(arr[k]) for k in range(n)] == [k * 10 for k in range(n)]
+            else:
+                with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+                    func(arr[0])
+                assert 'incompatible function arguments' in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+def test_register_dtype():
+    from pybind11_tests import register_dtype
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        register_dtype()
+    assert 'dtype is already registered' in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+@pytest.requires_numpy
+def test_compare_buffer_info():
+    from pybind11_tests import compare_buffer_info
+    assert all(compare_buffer_info())
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e951c6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_numpy_vectorize.cpp -- auto-vectorize functions over NumPy array
+    arguments
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
+
+double my_func(int x, float y, double z) {
+    py::print("my_func(x:int={}, y:float={:.0f}, z:float={:.0f})"_s.format(x, y, z));
+    return (float) x*y*z;
+}
+
+std::complex<double> my_func3(std::complex<double> c) {
+    return c * std::complex<double>(2.f);
+}
+
+test_initializer numpy_vectorize([](py::module &m) {
+    // Vectorize all arguments of a function (though non-vector arguments are also allowed)
+    m.def("vectorized_func", py::vectorize(my_func));
+
+    // Vectorize a lambda function with a capture object (e.g. to exclude some arguments from the vectorization)
+    m.def("vectorized_func2",
+        [](py::array_t<int> x, py::array_t<float> y, float z) {
+            return py::vectorize([z](int x, float y) { return my_func(x, y, z); })(x, y);
+        }
+    );
+
+    // Vectorize a complex-valued function
+    m.def("vectorized_func3", py::vectorize(my_func3));
+
+    /// Numpy function which only accepts specific data types
+    m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<int, py::array::c_style>) { return "Int branch taken."; });
+    m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<float, py::array::c_style>) { return "Float branch taken."; });
+    m.def("selective_func", [](py::array_t<std::complex<float>, py::array::c_style>) { return "Complex float branch taken."; });
+
+
+    // Internal optimization test for whether the input is trivially broadcastable:
+    py::enum_<py::detail::broadcast_trivial>(m, "trivial")
+        .value("f_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::f_trivial)
+        .value("c_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::c_trivial)
+        .value("non_trivial", py::detail::broadcast_trivial::non_trivial);
+    m.def("vectorized_is_trivial", [](
+                py::array_t<int, py::array::forcecast> arg1,
+                py::array_t<float, py::array::forcecast> arg2,
+                py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> arg3
+                ) {
+        size_t ndim;
+        std::vector<size_t> shape;
+        std::array<py::buffer_info, 3> buffers {{ arg1.request(), arg2.request(), arg3.request() }};
+        return py::detail::broadcast(buffers, ndim, shape);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ae777227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import pytest
+
+pytestmark = pytest.requires_numpy
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+def test_vectorize(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import vectorized_func, vectorized_func2, vectorized_func3
+
+    assert np.isclose(vectorized_func3(np.array(3 + 7j)), [6 + 14j])
+
+    for f in [vectorized_func, vectorized_func2]:
+        with capture:
+            assert np.isclose(f(1, 2, 3), 6)
+        assert capture == "my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)"
+        with capture:
+            assert np.isclose(f(np.array(1), np.array(2), 3), 6)
+        assert capture == "my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)"
+        with capture:
+            assert np.allclose(f(np.array([1, 3]), np.array([2, 4]), 3), [6, 36])
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=3)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='F')
+            b = np.array([[10, 20], [30, 40]], order='F')
+            c = 3
+            result = f(a, b, c)
+            assert np.allclose(result, a * b * c)
+            assert result.flags.f_contiguous
+        # All inputs are F order and full or singletons, so we the result is in col-major order:
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=10, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=30, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=2, y:float=20, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=40, z:float=3)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]]), np.array([[2, 4, 6], [8, 10, 12]]), 3
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=5, y:float=6, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=7, y:float=8, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=9, y:float=10, z:float=3)
+            my_func(x:int=11, y:float=12, z:float=3)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([2, 3, 4]), 2
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=2, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=4, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=6, y:float=4, z:float=2)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=2, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F'), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=2, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=5, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])[::, ::2], np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+        """
+        with capture:
+            a, b, c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F')[::, ::2], np.array([[2], [3]]), 2
+            assert np.allclose(f(a, b, c), a * b * c)
+        assert capture == """
+            my_func(x:int=1, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=3, y:float=2, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=4, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+            my_func(x:int=6, y:float=3, z:float=2)
+        """
+
+
+def test_type_selection():
+    from pybind11_tests import selective_func
+
+    assert selective_func(np.array([1], dtype=np.int32)) == "Int branch taken."
+    assert selective_func(np.array([1.0], dtype=np.float32)) == "Float branch taken."
+    assert selective_func(np.array([1.0j], dtype=np.complex64)) == "Complex float branch taken."
+
+
+def test_docs(doc):
+    from pybind11_tests import vectorized_func
+
+    assert doc(vectorized_func) == """
+        vectorized_func(arg0: numpy.ndarray[int32], arg1: numpy.ndarray[float32], arg2: numpy.ndarray[float64]) -> object
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+
+def test_trivial_broadcasting():
+    from pybind11_tests import vectorized_is_trivial, trivial, vectorized_func
+
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 2, 3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(np.array(1), np.array(2), 3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(np.array([1, 3]), np.array([2, 4]), 3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert trivial.c_trivial == vectorized_is_trivial(
+        np.array([[1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]]), np.array([[2, 4, 6], [8, 10, 12]]), 3)
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(
+        np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([2, 3, 4]), 2) == trivial.non_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(
+        np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), np.array([[2], [3]]), 2) == trivial.non_trivial
+    z1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]], dtype='int32')
+    z2 = np.array(z1, dtype='float32')
+    z3 = np.array(z1, dtype='float64')
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, z2, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, z2, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, 1, z3) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, z2, 1) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1[::2, ::2], 1, 1) == trivial.non_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, z1[::2, ::2]) == trivial.c_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, z3[::2, ::2]) == trivial.non_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1, 1, z3[1::4, 1::4]) == trivial.c_trivial
+
+    y1 = np.array(z1, order='F')
+    y2 = np.array(y1)
+    y3 = np.array(y1)
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, y2, y3) == trivial.f_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, 1, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, y2, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(1, 1, y3) == trivial.f_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1, z2, 1) == trivial.non_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(z1[1::4, 1::4], y2, 1) == trivial.f_trivial
+    assert vectorized_is_trivial(y1[1::4, 1::4], z2, 1) == trivial.c_trivial
+
+    assert vectorized_func(z1, z2, z3).flags.c_contiguous
+    assert vectorized_func(y1, y2, y3).flags.f_contiguous
+    assert vectorized_func(z1, 1, 1).flags.c_contiguous
+    assert vectorized_func(1, y2, 1).flags.f_contiguous
+    assert vectorized_func(z1[1::4, 1::4], y2, 1).flags.f_contiguous
+    assert vectorized_func(y1[1::4, 1::4], z2, 1).flags.c_contiguous
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54f4dc7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_opaque_types.cpp -- opaque types, passing void pointers
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+typedef std::vector<std::string> StringList;
+
+class ClassWithSTLVecProperty {
+public:
+    StringList stringList;
+};
+
+/* IMPORTANT: Disable internal pybind11 translation mechanisms for STL data structures */
+PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(StringList);
+
+test_initializer opaque_types([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<StringList>(m, "StringList")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("pop_back", &StringList::pop_back)
+        /* There are multiple versions of push_back(), etc. Select the right ones. */
+        .def("push_back", (void (StringList::*)(const std::string &)) &StringList::push_back)
+        .def("back", (std::string &(StringList::*)()) &StringList::back)
+        .def("__len__", [](const StringList &v) { return v.size(); })
+        .def("__iter__", [](StringList &v) {
+           return py::make_iterator(v.begin(), v.end());
+        }, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
+
+    py::class_<ClassWithSTLVecProperty>(m, "ClassWithSTLVecProperty")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readwrite("stringList", &ClassWithSTLVecProperty::stringList);
+
+    m.def("print_opaque_list", [](const StringList &l) {
+        std::string ret = "Opaque list: [";
+        bool first = true;
+        for (auto entry : l) {
+            if (!first)
+                ret += ", ";
+            ret += entry;
+            first = false;
+        }
+        return ret + "]";
+    });
+
+    m.def("return_void_ptr", []() { return (void *) 0x1234; });
+    m.def("get_void_ptr_value", [](void *ptr) { return reinterpret_cast<std::intptr_t>(ptr); });
+    m.def("return_null_str", []() { return (char *) nullptr; });
+    m.def("get_null_str_value", [](char *ptr) { return reinterpret_cast<std::intptr_t>(ptr); });
+
+    m.def("return_unique_ptr", []() -> std::unique_ptr<StringList> {
+        StringList *result = new StringList();
+        result->push_back("some value");
+        return std::unique_ptr<StringList>(result);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1cd410208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_opaque_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_string_list():
+    from pybind11_tests import StringList, ClassWithSTLVecProperty, print_opaque_list
+
+    l = StringList()
+    l.push_back("Element 1")
+    l.push_back("Element 2")
+    assert print_opaque_list(l) == "Opaque list: [Element 1, Element 2]"
+    assert l.back() == "Element 2"
+
+    for i, k in enumerate(l, start=1):
+        assert k == "Element {}".format(i)
+    l.pop_back()
+    assert print_opaque_list(l) == "Opaque list: [Element 1]"
+
+    cvp = ClassWithSTLVecProperty()
+    assert print_opaque_list(cvp.stringList) == "Opaque list: []"
+
+    cvp.stringList = l
+    cvp.stringList.push_back("Element 3")
+    assert print_opaque_list(cvp.stringList) == "Opaque list: [Element 1, Element 3]"
+
+
+def test_pointers(msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import (return_void_ptr, get_void_ptr_value, ExampleMandA,
+                                print_opaque_list, return_null_str, get_null_str_value,
+                                return_unique_ptr, ConstructorStats)
+
+    living_before = ConstructorStats.get(ExampleMandA).alive()
+    assert get_void_ptr_value(return_void_ptr()) == 0x1234
+    assert get_void_ptr_value(ExampleMandA())  # Should also work for other C++ types
+    assert ConstructorStats.get(ExampleMandA).alive() == living_before
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        get_void_ptr_value([1, 2, 3])  # This should not work
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == """
+        get_void_ptr_value(): incompatible function arguments. The following argument types are supported:
+            1. (arg0: capsule) -> int
+
+        Invoked with: [1, 2, 3]
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+    assert return_null_str() is None
+    assert get_null_str_value(return_null_str()) is not None
+
+    ptr = return_unique_ptr()
+    assert "StringList" in repr(ptr)
+    assert print_opaque_list(ptr) == "Opaque list: [some value]"
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93aea8010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_operator_overloading.cpp -- operator overloading
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/operators.h>
+
+class Vector2 {
+public:
+    Vector2(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) { print_created(this, toString()); }
+    Vector2(const Vector2 &v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { print_copy_created(this); }
+    Vector2(Vector2 &&v) : x(v.x), y(v.y) { print_move_created(this); v.x = v.y = 0; }
+    ~Vector2() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+    std::string toString() const {
+        return "[" + std::to_string(x) + ", " + std::to_string(y) + "]";
+    }
+
+    void operator=(const Vector2 &v) {
+        print_copy_assigned(this);
+        x = v.x;
+        y = v.y;
+    }
+
+    void operator=(Vector2 &&v) {
+        print_move_assigned(this);
+        x = v.x; y = v.y; v.x = v.y = 0;
+    }
+
+    Vector2 operator+(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x + v.x, y + v.y); }
+    Vector2 operator-(const Vector2 &v) const { return Vector2(x - v.x, y - v.y); }
+    Vector2 operator-(float value) const { return Vector2(x - value, y - value); }
+    Vector2 operator+(float value) const { return Vector2(x + value, y + value); }
+    Vector2 operator*(float value) const { return Vector2(x * value, y * value); }
+    Vector2 operator/(float value) const { return Vector2(x / value, y / value); }
+    Vector2& operator+=(const Vector2 &v) { x += v.x; y += v.y; return *this; }
+    Vector2& operator-=(const Vector2 &v) { x -= v.x; y -= v.y; return *this; }
+    Vector2& operator*=(float v) { x *= v; y *= v; return *this; }
+    Vector2& operator/=(float v) { x /= v; y /= v; return *this; }
+
+    friend Vector2 operator+(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f + v.x, f + v.y); }
+    friend Vector2 operator-(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f - v.x, f - v.y); }
+    friend Vector2 operator*(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f * v.x, f * v.y); }
+    friend Vector2 operator/(float f, const Vector2 &v) { return Vector2(f / v.x, f / v.y); }
+private:
+    float x, y;
+};
+
+test_initializer operator_overloading([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Vector2>(m, "Vector2")
+        .def(py::init<float, float>())
+        .def(py::self + py::self)
+        .def(py::self + float())
+        .def(py::self - py::self)
+        .def(py::self - float())
+        .def(py::self * float())
+        .def(py::self / float())
+        .def(py::self += py::self)
+        .def(py::self -= py::self)
+        .def(py::self *= float())
+        .def(py::self /= float())
+        .def(float() + py::self)
+        .def(float() - py::self)
+        .def(float() * py::self)
+        .def(float() / py::self)
+        .def("__str__", &Vector2::toString)
+        ;
+
+    m.attr("Vector") = m.attr("Vector2");
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02ccb9633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_operator_overloading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+def test_operator_overloading():
+    from pybind11_tests import Vector2, Vector, ConstructorStats
+
+    v1 = Vector2(1, 2)
+    v2 = Vector(3, -1)
+    assert str(v1) == "[1.000000, 2.000000]"
+    assert str(v2) == "[3.000000, -1.000000]"
+
+    assert str(v1 + v2) == "[4.000000, 1.000000]"
+    assert str(v1 - v2) == "[-2.000000, 3.000000]"
+    assert str(v1 - 8) == "[-7.000000, -6.000000]"
+    assert str(v1 + 8) == "[9.000000, 10.000000]"
+    assert str(v1 * 8) == "[8.000000, 16.000000]"
+    assert str(v1 / 8) == "[0.125000, 0.250000]"
+    assert str(8 - v1) == "[7.000000, 6.000000]"
+    assert str(8 + v1) == "[9.000000, 10.000000]"
+    assert str(8 * v1) == "[8.000000, 16.000000]"
+    assert str(8 / v1) == "[8.000000, 4.000000]"
+
+    v1 += v2
+    v1 *= 2
+    assert str(v1) == "[8.000000, 2.000000]"
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Vector2)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 2
+    del v1
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del v2
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ['[1.000000, 2.000000]', '[3.000000, -1.000000]',
+                               '[4.000000, 1.000000]', '[-2.000000, 3.000000]',
+                               '[-7.000000, -6.000000]', '[9.000000, 10.000000]',
+                               '[8.000000, 16.000000]', '[0.125000, 0.250000]',
+                               '[7.000000, 6.000000]', '[9.000000, 10.000000]',
+                               '[8.000000, 16.000000]', '[8.000000, 4.000000]']
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.move_constructions >= 10
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52b1dbc30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_pickling.cpp -- pickle support
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+class Pickleable {
+public:
+    Pickleable(const std::string &value) : m_value(value) { }
+    const std::string &value() const { return m_value; }
+
+    void setExtra1(int extra1) { m_extra1 = extra1; }
+    void setExtra2(int extra2) { m_extra2 = extra2; }
+    int extra1() const { return m_extra1; }
+    int extra2() const { return m_extra2; }
+private:
+    std::string m_value;
+    int m_extra1 = 0;
+    int m_extra2 = 0;
+};
+
+class PickleableWithDict {
+public:
+    PickleableWithDict(const std::string &value) : value(value) { }
+
+    std::string value;
+    int extra;
+};
+
+test_initializer pickling([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Pickleable>(m, "Pickleable")
+        .def(py::init<std::string>())
+        .def("value", &Pickleable::value)
+        .def("extra1", &Pickleable::extra1)
+        .def("extra2", &Pickleable::extra2)
+        .def("setExtra1", &Pickleable::setExtra1)
+        .def("setExtra2", &Pickleable::setExtra2)
+        // For details on the methods below, refer to
+        // http://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances
+        .def("__getstate__", [](const Pickleable &p) {
+            /* Return a tuple that fully encodes the state of the object */
+            return py::make_tuple(p.value(), p.extra1(), p.extra2());
+        })
+        .def("__setstate__", [](Pickleable &p, py::tuple t) {
+            if (t.size() != 3)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
+            /* Invoke the constructor (need to use in-place version) */
+            new (&p) Pickleable(t[0].cast<std::string>());
+
+            /* Assign any additional state */
+            p.setExtra1(t[1].cast<int>());
+            p.setExtra2(t[2].cast<int>());
+        });
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    py::class_<PickleableWithDict>(m, "PickleableWithDict", py::dynamic_attr())
+        .def(py::init<std::string>())
+        .def_readwrite("value", &PickleableWithDict::value)
+        .def_readwrite("extra", &PickleableWithDict::extra)
+        .def("__getstate__", [](py::object self) {
+            /* Also include __dict__ in state */
+            return py::make_tuple(self.attr("value"), self.attr("extra"), self.attr("__dict__"));
+        })
+        .def("__setstate__", [](py::object self, py::tuple t) {
+            if (t.size() != 3)
+                throw std::runtime_error("Invalid state!");
+            /* Cast and construct */
+            auto& p = self.cast<PickleableWithDict&>();
+            new (&p) PickleableWithDict(t[0].cast<std::string>());
+
+            /* Assign C++ state */
+            p.extra = t[1].cast<int>();
+
+            /* Assign Python state */
+            self.attr("__dict__") = t[2];
+        });
+#endif
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..548c618af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_pickling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import pytest
+
+try:
+    import cPickle as pickle  # Use cPickle on Python 2.7
+except ImportError:
+    import pickle
+
+
+def test_roundtrip():
+    from pybind11_tests import Pickleable
+
+    p = Pickleable("test_value")
+    p.setExtra1(15)
+    p.setExtra2(48)
+
+    data = pickle.dumps(p, 2)  # Must use pickle protocol >= 2
+    p2 = pickle.loads(data)
+    assert p2.value() == p.value()
+    assert p2.extra1() == p.extra1()
+    assert p2.extra2() == p.extra2()
+
+
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_roundtrip_with_dict():
+    from pybind11_tests import PickleableWithDict
+
+    p = PickleableWithDict("test_value")
+    p.extra = 15
+    p.dynamic = "Attribute"
+
+    data = pickle.dumps(p, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+    p2 = pickle.loads(data)
+    assert p2.value == p.value
+    assert p2.extra == p.extra
+    assert p2.dynamic == p.dynamic
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5696239b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_python_types.cpp -- singleton design pattern, static functions and
+    variables, passing and interacting with Python types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <io.h>
+#  include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
+#endif
+
+class ExamplePythonTypes {
+public:
+    static ExamplePythonTypes *new_instance() {
+        auto *ptr = new ExamplePythonTypes();
+        print_created(ptr, "via new_instance");
+        return ptr;
+    }
+    ~ExamplePythonTypes() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+    /* Create and return a Python dictionary */
+    py::dict get_dict() {
+        py::dict dict;
+        dict[py::str("key")] = py::str("value");
+        return dict;
+    }
+
+    /* Create and return a Python set */
+    py::set get_set() {
+        py::set set;
+        set.add(py::str("key1"));
+        set.add("key2");
+        set.add(std::string("key3"));
+        return set;
+    }
+
+    /* Create and return a C++ dictionary */
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> get_dict_2() {
+        std::map<std::string, std::string> result;
+        result["key"] = "value";
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /* Create and return a C++ set */
+    std::set<std::string> get_set_2() {
+        std::set<std::string> result;
+        result.insert("key1");
+        result.insert("key2");
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /* Create, manipulate, and return a Python list */
+    py::list get_list() {
+        py::list list;
+        list.append("value");
+        py::print("Entry at position 0:", list[0]);
+        list[0] = py::str("overwritten");
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /* C++ STL data types are automatically casted */
+    std::vector<std::wstring> get_list_2() {
+        std::vector<std::wstring> list;
+        list.push_back(L"value");
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /* C++ STL data types are automatically casted */
+    std::array<std::string, 2> get_array() {
+        return std::array<std::string, 2> {{ "array entry 1" , "array entry 2"}};
+    }
+
+    std::valarray<int> get_valarray() {
+        return std::valarray<int>({ 1, 4, 9 });
+    }
+
+    /* Easily iterate over a dictionary using a C++11 range-based for loop */
+    void print_dict(py::dict dict) {
+        for (auto item : dict)
+            py::print("key: {}, value={}"_s.format(item.first, item.second));
+    }
+
+    /* Easily iterate over a set using a C++11 range-based for loop */
+    void print_set(py::set set) {
+        for (auto item : set)
+            py::print("key:", item);
+    }
+
+    /* Easily iterate over a list using a C++11 range-based for loop */
+    void print_list(py::list list) {
+        int index = 0;
+        for (auto item : list)
+            py::print("list item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
+    }
+
+    /* STL data types (such as maps) are automatically casted from Python */
+    void print_dict_2(const std::map<std::string, std::string> &dict) {
+        for (auto item : dict)
+            py::print("key: {}, value={}"_s.format(item.first, item.second));
+    }
+
+    /* STL data types (such as sets) are automatically casted from Python */
+    void print_set_2(const std::set<std::string> &set) {
+        for (auto item : set)
+            py::print("key:", item);
+    }
+
+    /* STL data types (such as vectors) are automatically casted from Python */
+    void print_list_2(std::vector<std::wstring> &list) {
+        int index = 0;
+        for (auto item : list)
+            py::print("list item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
+    }
+
+    /* pybind automatically translates between C++11 and Python tuples */
+    std::pair<std::string, bool> pair_passthrough(std::pair<bool, std::string> input) {
+        return std::make_pair(input.second, input.first);
+    }
+
+    /* pybind automatically translates between C++11 and Python tuples */
+    std::tuple<int, std::string, bool> tuple_passthrough(std::tuple<bool, std::string, int> input) {
+        return std::make_tuple(std::get<2>(input), std::get<1>(input), std::get<0>(input));
+    }
+
+    /* STL data types (such as arrays) are automatically casted from Python */
+    void print_array(std::array<std::string, 2> &array) {
+        int index = 0;
+        for (auto item : array)
+            py::print("array item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
+    }
+
+    void print_valarray(std::valarray<int> &varray) {
+        int index = 0;
+        for (auto item : varray)
+            py::print("valarray item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item));
+    }
+
+    void throw_exception() {
+        throw std::runtime_error("This exception was intentionally thrown.");
+    }
+
+    py::bytes get_bytes_from_string() {
+        return (py::bytes) std::string("foo");
+    }
+
+    py::bytes get_bytes_from_str() {
+        return (py::bytes) py::str("bar", 3);
+    }
+
+    py::str get_str_from_string() {
+        return (py::str) std::string("baz");
+    }
+
+    py::str get_str_from_bytes() {
+        return (py::str) py::bytes("boo", 3);
+    }
+
+    void test_print(const py::object& obj) {
+        py::print(py::str(obj));
+        py::print(py::repr(obj));
+    }
+
+    static int value;
+    static const int value2;
+};
+
+int ExamplePythonTypes::value = 0;
+const int ExamplePythonTypes::value2 = 5;
+
+struct MoveOutContainer {
+    struct Value { int value; };
+
+    std::list<Value> move_list() const { return {{0}, {1}, {2}}; }
+};
+
+
+test_initializer python_types([](py::module &m) {
+    /* No constructor is explicitly defined below. An exception is raised when
+       trying to construct it directly from Python */
+    py::class_<ExamplePythonTypes>(m, "ExamplePythonTypes", "Example 2 documentation")
+        .def("get_dict", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_dict, "Return a Python dictionary")
+        .def("get_dict_2", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_dict_2, "Return a C++ dictionary")
+        .def("get_list", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_list, "Return a Python list")
+        .def("get_list_2", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_list_2, "Return a C++ list")
+        .def("get_set", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_set, "Return a Python set")
+        .def("get_set2", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_set_2, "Return a C++ set")
+        .def("get_array", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_array, "Return a C++ array")
+        .def("get_valarray", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_valarray, "Return a C++ valarray")
+        .def("print_dict", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_dict, "Print entries of a Python dictionary")
+        .def("print_dict_2", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_dict_2, "Print entries of a C++ dictionary")
+        .def("print_set", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_set, "Print entries of a Python set")
+        .def("print_set_2", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_set_2, "Print entries of a C++ set")
+        .def("print_list", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_list, "Print entries of a Python list")
+        .def("print_list_2", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_list_2, "Print entries of a C++ list")
+        .def("print_array", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_array, "Print entries of a C++ array")
+        .def("print_valarray", &ExamplePythonTypes::print_valarray, "Print entries of a C++ valarray")
+        .def("pair_passthrough", &ExamplePythonTypes::pair_passthrough, "Return a pair in reversed order")
+        .def("tuple_passthrough", &ExamplePythonTypes::tuple_passthrough, "Return a triple in reversed order")
+        .def("throw_exception", &ExamplePythonTypes::throw_exception, "Throw an exception")
+        .def("get_bytes_from_string", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_bytes_from_string, "py::bytes from std::string")
+        .def("get_bytes_from_str", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_bytes_from_str, "py::bytes from py::str")
+        .def("get_str_from_string", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_str_from_string, "py::str from std::string")
+        .def("get_str_from_bytes", &ExamplePythonTypes::get_str_from_bytes, "py::str from py::bytes")
+        .def("test_print", &ExamplePythonTypes::test_print, "test the print function")
+        .def_static("new_instance", &ExamplePythonTypes::new_instance, "Return an instance")
+        .def_readwrite_static("value", &ExamplePythonTypes::value, "Static value member")
+        .def_readonly_static("value2", &ExamplePythonTypes::value2, "Static value member (readonly)");
+
+    m.def("test_print_function", []() {
+        py::print("Hello, World!");
+        py::print(1, 2.0, "three", true, std::string("-- multiple args"));
+        auto args = py::make_tuple("and", "a", "custom", "separator");
+        py::print("*args", *args, "sep"_a="-");
+        py::print("no new line here", "end"_a=" -- ");
+        py::print("next print");
+
+        auto py_stderr = py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr");
+        py::print("this goes to stderr", "file"_a=py_stderr);
+
+        py::print("flush", "flush"_a=true);
+
+        py::print("{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a="py::print", "b"_a="str.format", "c"_a="this"));
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_str_format", []() {
+        auto s1 = "{} + {} = {}"_s.format(1, 2, 3);
+        auto s2 = "{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a=1, "b"_a=2, "c"_a=3);
+        return py::make_tuple(s1, s2);
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_dict_keyword_constructor", []() {
+        auto d1 = py::dict("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2);
+        auto d2 = py::dict("z"_a=3, **d1);
+        return d2;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_accessor_api", [](py::object o) {
+        auto d = py::dict();
+
+        d["basic_attr"] = o.attr("basic_attr");
+
+        auto l = py::list();
+        for (const auto &item : o.attr("begin_end")) {
+            l.append(item);
+        }
+        d["begin_end"] = l;
+
+        d["operator[object]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[object]"_s];
+        d["operator[char *]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[char *]"];
+
+        d["attr(object)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_obj");
+        d["attr(char *)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_char");
+        try {
+            o.attr("sub").attr("missing").ptr();
+        } catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
+            d["missing_attr_ptr"] = "raised"_s;
+        }
+        try {
+            o.attr("missing").attr("doesn't matter");
+        } catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
+            d["missing_attr_chain"] = "raised"_s;
+        }
+
+        d["is_none"] = o.attr("basic_attr").is_none();
+
+        d["operator()"] = o.attr("func")(1);
+        d["operator*"] = o.attr("func")(*o.attr("begin_end"));
+
+        return d;
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_tuple_accessor", [](py::tuple existing_t) {
+        try {
+            existing_t[0] = 1;
+        } catch (const py::error_already_set &) {
+            // --> Python system error
+            // Only new tuples (refcount == 1) are mutable
+            auto new_t = py::tuple(3);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < new_t.size(); ++i) {
+                new_t[i] = i;
+            }
+            return new_t;
+        }
+        return py::tuple();
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_accessor_assignment", []() {
+        auto l = py::list(1);
+        l[0] = 0;
+
+        auto d = py::dict();
+        d["get"] = l[0];
+        auto var = l[0];
+        d["deferred_get"] = var;
+        l[0] = 1;
+        d["set"] = l[0];
+        var = 99; // this assignment should not overwrite l[0]
+        d["deferred_set"] = l[0];
+        d["var"] = var;
+
+        return d;
+    });
+
+    bool has_optional = false, has_exp_optional = false;
+#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL
+    has_optional = true;
+    using opt_int = std::optional<int>;
+    m.def("double_or_zero", [](const opt_int& x) -> int {
+        return x.value_or(0) * 2;
+    });
+    m.def("half_or_none", [](int x) -> opt_int {
+        return x ? opt_int(x / 2) : opt_int();
+    });
+    m.def("test_nullopt", [](opt_int x) {
+        return x.value_or(42);
+    }, py::arg_v("x", std::nullopt, "None"));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL
+    has_exp_optional = true;
+    using exp_opt_int = std::experimental::optional<int>;
+    m.def("double_or_zero_exp", [](const exp_opt_int& x) -> int {
+        return x.value_or(0) * 2;
+    });
+    m.def("half_or_none_exp", [](int x) -> exp_opt_int {
+        return x ? exp_opt_int(x / 2) : exp_opt_int();
+    });
+    m.def("test_nullopt_exp", [](exp_opt_int x) {
+        return x.value_or(42);
+    }, py::arg_v("x", std::experimental::nullopt, "None"));
+#endif
+
+    m.attr("has_optional") = has_optional;
+    m.attr("has_exp_optional") = has_exp_optional;
+
+    m.def("test_default_constructors", []() {
+        return py::dict(
+            "str"_a=py::str(),
+            "bool"_a=py::bool_(),
+            "int"_a=py::int_(),
+            "float"_a=py::float_(),
+            "tuple"_a=py::tuple(),
+            "list"_a=py::list(),
+            "dict"_a=py::dict(),
+            "set"_a=py::set()
+        );
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_converting_constructors", [](py::dict d) {
+        return py::dict(
+            "str"_a=py::str(d["str"]),
+            "bool"_a=py::bool_(d["bool"]),
+            "int"_a=py::int_(d["int"]),
+            "float"_a=py::float_(d["float"]),
+            "tuple"_a=py::tuple(d["tuple"]),
+            "list"_a=py::list(d["list"]),
+            "dict"_a=py::dict(d["dict"]),
+            "set"_a=py::set(d["set"]),
+            "memoryview"_a=py::memoryview(d["memoryview"])
+        );
+    });
+
+    m.def("test_cast_functions", [](py::dict d) {
+        // When converting between Python types, obj.cast<T>() should be the same as T(obj)
+        return py::dict(
+            "str"_a=d["str"].cast<py::str>(),
+            "bool"_a=d["bool"].cast<py::bool_>(),
+            "int"_a=d["int"].cast<py::int_>(),
+            "float"_a=d["float"].cast<py::float_>(),
+            "tuple"_a=d["tuple"].cast<py::tuple>(),
+            "list"_a=d["list"].cast<py::list>(),
+            "dict"_a=d["dict"].cast<py::dict>(),
+            "set"_a=d["set"].cast<py::set>(),
+            "memoryview"_a=d["memoryview"].cast<py::memoryview>()
+        );
+    });
+
+    py::class_<MoveOutContainer::Value>(m, "MoveOutContainerValue")
+        .def_readonly("value", &MoveOutContainer::Value::value);
+
+    py::class_<MoveOutContainer>(m, "MoveOutContainer")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_property_readonly("move_list", &MoveOutContainer::move_list);
+
+    m.def("get_implicit_casting", []() {
+        py::dict d;
+        d["char*_i1"] = "abc";
+        const char *c2 = "abc";
+        d["char*_i2"] = c2;
+        d["char*_e"] = py::cast(c2);
+        d["char*_p"] = py::str(c2);
+
+        d["int_i1"] = 42;
+        int i = 42;
+        d["int_i2"] = i;
+        i++;
+        d["int_e"] = py::cast(i);
+        i++;
+        d["int_p"] = py::int_(i);
+
+        d["str_i1"] = std::string("str");
+        std::string s2("str1");
+        d["str_i2"] = s2;
+        s2[3] = '2';
+        d["str_e"] = py::cast(s2);
+        s2[3] = '3';
+        d["str_p"] = py::str(s2);
+
+        py::list l(2);
+        l[0] = 3;
+        l[1] = py::cast(6);
+        l.append(9);
+        l.append(py::cast(12));
+        l.append(py::int_(15));
+
+        return py::dict(
+            "d"_a=d,
+            "l"_a=l
+        );
+    });
+
+    // Some test characters in utf16 and utf32 encodings.  The last one (the 𝐀) contains a null byte
+    char32_t a32 = 0x61 /*a*/, z32 = 0x7a /*z*/, ib32 = 0x203d /*‽*/, cake32 = 0x1f382 /*🎂*/,              mathbfA32 = 0x1d400 /*𝐀*/;
+    char16_t b16 = 0x62 /*b*/, z16 = 0x7a,       ib16 = 0x203d,       cake16_1 = 0xd83c, cake16_2 = 0xdf82, mathbfA16_1 = 0xd835, mathbfA16_2 = 0xdc00;
+    std::wstring wstr;
+    wstr.push_back(0x61); // a
+    wstr.push_back(0x2e18); // ⸘
+    if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) { wstr.push_back(mathbfA16_1); wstr.push_back(mathbfA16_2); } // 𝐀, utf16
+    else { wstr.push_back((wchar_t) mathbfA32); } // 𝐀, utf32
+    wstr.push_back(0x7a); // z
+
+    m.def("good_utf8_string", []() { return std::string(u8"Say utf8\u203d \U0001f382 \U0001d400"); }); // Say utf8‽ 🎂 𝐀
+    m.def("good_utf16_string", [=]() { return std::u16string({ b16, ib16, cake16_1, cake16_2, mathbfA16_1, mathbfA16_2, z16 }); }); // b‽🎂𝐀z
+    m.def("good_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({ a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32 }); }); // a𝐀🎂‽z
+    m.def("good_wchar_string", [=]() { return wstr; }); // a‽𝐀z
+    m.def("bad_utf8_string", []()  { return std::string("abc\xd0" "def"); });
+    m.def("bad_utf16_string", [=]() { return std::u16string({ b16, char16_t(0xd800), z16 }); });
+    // Under Python 2.7, invalid unicode UTF-32 characters don't appear to trigger UnicodeDecodeError
+    if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3)
+        m.def("bad_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({ a32, char32_t(0xd800), z32 }); });
+    if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 || sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+        m.def("bad_wchar_string", [=]() { return std::wstring({ wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800) }); });
+    m.def("u8_Z", []() -> char { return 'Z'; });
+    m.def("u8_eacute", []() -> char { return '\xe9'; });
+    m.def("u16_ibang", [=]() -> char16_t { return ib16; });
+    m.def("u32_mathbfA", [=]() -> char32_t { return mathbfA32; });
+    m.def("wchar_heart", []() -> wchar_t { return 0x2665; });
+
+    m.attr("wchar_size") = py::cast(sizeof(wchar_t));
+    m.def("ord_char", [](char c) -> int { return static_cast<unsigned char>(c); });
+    m.def("ord_char16", [](char16_t c) -> uint16_t { return c; });
+    m.def("ord_char32", [](char32_t c) -> uint32_t { return c; });
+    m.def("ord_wchar", [](wchar_t c) -> int { return c; });
+
+    m.def("return_none_string", []() -> std::string * { return nullptr; });
+    m.def("return_none_char",   []() -> const char *  { return nullptr; });
+    m.def("return_none_bool",   []() -> bool *        { return nullptr; });
+    m.def("return_none_int",    []() -> int *         { return nullptr; });
+    m.def("return_none_float",  []() -> float *       { return nullptr; });
+
+    m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor",
+        []() {
+            py::print("creating capsule");
+            return py::capsule([]() {
+                py::print("destructing capsule");
+            });
+        }
+    );
+
+    m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor_2",
+        []() {
+            py::print("creating capsule");
+            return py::capsule((void *) 1234, [](void *ptr) {
+                py::print("destructing capsule: {}"_s.format((size_t) ptr));
+            });
+        }
+    );
+});
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7956c7cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_python_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+# Python < 3 needs this: coding=utf-8
+import pytest
+
+from pybind11_tests import ExamplePythonTypes, ConstructorStats, has_optional, has_exp_optional
+
+
+def test_repr():
+    # In Python 3.3+, repr() accesses __qualname__
+    assert "pybind11_type" in repr(type(ExamplePythonTypes))
+    assert "ExamplePythonTypes" in repr(ExamplePythonTypes)
+
+
+def test_static():
+    ExamplePythonTypes.value = 15
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.value == 15
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.value2 == 5
+
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
+        ExamplePythonTypes.value2 = 15
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "can't set attribute"
+
+
+def test_instance(capture):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        ExamplePythonTypes()
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "pybind11_tests.ExamplePythonTypes: No constructor defined!"
+
+    instance = ExamplePythonTypes.new_instance()
+
+    with capture:
+        dict_result = instance.get_dict()
+        dict_result['key2'] = 'value2'
+        instance.print_dict(dict_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        key: key, value=value
+        key: key2, value=value2
+    """
+    with capture:
+        dict_result = instance.get_dict_2()
+        dict_result['key2'] = 'value2'
+        instance.print_dict_2(dict_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        key: key, value=value
+        key: key2, value=value2
+    """
+    with capture:
+        set_result = instance.get_set()
+        set_result.add('key4')
+        instance.print_set(set_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        key: key1
+        key: key2
+        key: key3
+        key: key4
+    """
+    with capture:
+        set_result = instance.get_set2()
+        set_result.add('key3')
+        instance.print_set_2(set_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        key: key1
+        key: key2
+        key: key3
+    """
+    with capture:
+        list_result = instance.get_list()
+        list_result.append('value2')
+        instance.print_list(list_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        Entry at position 0: value
+        list item 0: overwritten
+        list item 1: value2
+    """
+    with capture:
+        list_result = instance.get_list_2()
+        list_result.append('value2')
+        instance.print_list_2(list_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        list item 0: value
+        list item 1: value2
+    """
+    with capture:
+        list_result = instance.get_list_2()
+        list_result.append('value2')
+        instance.print_list_2(tuple(list_result))
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        list item 0: value
+        list item 1: value2
+    """
+    array_result = instance.get_array()
+    assert array_result == ['array entry 1', 'array entry 2']
+    with capture:
+        instance.print_array(array_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        array item 0: array entry 1
+        array item 1: array entry 2
+    """
+    varray_result = instance.get_valarray()
+    assert varray_result == [1, 4, 9]
+    with capture:
+        instance.print_valarray(varray_result)
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        valarray item 0: 1
+        valarray item 1: 4
+        valarray item 2: 9
+    """
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        instance.throw_exception()
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "This exception was intentionally thrown."
+
+    assert instance.pair_passthrough((True, "test")) == ("test", True)
+    assert instance.tuple_passthrough((True, "test", 5)) == (5, "test", True)
+    # Any sequence can be cast to a std::pair or std::tuple
+    assert instance.pair_passthrough([True, "test"]) == ("test", True)
+    assert instance.tuple_passthrough([True, "test", 5]) == (5, "test", True)
+
+    assert instance.get_bytes_from_string().decode() == "foo"
+    assert instance.get_bytes_from_str().decode() == "bar"
+    assert instance.get_str_from_string().encode().decode() == "baz"
+    assert instance.get_str_from_bytes().encode().decode() == "boo"
+
+    class A(object):
+        def __str__(self):
+            return "this is a str"
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return "this is a repr"
+
+    with capture:
+        instance.test_print(A())
+    assert capture == """
+        this is a str
+        this is a repr
+    """
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(ExamplePythonTypes)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del instance
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+
+# PyPy does not seem to propagate the tp_docs field at the moment
+def test_class_docs(doc):
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes) == "Example 2 documentation"
+
+
+def test_method_docs(doc):
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_dict) == """
+        get_dict(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> dict
+
+        Return a Python dictionary
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_dict_2) == """
+        get_dict_2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> Dict[str, str]
+
+        Return a C++ dictionary
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_list) == """
+        get_list(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> list
+
+        Return a Python list
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_list_2) == """
+        get_list_2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> List[str]
+
+        Return a C++ list
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_dict) == """
+        get_dict(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> dict
+
+        Return a Python dictionary
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_set) == """
+        get_set(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> set
+
+        Return a Python set
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_set2) == """
+        get_set2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> Set[str]
+
+        Return a C++ set
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_array) == """
+        get_array(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> List[str[2]]
+
+        Return a C++ array
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.get_valarray) == """
+        get_valarray(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> List[int]
+
+        Return a C++ valarray
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_dict) == """
+        print_dict(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: dict) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a Python dictionary
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_dict_2) == """
+        print_dict_2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: Dict[str, str]) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a C++ dictionary
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_set) == """
+        print_set(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: set) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a Python set
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_set_2) == """
+        print_set_2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: Set[str]) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a C++ set
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_list) == """
+        print_list(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: list) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a Python list
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_list_2) == """
+        print_list_2(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: List[str]) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a C++ list
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.print_array) == """
+        print_array(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: List[str[2]]) -> None
+
+        Print entries of a C++ array
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.pair_passthrough) == """
+        pair_passthrough(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: Tuple[bool, str]) -> Tuple[str, bool]
+
+        Return a pair in reversed order
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.tuple_passthrough) == """
+        tuple_passthrough(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes, arg0: Tuple[bool, str, int]) -> Tuple[int, str, bool]
+
+        Return a triple in reversed order
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.throw_exception) == """
+        throw_exception(self: m.ExamplePythonTypes) -> None
+
+        Throw an exception
+    """
+    assert doc(ExamplePythonTypes.new_instance) == """
+        new_instance() -> m.ExamplePythonTypes
+
+        Return an instance
+    """
+
+
+def test_module():
+    import pybind11_tests
+
+    assert pybind11_tests.__name__ == "pybind11_tests"
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.__name__ == "ExamplePythonTypes"
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.__module__ == "pybind11_tests"
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.get_set.__name__ == "get_set"
+    assert ExamplePythonTypes.get_set.__module__ == "pybind11_tests"
+
+
+def test_print(capture):
+    from pybind11_tests import test_print_function
+
+    with capture:
+        test_print_function()
+    assert capture == """
+        Hello, World!
+        1 2.0 three True -- multiple args
+        *args-and-a-custom-separator
+        no new line here -- next print
+        flush
+        py::print + str.format = this
+    """
+    assert capture.stderr == "this goes to stderr"
+
+
+def test_str_api():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_str_format
+
+    s1, s2 = test_str_format()
+    assert s1 == "1 + 2 = 3"
+    assert s1 == s2
+
+
+def test_dict_api():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_dict_keyword_constructor
+
+    assert test_dict_keyword_constructor() == {"x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3}
+
+
+def test_accessors():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_accessor_api, test_tuple_accessor, test_accessor_assignment
+
+    class SubTestObject:
+        attr_obj = 1
+        attr_char = 2
+
+    class TestObject:
+        basic_attr = 1
+        begin_end = [1, 2, 3]
+        d = {"operator[object]": 1, "operator[char *]": 2}
+        sub = SubTestObject()
+
+        def func(self, x, *args):
+            return self.basic_attr + x + sum(args)
+
+    d = test_accessor_api(TestObject())
+    assert d["basic_attr"] == 1
+    assert d["begin_end"] == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert d["operator[object]"] == 1
+    assert d["operator[char *]"] == 2
+    assert d["attr(object)"] == 1
+    assert d["attr(char *)"] == 2
+    assert d["missing_attr_ptr"] == "raised"
+    assert d["missing_attr_chain"] == "raised"
+    assert d["is_none"] is False
+    assert d["operator()"] == 2
+    assert d["operator*"] == 7
+
+    assert test_tuple_accessor(tuple()) == (0, 1, 2)
+
+    d = test_accessor_assignment()
+    assert d["get"] == 0
+    assert d["deferred_get"] == 0
+    assert d["set"] == 1
+    assert d["deferred_set"] == 1
+    assert d["var"] == 99
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_optional, reason='no <optional>')
+def test_optional():
+    from pybind11_tests import double_or_zero, half_or_none, test_nullopt
+
+    assert double_or_zero(None) == 0
+    assert double_or_zero(42) == 84
+    pytest.raises(TypeError, double_or_zero, 'foo')
+
+    assert half_or_none(0) is None
+    assert half_or_none(42) == 21
+    pytest.raises(TypeError, half_or_none, 'foo')
+
+    assert test_nullopt() == 42
+    assert test_nullopt(None) == 42
+    assert test_nullopt(42) == 42
+    assert test_nullopt(43) == 43
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_exp_optional, reason='no <experimental/optional>')
+def test_exp_optional():
+    from pybind11_tests import double_or_zero_exp, half_or_none_exp, test_nullopt_exp
+
+    assert double_or_zero_exp(None) == 0
+    assert double_or_zero_exp(42) == 84
+    pytest.raises(TypeError, double_or_zero_exp, 'foo')
+
+    assert half_or_none_exp(0) is None
+    assert half_or_none_exp(42) == 21
+    pytest.raises(TypeError, half_or_none_exp, 'foo')
+
+    assert test_nullopt_exp() == 42
+    assert test_nullopt_exp(None) == 42
+    assert test_nullopt_exp(42) == 42
+    assert test_nullopt_exp(43) == 43
+
+
+def test_constructors():
+    """C++ default and converting constructors are equivalent to type calls in Python"""
+    from pybind11_tests import (test_default_constructors, test_converting_constructors,
+                                test_cast_functions)
+
+    types = [str, bool, int, float, tuple, list, dict, set]
+    expected = {t.__name__: t() for t in types}
+    assert test_default_constructors() == expected
+
+    data = {
+        str: 42,
+        bool: "Not empty",
+        int: "42",
+        float: "+1e3",
+        tuple: range(3),
+        list: range(3),
+        dict: [("two", 2), ("one", 1), ("three", 3)],
+        set: [4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6],
+        memoryview: b'abc'
+    }
+    inputs = {k.__name__: v for k, v in data.items()}
+    expected = {k.__name__: k(v) for k, v in data.items()}
+    assert test_converting_constructors(inputs) == expected
+    assert test_cast_functions(inputs) == expected
+
+
+def test_move_out_container():
+    """Properties use the `reference_internal` policy by default. If the underlying function
+    returns an rvalue, the policy is automatically changed to `move` to avoid referencing
+    a temporary. In case the return value is a container of user-defined types, the policy
+    also needs to be applied to the elements, not just the container."""
+    from pybind11_tests import MoveOutContainer
+
+    c = MoveOutContainer()
+    moved_out_list = c.move_list
+    assert [x.value for x in moved_out_list] == [0, 1, 2]
+
+
+def test_implicit_casting():
+    """Tests implicit casting when assigning or appending to dicts and lists."""
+    from pybind11_tests import get_implicit_casting
+
+    z = get_implicit_casting()
+    assert z['d'] == {
+        'char*_i1': 'abc', 'char*_i2': 'abc', 'char*_e': 'abc', 'char*_p': 'abc',
+        'str_i1': 'str', 'str_i2': 'str1', 'str_e': 'str2', 'str_p': 'str3',
+        'int_i1': 42, 'int_i2': 42, 'int_e': 43, 'int_p': 44
+    }
+    assert z['l'] == [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
+
+
+def test_unicode_conversion():
+    """Tests unicode conversion and error reporting."""
+    import pybind11_tests
+    from pybind11_tests import (good_utf8_string, bad_utf8_string,
+                                good_utf16_string, bad_utf16_string,
+                                good_utf32_string,  # bad_utf32_string,
+                                good_wchar_string,  # bad_wchar_string,
+                                u8_Z, u8_eacute, u16_ibang, u32_mathbfA, wchar_heart)
+
+    assert good_utf8_string() == u"Say utf8‽ 🎂 𝐀"
+    assert good_utf16_string() == u"b‽🎂𝐀z"
+    assert good_utf32_string() == u"a𝐀🎂‽z"
+    assert good_wchar_string() == u"a⸘𝐀z"
+
+    with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+        bad_utf8_string()
+
+    with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+        bad_utf16_string()
+
+    # These are provided only if they actually fail (they don't when 32-bit and under Python 2.7)
+    if hasattr(pybind11_tests, "bad_utf32_string"):
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            pybind11_tests.bad_utf32_string()
+    if hasattr(pybind11_tests, "bad_wchar_string"):
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            pybind11_tests.bad_wchar_string()
+
+    assert u8_Z() == 'Z'
+    assert u8_eacute() == u'é'
+    assert u16_ibang() == u'‽'
+    assert u32_mathbfA() == u'𝐀'
+    assert wchar_heart() == u'♥'
+
+
+def test_single_char_arguments():
+    """Tests failures for passing invalid inputs to char-accepting functions"""
+    from pybind11_tests import ord_char, ord_char16, ord_char32, ord_wchar, wchar_size
+
+    def toobig_message(r):
+        return "Character code point not in range({0:#x})".format(r)
+    toolong_message = "Expected a character, but multi-character string found"
+
+    assert ord_char(u'a') == 0x61  # simple ASCII
+    assert ord_char(u'é') == 0xE9  # requires 2 bytes in utf-8, but can be stuffed in a char
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_char(u'Ä€') == 0x100  # requires 2 bytes, doesn't fit in a char
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x100)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_char(u'ab')
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
+
+    assert ord_char16(u'a') == 0x61
+    assert ord_char16(u'é') == 0xE9
+    assert ord_char16(u'Ä€') == 0x100
+    assert ord_char16(u'‽') == 0x203d
+    assert ord_char16(u'♥') == 0x2665
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_char16(u'🎂') == 0x1F382  # requires surrogate pair
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x10000)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_char16(u'aa')
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
+
+    assert ord_char32(u'a') == 0x61
+    assert ord_char32(u'é') == 0xE9
+    assert ord_char32(u'Ä€') == 0x100
+    assert ord_char32(u'‽') == 0x203d
+    assert ord_char32(u'♥') == 0x2665
+    assert ord_char32(u'🎂') == 0x1F382
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_char32(u'aa')
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
+
+    assert ord_wchar(u'a') == 0x61
+    assert ord_wchar(u'é') == 0xE9
+    assert ord_wchar(u'Ä€') == 0x100
+    assert ord_wchar(u'‽') == 0x203d
+    assert ord_wchar(u'♥') == 0x2665
+    if wchar_size == 2:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+            assert ord_wchar(u'🎂') == 0x1F382  # requires surrogate pair
+        assert str(excinfo.value) == toobig_message(0x10000)
+    else:
+        assert ord_wchar(u'🎂') == 0x1F382
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        assert ord_wchar(u'aa')
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == toolong_message
+
+
+def test_builtins_cast_return_none():
+    """Casters produced with PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER() should convert nullptr to None"""
+    import pybind11_tests as m
+
+    assert m.return_none_string() is None
+    assert m.return_none_char() is None
+    assert m.return_none_bool() is None
+    assert m.return_none_int() is None
+    assert m.return_none_float() is None
+
+
+def test_capsule_with_destructor(capture):
+    import pybind11_tests as m
+    with capture:
+        a = m.return_capsule_with_destructor()
+        del a
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        creating capsule
+        destructing capsule
+    """
+
+    with capture:
+        a = m.return_capsule_with_destructor_2()
+        del a
+        pytest.gc_collect()
+    assert capture.unordered == """
+        creating capsule
+        destructing capsule: 1234
+    """
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2051fadb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp -- supporting Pythons' sequence protocol, iterators,
+    etc.
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/operators.h>
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
+
+class Sequence {
+public:
+    Sequence(size_t size) : m_size(size) {
+        print_created(this, "of size", m_size);
+        m_data = new float[size];
+        memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * size);
+    }
+
+    Sequence(const std::vector<float> &value) : m_size(value.size()) {
+        print_created(this, "of size", m_size, "from std::vector");
+        m_data = new float[m_size];
+        memcpy(m_data, &value[0], sizeof(float) * m_size);
+    }
+
+    Sequence(const Sequence &s) : m_size(s.m_size) {
+        print_copy_created(this);
+        m_data = new float[m_size];
+        memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
+    }
+
+    Sequence(Sequence &&s) : m_size(s.m_size), m_data(s.m_data) {
+        print_move_created(this);
+        s.m_size = 0;
+        s.m_data = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    ~Sequence() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+        delete[] m_data;
+    }
+
+    Sequence &operator=(const Sequence &s) {
+        if (&s != this) {
+            delete[] m_data;
+            m_size = s.m_size;
+            m_data = new float[m_size];
+            memcpy(m_data, s.m_data, sizeof(float)*m_size);
+        }
+
+        print_copy_assigned(this);
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Sequence &operator=(Sequence &&s) {
+        if (&s != this) {
+            delete[] m_data;
+            m_size = s.m_size;
+            m_data = s.m_data;
+            s.m_size = 0;
+            s.m_data = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        print_move_assigned(this);
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const Sequence &s) const {
+        if (m_size != s.size())
+            return false;
+        for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+            if (m_data[i] != s[i])
+                return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const Sequence &s) const {
+        return !operator==(s);
+    }
+
+    float operator[](size_t index) const {
+        return m_data[index];
+    }
+
+    float &operator[](size_t index) {
+        return m_data[index];
+    }
+
+    bool contains(float v) const {
+        for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+            if (v == m_data[i])
+                return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Sequence reversed() const {
+        Sequence result(m_size);
+        for (size_t i=0; i<m_size; ++i)
+            result[m_size-i-1] = m_data[i];
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    size_t size() const { return m_size; }
+
+    const float *begin() const { return m_data; }
+    const float *end() const { return m_data+m_size; }
+
+private:
+    size_t m_size;
+    float *m_data;
+};
+
+class IntPairs {
+public:
+    IntPairs(std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> data) : data_(std::move(data)) {}
+    const std::pair<int, int>* begin() const { return data_.data(); }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> data_;
+};
+
+// Interface of a map-like object that isn't (directly) an unordered_map, but provides some basic
+// map-like functionality.
+class StringMap {
+public:
+    StringMap() = default;
+    StringMap(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> init)
+        : map(std::move(init)) {}
+
+    void set(std::string key, std::string val) {
+        map[key] = val;
+    }
+
+    std::string get(std::string key) const {
+        return map.at(key);
+    }
+
+    size_t size() const {
+        return map.size();
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> map;
+
+public:
+    decltype(map.cbegin()) begin() const { return map.cbegin(); }
+    decltype(map.cend()) end() const { return map.cend(); }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class NonZeroIterator {
+    const T* ptr_;
+public:
+    NonZeroIterator(const T* ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {}
+    const T& operator*() const { return *ptr_; }
+    NonZeroIterator& operator++() { ++ptr_; return *this; }
+};
+
+class NonZeroSentinel {};
+
+template<typename A, typename B>
+bool operator==(const NonZeroIterator<std::pair<A, B>>& it, const NonZeroSentinel&) {
+    return !(*it).first || !(*it).second;
+}
+
+template <typename PythonType>
+py::list test_random_access_iterator(PythonType x) {
+    if (x.size() < 5)
+        throw py::value_error("Please provide at least 5 elements for testing.");
+
+    auto checks = py::list();
+    auto assert_equal = [&checks](py::handle a, py::handle b) {
+        auto result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(a.ptr(), b.ptr(), Py_EQ);
+        if (result == -1) { throw py::error_already_set(); }
+        checks.append(result != 0);
+    };
+
+    auto it = x.begin();
+    assert_equal(x[0], *it);
+    assert_equal(x[0], it[0]);
+    assert_equal(x[1], it[1]);
+
+    assert_equal(x[1], *(++it));
+    assert_equal(x[1], *(it++));
+    assert_equal(x[2], *it);
+    assert_equal(x[3], *(it += 1));
+    assert_equal(x[2], *(--it));
+    assert_equal(x[2], *(it--));
+    assert_equal(x[1], *it);
+    assert_equal(x[0], *(it -= 1));
+
+    assert_equal(it->attr("real"), x[0].attr("real"));
+    assert_equal((it + 1)->attr("real"), x[1].attr("real"));
+
+    assert_equal(x[1], *(it + 1));
+    assert_equal(x[1], *(1 + it));
+    it += 3;
+    assert_equal(x[1], *(it - 2));
+
+    checks.append(static_cast<std::size_t>(x.end() - x.begin()) == x.size());
+    checks.append((x.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(x.size())) == x.end());
+    checks.append(x.begin() < x.end());
+
+    return checks;
+}
+
+test_initializer sequences_and_iterators([](py::module &pm) {
+    auto m = pm.def_submodule("sequences_and_iterators");
+
+    py::class_<Sequence> seq(m, "Sequence");
+
+    seq.def(py::init<size_t>())
+       .def(py::init<const std::vector<float>&>())
+       /// Bare bones interface
+       .def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, size_t i) {
+            if (i >= s.size())
+                throw py::index_error();
+            return s[i];
+        })
+       .def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, size_t i, float v) {
+            if (i >= s.size())
+                throw py::index_error();
+            s[i] = v;
+        })
+       .def("__len__", &Sequence::size)
+       /// Optional sequence protocol operations
+       .def("__iter__", [](const Sequence &s) { return py::make_iterator(s.begin(), s.end()); },
+                        py::keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep object alive while iterator exists */)
+       .def("__contains__", [](const Sequence &s, float v) { return s.contains(v); })
+       .def("__reversed__", [](const Sequence &s) -> Sequence { return s.reversed(); })
+       /// Slicing protocol (optional)
+       .def("__getitem__", [](const Sequence &s, py::slice slice) -> Sequence* {
+            size_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
+            if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
+                throw py::error_already_set();
+            Sequence *seq = new Sequence(slicelength);
+            for (size_t i=0; i<slicelength; ++i) {
+                (*seq)[i] = s[start]; start += step;
+            }
+            return seq;
+        })
+       .def("__setitem__", [](Sequence &s, py::slice slice, const Sequence &value) {
+            size_t start, stop, step, slicelength;
+            if (!slice.compute(s.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength))
+                throw py::error_already_set();
+            if (slicelength != value.size())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Left and right hand size of slice assignment have different sizes!");
+            for (size_t i=0; i<slicelength; ++i) {
+                s[start] = value[i]; start += step;
+            }
+        })
+       /// Comparisons
+       .def(py::self == py::self)
+       .def(py::self != py::self);
+       // Could also define py::self + py::self for concatenation, etc.
+
+    py::class_<StringMap> map(m, "StringMap");
+
+    map .def(py::init<>())
+        .def(py::init<std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>>())
+        .def("__getitem__", [](const StringMap &map, std::string key) {
+                try { return map.get(key); }
+                catch (const std::out_of_range&) {
+                    throw py::key_error("key '" + key + "' does not exist");
+                }
+                })
+        .def("__setitem__", &StringMap::set)
+        .def("__len__", &StringMap::size)
+        .def("__iter__", [](const StringMap &map) { return py::make_key_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); },
+                py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
+        .def("items", [](const StringMap &map) { return py::make_iterator(map.begin(), map.end()); },
+                py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
+        ;
+
+    py::class_<IntPairs>(m, "IntPairs")
+        .def(py::init<std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>())
+        .def("nonzero", [](const IntPairs& s) {
+                return py::make_iterator(NonZeroIterator<std::pair<int, int>>(s.begin()), NonZeroSentinel());
+            }, py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
+        .def("nonzero_keys", [](const IntPairs& s) {
+            return py::make_key_iterator(NonZeroIterator<std::pair<int, int>>(s.begin()), NonZeroSentinel());
+        }, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
+
+
+#if 0
+    // Obsolete: special data structure for exposing custom iterator types to python
+    // kept here for illustrative purposes because there might be some use cases which
+    // are not covered by the much simpler py::make_iterator
+
+    struct PySequenceIterator {
+        PySequenceIterator(const Sequence &seq, py::object ref) : seq(seq), ref(ref) { }
+
+        float next() {
+            if (index == seq.size())
+                throw py::stop_iteration();
+            return seq[index++];
+        }
+
+        const Sequence &seq;
+        py::object ref; // keep a reference
+        size_t index = 0;
+    };
+
+    py::class_<PySequenceIterator>(seq, "Iterator")
+        .def("__iter__", [](PySequenceIterator &it) -> PySequenceIterator& { return it; })
+        .def("__next__", &PySequenceIterator::next);
+
+    On the actual Sequence object, the iterator would be constructed as follows:
+    .def("__iter__", [](py::object s) { return PySequenceIterator(s.cast<const Sequence &>(), s); })
+#endif
+
+    m.def("object_to_list", [](py::object o) {
+        auto l = py::list();
+        for (auto item : o) {
+            l.append(item);
+        }
+        return l;
+    });
+
+    m.def("iterator_to_list", [](py::iterator it) {
+        auto l = py::list();
+        while (it != py::iterator::sentinel()) {
+            l.append(*it);
+            ++it;
+        }
+        return l;
+    });
+
+    // Make sure that py::iterator works with std algorithms
+    m.def("count_none", [](py::object o) {
+        return std::count_if(o.begin(), o.end(), [](py::handle h) { return h.is_none(); });
+    });
+
+    m.def("find_none", [](py::object o) {
+        auto it = std::find_if(o.begin(), o.end(), [](py::handle h) { return h.is_none(); });
+        return it->is_none();
+    });
+
+    m.def("count_nonzeros", [](py::dict d) {
+       return std::count_if(d.begin(), d.end(), [](std::pair<py::handle, py::handle> p) {
+           return p.second.cast<int>() != 0;
+       });
+    });
+
+    m.def("tuple_iterator", [](py::tuple x) { return test_random_access_iterator(x); });
+    m.def("list_iterator", [](py::list x) { return test_random_access_iterator(x); });
+    m.def("sequence_iterator", [](py::sequence x) { return test_random_access_iterator(x); });
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30b6aaf4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import pytest
+
+
+def isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-05, abs_tol=0.0):
+    """Like math.isclose() from Python 3.5"""
+    return abs(a - b) <= max(rel_tol * max(abs(a), abs(b)), abs_tol)
+
+
+def allclose(a_list, b_list, rel_tol=1e-05, abs_tol=0.0):
+    return all(isclose(a, b, rel_tol=rel_tol, abs_tol=abs_tol) for a, b in zip(a_list, b_list))
+
+
+def test_generalized_iterators():
+    from pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators import IntPairs
+
+    assert list(IntPairs([(1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 5)]).nonzero()) == [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
+    assert list(IntPairs([(1, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (4, 5)]).nonzero()) == [(1, 2)]
+    assert list(IntPairs([(0, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)]).nonzero()) == []
+
+    assert list(IntPairs([(1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 5)]).nonzero_keys()) == [1, 3]
+    assert list(IntPairs([(1, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (4, 5)]).nonzero_keys()) == [1]
+    assert list(IntPairs([(0, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)]).nonzero_keys()) == []
+
+
+def test_sequence():
+    from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+    from pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators import Sequence
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Sequence)
+
+    s = Sequence(5)
+    assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
+
+    assert "Sequence" in repr(s)
+    assert len(s) == 5
+    assert s[0] == 0 and s[3] == 0
+    assert 12.34 not in s
+    s[0], s[3] = 12.34, 56.78
+    assert 12.34 in s
+    assert isclose(s[0], 12.34) and isclose(s[3], 56.78)
+
+    rev = reversed(s)
+    assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
+
+    rev2 = s[::-1]
+    assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '5']
+
+    expected = [0, 56.78, 0, 0, 12.34]
+    assert allclose(rev, expected)
+    assert allclose(rev2, expected)
+    assert rev == rev2
+
+    rev[0::2] = Sequence([2.0, 2.0, 2.0])
+    assert cstats.values() == ['of size', '3', 'from std::vector']
+
+    assert allclose(rev, [2, 56.78, 2, 0, 2])
+
+    assert cstats.alive() == 3
+    del s
+    assert cstats.alive() == 2
+    del rev
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del rev2
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+
+    assert cstats.values() == []
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.move_constructions >= 1
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+def test_map_iterator():
+    from pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators import StringMap
+
+    m = StringMap({'hi': 'bye', 'black': 'white'})
+    assert m['hi'] == 'bye'
+    assert len(m) == 2
+    assert m['black'] == 'white'
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+        assert m['orange']
+    m['orange'] = 'banana'
+    assert m['orange'] == 'banana'
+
+    expected = {'hi': 'bye', 'black': 'white', 'orange': 'banana'}
+    for k in m:
+        assert m[k] == expected[k]
+    for k, v in m.items():
+        assert v == expected[k]
+
+
+def test_python_iterator_in_cpp():
+    import pybind11_tests.sequences_and_iterators as m
+
+    t = (1, 2, 3)
+    assert m.object_to_list(t) == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert m.object_to_list(iter(t)) == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert m.iterator_to_list(iter(t)) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        m.object_to_list(1)
+    assert "object is not iterable" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        m.iterator_to_list(1)
+    assert "incompatible function arguments" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    def bad_next_call():
+        raise RuntimeError("py::iterator::advance() should propagate errors")
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        m.iterator_to_list(iter(bad_next_call, None))
+    assert str(excinfo.value) == "py::iterator::advance() should propagate errors"
+
+    l = [1, None, 0, None]
+    assert m.count_none(l) == 2
+    assert m.find_none(l) is True
+    assert m.count_nonzeros({"a": 0, "b": 1, "c": 2}) == 2
+
+    r = range(5)
+    assert all(m.tuple_iterator(tuple(r)))
+    assert all(m.list_iterator(list(r)))
+    assert all(m.sequence_iterator(r))
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83c1c018a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp -- binding classes with custom reference counting,
+    implicit conversions between types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "object.h"
+
+/// Custom object with builtin reference counting (see 'object.h' for the implementation)
+class MyObject1 : public Object {
+public:
+    MyObject1(int value) : value(value) {
+        print_created(this, toString());
+    }
+
+    std::string toString() const {
+        return "MyObject1[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+    }
+
+protected:
+    virtual ~MyObject1() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+    }
+
+private:
+    int value;
+};
+
+/// Object managed by a std::shared_ptr<>
+class MyObject2 {
+public:
+    MyObject2(int value) : value(value) {
+        print_created(this, toString());
+    }
+
+    std::string toString() const {
+        return "MyObject2[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+    }
+
+    virtual ~MyObject2() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+    }
+
+private:
+    int value;
+};
+
+/// Object managed by a std::shared_ptr<>, additionally derives from std::enable_shared_from_this<>
+class MyObject3 : public std::enable_shared_from_this<MyObject3> {
+public:
+    MyObject3(int value) : value(value) {
+        print_created(this, toString());
+    }
+
+    std::string toString() const {
+        return "MyObject3[" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
+    }
+
+    virtual ~MyObject3() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+    }
+
+private:
+    int value;
+};
+
+class MyObject4 {
+public:
+    MyObject4(int value) : value{value} {
+        print_created(this);
+    }
+    int value;
+private:
+    ~MyObject4() {
+        print_destroyed(this);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Make pybind aware of the ref-counted wrapper type (s)
+
+// ref<T> is a wrapper for 'Object' which uses intrusive reference counting
+// It is always possible to construct a ref<T> from an Object* pointer without
+// possible incosistencies, hence the 'true' argument at the end.
+PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, ref<T>, true);
+PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>); // Not required any more for std::shared_ptr,
+                                                     // but it should compile without error
+
+// Make pybind11 aware of the non-standard getter member function
+namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
+    template <typename T>
+    struct holder_helper<ref<T>> {
+        static const T *get(const ref<T> &p) { return p.get_ptr(); }
+    };
+}}
+
+Object *make_object_1() { return new MyObject1(1); }
+ref<Object> make_object_2() { return new MyObject1(2); }
+
+MyObject1 *make_myobject1_1() { return new MyObject1(4); }
+ref<MyObject1> make_myobject1_2() { return new MyObject1(5); }
+
+MyObject2 *make_myobject2_1() { return new MyObject2(6); }
+std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> make_myobject2_2() { return std::make_shared<MyObject2>(7); }
+
+MyObject3 *make_myobject3_1() { return new MyObject3(8); }
+std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> make_myobject3_2() { return std::make_shared<MyObject3>(9); }
+
+void print_object_1(const Object *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_object_2(ref<Object> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_object_3(const ref<Object> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_object_4(const ref<Object> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); }
+
+void print_myobject1_1(const MyObject1 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject1_2(ref<MyObject1> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject1_3(const ref<MyObject1> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject1_4(const ref<MyObject1> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); }
+
+void print_myobject2_1(const MyObject2 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject2_2(std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject2_3(const std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject2_4(const std::shared_ptr<MyObject2> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); }
+
+void print_myobject3_1(const MyObject3 *obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject3_2(std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject3_3(const std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> &obj) { py::print(obj->toString()); }
+void print_myobject3_4(const std::shared_ptr<MyObject3> *obj) { py::print((*obj)->toString()); }
+
+test_initializer smart_ptr([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<Object, ref<Object>> obj(m, "Object");
+    obj.def("getRefCount", &Object::getRefCount);
+
+    py::class_<MyObject1, ref<MyObject1>>(m, "MyObject1", obj)
+        .def(py::init<int>());
+
+    m.def("test_object1_refcounting",
+        []() -> bool {
+            ref<MyObject1> o = new MyObject1(0);
+            bool good = o->getRefCount() == 1;
+            py::object o2 = py::cast(o, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+            // always request (partial) ownership for objects with intrusive
+            // reference counting even when using the 'reference' RVP
+            good &= o->getRefCount() == 2;
+            return good;
+        }
+    );
+
+    m.def("make_object_1", &make_object_1);
+    m.def("make_object_2", &make_object_2);
+    m.def("make_myobject1_1", &make_myobject1_1);
+    m.def("make_myobject1_2", &make_myobject1_2);
+    m.def("print_object_1", &print_object_1);
+    m.def("print_object_2", &print_object_2);
+    m.def("print_object_3", &print_object_3);
+    m.def("print_object_4", &print_object_4);
+    m.def("print_myobject1_1", &print_myobject1_1);
+    m.def("print_myobject1_2", &print_myobject1_2);
+    m.def("print_myobject1_3", &print_myobject1_3);
+    m.def("print_myobject1_4", &print_myobject1_4);
+
+    py::class_<MyObject2, std::shared_ptr<MyObject2>>(m, "MyObject2")
+        .def(py::init<int>());
+    m.def("make_myobject2_1", &make_myobject2_1);
+    m.def("make_myobject2_2", &make_myobject2_2);
+    m.def("print_myobject2_1", &print_myobject2_1);
+    m.def("print_myobject2_2", &print_myobject2_2);
+    m.def("print_myobject2_3", &print_myobject2_3);
+    m.def("print_myobject2_4", &print_myobject2_4);
+
+    py::class_<MyObject3, std::shared_ptr<MyObject3>>(m, "MyObject3")
+        .def(py::init<int>());
+    m.def("make_myobject3_1", &make_myobject3_1);
+    m.def("make_myobject3_2", &make_myobject3_2);
+    m.def("print_myobject3_1", &print_myobject3_1);
+    m.def("print_myobject3_2", &print_myobject3_2);
+    m.def("print_myobject3_3", &print_myobject3_3);
+    m.def("print_myobject3_4", &print_myobject3_4);
+
+    py::class_<MyObject4, std::unique_ptr<MyObject4, py::nodelete>>(m, "MyObject4")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def_readwrite("value", &MyObject4::value);
+
+    py::implicitly_convertible<py::int_, MyObject1>();
+
+    // Expose constructor stats for the ref type
+    m.def("cstats_ref", &ConstructorStats::get<ref_tag>);
+});
+
+struct SharedPtrRef {
+    struct A {
+        A() { print_created(this); }
+        A(const A &) { print_copy_created(this); }
+        A(A &&) { print_move_created(this); }
+        ~A() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    };
+
+    A value = {};
+    std::shared_ptr<A> shared = std::make_shared<A>();
+};
+
+struct SharedFromThisRef {
+    struct B : std::enable_shared_from_this<B> {
+        B() { print_created(this); }
+        B(const B &) : std::enable_shared_from_this<B>() { print_copy_created(this); }
+        B(B &&) : std::enable_shared_from_this<B>() { print_move_created(this); }
+        ~B() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    };
+
+    B value = {};
+    std::shared_ptr<B> shared = std::make_shared<B>();
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class CustomUniquePtr {
+    std::unique_ptr<T> impl;
+
+public:
+    CustomUniquePtr(T* p) : impl(p) { }
+    T* get() const { return impl.get(); }
+    T* release_ptr() { return impl.release(); }
+};
+
+PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, CustomUniquePtr<T>);
+
+test_initializer smart_ptr_and_references([](py::module &pm) {
+    auto m = pm.def_submodule("smart_ptr");
+
+    using A = SharedPtrRef::A;
+    py::class_<A, std::shared_ptr<A>>(m, "A");
+
+    py::class_<SharedPtrRef>(m, "SharedPtrRef")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readonly("ref", &SharedPtrRef::value)
+        .def_property_readonly("copy", [](const SharedPtrRef &s) { return s.value; },
+                               py::return_value_policy::copy)
+        .def_readonly("holder_ref", &SharedPtrRef::shared)
+        .def_property_readonly("holder_copy", [](const SharedPtrRef &s) { return s.shared; },
+                               py::return_value_policy::copy)
+        .def("set_ref", [](SharedPtrRef &, const A &) { return true; })
+        .def("set_holder", [](SharedPtrRef &, std::shared_ptr<A>) { return true; });
+
+    using B = SharedFromThisRef::B;
+    py::class_<B, std::shared_ptr<B>>(m, "B");
+
+    py::class_<SharedFromThisRef>(m, "SharedFromThisRef")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_readonly("bad_wp", &SharedFromThisRef::value)
+        .def_property_readonly("ref", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) -> const B & { return *s.shared; })
+        .def_property_readonly("copy", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) { return s.value; },
+                               py::return_value_policy::copy)
+        .def_readonly("holder_ref", &SharedFromThisRef::shared)
+        .def_property_readonly("holder_copy", [](const SharedFromThisRef &s) { return s.shared; },
+                               py::return_value_policy::copy)
+        .def("set_ref", [](SharedFromThisRef &, const B &) { return true; })
+        .def("set_holder", [](SharedFromThisRef &, std::shared_ptr<B>) { return true; });
+
+    struct C {
+        C() { print_created(this); }
+        ~C() { print_destroyed(this); }
+    };
+
+    py::class_<C, CustomUniquePtr<C>>(m, "TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder")
+        .def_static("make", []() { return CustomUniquePtr<C>(new C); });
+
+    struct HeldByDefaultHolder { };
+
+    py::class_<HeldByDefaultHolder>(m, "HeldByDefaultHolder")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def_static("load_shared_ptr", [](std::shared_ptr<HeldByDefaultHolder>) {});
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5af3bd38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_smart_ptr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+import pytest
+from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+
+
+def test_smart_ptr(capture):
+    # Object1
+    from pybind11_tests import (MyObject1, make_object_1, make_object_2,
+                                print_object_1, print_object_2, print_object_3, print_object_4)
+
+    for i, o in enumerate([make_object_1(), make_object_2(), MyObject1(3)], start=1):
+        assert o.getRefCount() == 1
+        with capture:
+            print_object_1(o)
+            print_object_2(o)
+            print_object_3(o)
+            print_object_4(o)
+        assert capture == "MyObject1[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
+
+    from pybind11_tests import (make_myobject1_1, make_myobject1_2,
+                                print_myobject1_1, print_myobject1_2,
+                                print_myobject1_3, print_myobject1_4)
+
+    for i, o in enumerate([make_myobject1_1(), make_myobject1_2(), MyObject1(6), 7], start=4):
+        print(o)
+        with capture:
+            if not isinstance(o, int):
+                print_object_1(o)
+                print_object_2(o)
+                print_object_3(o)
+                print_object_4(o)
+            print_myobject1_1(o)
+            print_myobject1_2(o)
+            print_myobject1_3(o)
+            print_myobject1_4(o)
+        assert capture == "MyObject1[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * (4 if isinstance(o, int) else 8)
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyObject1)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    expected_values = ['MyObject1[{}]'.format(i) for i in range(1, 7)] + ['MyObject1[7]'] * 4
+    assert cstats.values() == expected_values
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+    # Object2
+    from pybind11_tests import (MyObject2, make_myobject2_1, make_myobject2_2,
+                                make_myobject3_1, make_myobject3_2,
+                                print_myobject2_1, print_myobject2_2,
+                                print_myobject2_3, print_myobject2_4)
+
+    for i, o in zip([8, 6, 7], [MyObject2(8), make_myobject2_1(), make_myobject2_2()]):
+        print(o)
+        with capture:
+            print_myobject2_1(o)
+            print_myobject2_2(o)
+            print_myobject2_3(o)
+            print_myobject2_4(o)
+        assert capture == "MyObject2[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyObject2)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    o = None
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ['MyObject2[8]', 'MyObject2[6]', 'MyObject2[7]']
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+    # Object3
+    from pybind11_tests import (MyObject3, print_myobject3_1, print_myobject3_2,
+                                print_myobject3_3, print_myobject3_4)
+
+    for i, o in zip([9, 8, 9], [MyObject3(9), make_myobject3_1(), make_myobject3_2()]):
+        print(o)
+        with capture:
+            print_myobject3_1(o)
+            print_myobject3_2(o)
+            print_myobject3_3(o)
+            print_myobject3_4(o)
+        assert capture == "MyObject3[{i}]\n".format(i=i) * 4
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyObject3)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    o = None
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ['MyObject3[9]', 'MyObject3[8]', 'MyObject3[9]']
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+    # Object and ref
+    from pybind11_tests import Object, cstats_ref
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(Object)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == []
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 10
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 0
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+    cstats = cstats_ref()
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ['from pointer'] * 10
+    assert cstats.default_constructions == 30
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 12
+    # assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0 # Doesn't invoke any
+    assert cstats.copy_assignments == 30
+    assert cstats.move_assignments == 0
+
+
+def test_smart_ptr_refcounting():
+    from pybind11_tests import test_object1_refcounting
+    assert test_object1_refcounting()
+
+
+def test_unique_nodelete():
+    from pybind11_tests import MyObject4
+    o = MyObject4(23)
+    assert o.value == 23
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyObject4)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1
+    del o
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(MyObject4)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 1  # Leak, but that's intentional
+
+
+def test_shared_ptr_and_references():
+    from pybind11_tests.smart_ptr import SharedPtrRef, A
+
+    s = SharedPtrRef()
+    stats = ConstructorStats.get(A)
+    assert stats.alive() == 2
+
+    ref = s.ref  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 2
+    assert s.set_ref(ref)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        assert s.set_holder(ref)
+    assert "Unable to cast from non-held to held instance" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    copy = s.copy  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=true)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(copy)
+    assert s.set_holder(copy)
+
+    holder_ref = s.holder_ref  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(holder_ref)
+    assert s.set_holder(holder_ref)
+
+    holder_copy = s.holder_copy  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=true)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(holder_copy)
+    assert s.set_holder(holder_copy)
+
+    del ref, copy, holder_ref, holder_copy, s
+    assert stats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_shared_ptr_from_this_and_references():
+    from pybind11_tests.smart_ptr import SharedFromThisRef, B
+
+    s = SharedFromThisRef()
+    stats = ConstructorStats.get(B)
+    assert stats.alive() == 2
+
+    ref = s.ref  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false, bad_wp=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 2
+    assert s.set_ref(ref)
+    assert s.set_holder(ref)  # std::enable_shared_from_this can create a holder from a reference
+
+    bad_wp = s.bad_wp  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=false, bad_wp=true)
+    assert stats.alive() == 2
+    assert s.set_ref(bad_wp)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        assert s.set_holder(bad_wp)
+    assert "Unable to cast from non-held to held instance" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+    copy = s.copy  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=false, owned=true, bad_wp=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(copy)
+    assert s.set_holder(copy)
+
+    holder_ref = s.holder_ref  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=false, bad_wp=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(holder_ref)
+    assert s.set_holder(holder_ref)
+
+    holder_copy = s.holder_copy  # init_holder_helper(holder_ptr=true, owned=true, bad_wp=false)
+    assert stats.alive() == 3
+    assert s.set_ref(holder_copy)
+    assert s.set_holder(holder_copy)
+
+    del ref, bad_wp, copy, holder_ref, holder_copy, s
+    assert stats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_move_only_holder():
+    from pybind11_tests.smart_ptr import TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder
+
+    a = TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder.make()
+    stats = ConstructorStats.get(TypeWithMoveOnlyHolder)
+    assert stats.alive() == 1
+    del a
+    assert stats.alive() == 0
+
+
+def test_smart_ptr_from_default():
+    from pybind11_tests.smart_ptr import HeldByDefaultHolder
+
+    instance = HeldByDefaultHolder()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        HeldByDefaultHolder.load_shared_ptr(instance)
+    assert "Unable to load a custom holder type from a default-holder instance" in str(excinfo)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f636c0b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_stl_binders.cpp -- Usage of stl_binders functions
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Sergey Lyskov
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+
+#include <pybind11/stl_bind.h>
+#include <pybind11/numpy.h>
+#include <map>
+#include <deque>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// We get some really long type names here which causes MSVC to emit warnings
+#  pragma warning(disable: 4503) // warning C4503: decorated name length exceeded, name was truncated
+#endif
+
+class El {
+public:
+    El() = delete;
+    El(int v) : a(v) { }
+
+    int a;
+};
+
+std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &s, El const&v) {
+    s << "El{" << v.a << '}';
+    return s;
+}
+
+/// Issue #487: binding std::vector<E> with E non-copyable
+class E_nc {
+public:
+    explicit E_nc(int i) : value{i} {}
+    E_nc(const E_nc &) = delete;
+    E_nc &operator=(const E_nc &) = delete;
+    E_nc(E_nc &&) = default;
+    E_nc &operator=(E_nc &&) = default;
+
+    int value;
+};
+
+template <class Container> Container *one_to_n(int n) {
+    auto v = new Container();
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
+        v->emplace_back(i);
+    return v;
+}
+
+template <class Map> Map *times_ten(int n) {
+    auto m = new Map();
+    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
+        m->emplace(int(i), E_nc(10*i));
+    return m;
+}
+
+struct VStruct {
+    bool w;
+    uint32_t x;
+    double y;
+    bool z;
+};
+
+struct VUndeclStruct { //dtype not declared for this version
+    bool w;
+    uint32_t x;
+    double y;
+    bool z;
+};
+
+test_initializer stl_binder_vector([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<El>(m, "El")
+        .def(py::init<int>());
+
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<unsigned char>>(m, "VectorUChar", py::buffer_protocol());
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<unsigned int>>(m, "VectorInt", py::buffer_protocol());
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<bool>>(m, "VectorBool");
+
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<El>>(m, "VectorEl");
+
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<std::vector<El>>>(m, "VectorVectorEl");
+
+    m.def("create_undeclstruct", [m] () mutable {
+        py::bind_vector<std::vector<VUndeclStruct>>(m, "VectorUndeclStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
+    });
+
+    try {
+        py::module::import("numpy");
+    } catch (...) {
+        return;
+    }
+    PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(VStruct, w, x, y, z);
+    py::class_<VStruct>(m, "VStruct").def_readwrite("x", &VStruct::x);
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<VStruct>>(m, "VectorStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
+    m.def("get_vectorstruct", [] {return std::vector<VStruct> {{0, 5, 3.0, 1}, {1, 30, -1e4, 0}};});
+});
+
+test_initializer stl_binder_map([](py::module &m) {
+    py::bind_map<std::map<std::string, double>>(m, "MapStringDouble");
+    py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<std::string, double>>(m, "UnorderedMapStringDouble");
+
+    py::bind_map<std::map<std::string, double const>>(m, "MapStringDoubleConst");
+    py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<std::string, double const>>(m, "UnorderedMapStringDoubleConst");
+
+});
+
+test_initializer stl_binder_noncopyable([](py::module &m) {
+    py::class_<E_nc>(m, "ENC")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        .def_readwrite("value", &E_nc::value);
+
+    py::bind_vector<std::vector<E_nc>>(m, "VectorENC");
+    m.def("get_vnc", &one_to_n<std::vector<E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    py::bind_vector<std::deque<E_nc>>(m, "DequeENC");
+    m.def("get_dnc", &one_to_n<std::deque<E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    py::bind_map<std::map<int, E_nc>>(m, "MapENC");
+    m.def("get_mnc", &times_ten<std::map<int, E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+
+    py::bind_map<std::unordered_map<int, E_nc>>(m, "UmapENC");
+    m.def("get_umnc", &times_ten<std::unordered_map<int, E_nc>>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0edf9e26e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_stl_binders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+import pytest
+import sys
+
+with pytest.suppress(ImportError):
+    import numpy as np
+
+
+def test_vector_int():
+    from pybind11_tests import VectorInt
+
+    v_int = VectorInt([0, 0])
+    assert len(v_int) == 2
+    assert bool(v_int) is True
+
+    v_int2 = VectorInt([0, 0])
+    assert v_int == v_int2
+    v_int2[1] = 1
+    assert v_int != v_int2
+
+    v_int2.append(2)
+    v_int2.append(3)
+    v_int2.insert(0, 1)
+    v_int2.insert(0, 2)
+    v_int2.insert(0, 3)
+    assert str(v_int2) == "VectorInt[3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3]"
+
+    v_int.append(99)
+    v_int2[2:-2] = v_int
+    assert v_int2 == VectorInt([3, 2, 0, 0, 99, 2, 3])
+    del v_int2[1:3]
+    assert v_int2 == VectorInt([3, 0, 99, 2, 3])
+    del v_int2[0]
+    assert v_int2 == VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3])
+
+
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+def test_vector_buffer():
+    from pybind11_tests import VectorUChar, create_undeclstruct
+    b = bytearray([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    v = VectorUChar(b)
+    assert v[1] == 2
+    v[2] = 5
+    m = memoryview(v)  # We expose the buffer interface
+    if sys.version_info.major > 2:
+        assert m[2] == 5
+        m[2] = 6
+    else:
+        assert m[2] == '\x05'
+        m[2] = '\x06'
+    assert v[2] == 6
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        create_undeclstruct()  # Undeclared struct contents, no buffer interface
+
+
+@pytest.requires_numpy
+def test_vector_buffer_numpy():
+    from pybind11_tests import VectorInt, VectorStruct, get_vectorstruct
+
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=np.int32)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        VectorInt(a)
+
+    a = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]], dtype=np.uintc)
+    v = VectorInt(a[0, :])
+    assert len(v) == 4
+    assert v[2] == 3
+    m = np.asarray(v)
+    m[2] = 5
+    assert v[2] == 5
+
+    v = VectorInt(a[:, 1])
+    assert len(v) == 3
+    assert v[2] == 10
+
+    v = get_vectorstruct()
+    assert v[0].x == 5
+    m = np.asarray(v)
+    m[1]['x'] = 99
+    assert v[1].x == 99
+
+    v = VectorStruct(np.zeros(3, dtype=np.dtype([('w', 'bool'), ('x', 'I'),
+                                                 ('y', 'float64'), ('z', 'bool')], align=True)))
+    assert len(v) == 3
+
+
+def test_vector_custom():
+    from pybind11_tests import El, VectorEl, VectorVectorEl
+
+    v_a = VectorEl()
+    v_a.append(El(1))
+    v_a.append(El(2))
+    assert str(v_a) == "VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]"
+
+    vv_a = VectorVectorEl()
+    vv_a.append(v_a)
+    vv_b = vv_a[0]
+    assert str(vv_b) == "VectorEl[El{1}, El{2}]"
+
+
+def test_vector_bool():
+    from pybind11_tests import VectorBool
+
+    vv_c = VectorBool()
+    for i in range(10):
+        vv_c.append(i % 2 == 0)
+    for i in range(10):
+        assert vv_c[i] == (i % 2 == 0)
+    assert str(vv_c) == "VectorBool[1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]"
+
+
+def test_map_string_double():
+    from pybind11_tests import MapStringDouble, UnorderedMapStringDouble
+
+    m = MapStringDouble()
+    m['a'] = 1
+    m['b'] = 2.5
+
+    assert list(m) == ['a', 'b']
+    assert list(m.items()) == [('a', 1), ('b', 2.5)]
+    assert str(m) == "MapStringDouble{a: 1, b: 2.5}"
+
+    um = UnorderedMapStringDouble()
+    um['ua'] = 1.1
+    um['ub'] = 2.6
+
+    assert sorted(list(um)) == ['ua', 'ub']
+    assert sorted(list(um.items())) == [('ua', 1.1), ('ub', 2.6)]
+    assert "UnorderedMapStringDouble" in str(um)
+
+
+def test_map_string_double_const():
+    from pybind11_tests import MapStringDoubleConst, UnorderedMapStringDoubleConst
+
+    mc = MapStringDoubleConst()
+    mc['a'] = 10
+    mc['b'] = 20.5
+    assert str(mc) == "MapStringDoubleConst{a: 10, b: 20.5}"
+
+    umc = UnorderedMapStringDoubleConst()
+    umc['a'] = 11
+    umc['b'] = 21.5
+
+    str(umc)
+
+
+def test_noncopyable_vector():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_vnc
+
+    vnc = get_vnc(5)
+    for i in range(0, 5):
+        assert vnc[i].value == i + 1
+
+    for i, j in enumerate(vnc, start=1):
+        assert j.value == i
+
+
+def test_noncopyable_deque():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_dnc
+
+    dnc = get_dnc(5)
+    for i in range(0, 5):
+        assert dnc[i].value == i + 1
+
+    i = 1
+    for j in dnc:
+        assert(j.value == i)
+        i += 1
+
+
+def test_noncopyable_map():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_mnc
+
+    mnc = get_mnc(5)
+    for i in range(1, 6):
+        assert mnc[i].value == 10 * i
+
+    vsum = 0
+    for k, v in mnc.items():
+        assert v.value == 10 * k
+        vsum += v.value
+
+    assert vsum == 150
+
+
+def test_noncopyable_unordered_map():
+    from pybind11_tests import get_umnc
+
+    mnc = get_umnc(5)
+    for i in range(1, 6):
+        assert mnc[i].value == 10 * i
+
+    vsum = 0
+    for k, v in mnc.items():
+        assert v.value == 10 * k
+        vsum += v.value
+
+    assert vsum == 150
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f8ed2afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+/*
+    tests/test_virtual_functions.cpp -- overriding virtual functions from Python
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#include "pybind11_tests.h"
+#include "constructor_stats.h"
+#include <pybind11/functional.h>
+
+/* This is an example class that we'll want to be able to extend from Python */
+class ExampleVirt  {
+public:
+    ExampleVirt(int state) : state(state) { print_created(this, state); }
+    ExampleVirt(const ExampleVirt &e) : state(e.state) { print_copy_created(this); }
+    ExampleVirt(ExampleVirt &&e) : state(e.state) { print_move_created(this); e.state = 0; }
+    ~ExampleVirt() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+    virtual int run(int value) {
+        py::print("Original implementation of "
+                  "ExampleVirt::run(state={}, value={}, str1={}, str2={})"_s.format(state, value, get_string1(), *get_string2()));
+        return state + value;
+    }
+
+    virtual bool run_bool() = 0;
+    virtual void pure_virtual() = 0;
+
+    // Returning a reference/pointer to a type converted from python (numbers, strings, etc.) is a
+    // bit trickier, because the actual int& or std::string& or whatever only exists temporarily, so
+    // we have to handle it specially in the trampoline class (see below).
+    virtual const std::string &get_string1() { return str1; }
+    virtual const std::string *get_string2() { return &str2; }
+
+private:
+    int state;
+    const std::string str1{"default1"}, str2{"default2"};
+};
+
+/* This is a wrapper class that must be generated */
+class PyExampleVirt : public ExampleVirt {
+public:
+    using ExampleVirt::ExampleVirt; /* Inherit constructors */
+
+    int run(int value) override {
+        /* Generate wrapping code that enables native function overloading */
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
+            int,         /* Return type */
+            ExampleVirt, /* Parent class */
+            run,         /* Name of function */
+            value        /* Argument(s) */
+        );
+    }
+
+    bool run_bool() override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
+            bool,         /* Return type */
+            ExampleVirt,  /* Parent class */
+            run_bool,     /* Name of function */
+                          /* This function has no arguments. The trailing comma
+                             in the previous line is needed for some compilers */
+        );
+    }
+
+    void pure_virtual() override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
+            void,         /* Return type */
+            ExampleVirt,  /* Parent class */
+            pure_virtual, /* Name of function */
+                          /* This function has no arguments. The trailing comma
+                             in the previous line is needed for some compilers */
+        );
+    }
+
+    // We can return reference types for compatibility with C++ virtual interfaces that do so, but
+    // note they have some significant limitations (see the documentation).
+    const std::string &get_string1() override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
+            const std::string &, /* Return type */
+            ExampleVirt,         /* Parent class */
+            get_string1,         /* Name of function */
+                                 /* (no arguments) */
+        );
+    }
+
+    const std::string *get_string2() override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(
+            const std::string *, /* Return type */
+            ExampleVirt,         /* Parent class */
+            get_string2,         /* Name of function */
+                                 /* (no arguments) */
+        );
+    }
+
+};
+
+class NonCopyable {
+public:
+    NonCopyable(int a, int b) : value{new int(a*b)} { print_created(this, a, b); }
+    NonCopyable(NonCopyable &&o) { value = std::move(o.value); print_move_created(this); }
+    NonCopyable(const NonCopyable &) = delete;
+    NonCopyable() = delete;
+    void operator=(const NonCopyable &) = delete;
+    void operator=(NonCopyable &&) = delete;
+    std::string get_value() const {
+        if (value) return std::to_string(*value); else return "(null)";
+    }
+    ~NonCopyable() { print_destroyed(this); }
+
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<int> value;
+};
+
+// This is like the above, but is both copy and movable.  In effect this means it should get moved
+// when it is not referenced elsewhere, but copied if it is still referenced.
+class Movable {
+public:
+    Movable(int a, int b) : value{a+b} { print_created(this, a, b); }
+    Movable(const Movable &m) { value = m.value; print_copy_created(this); }
+    Movable(Movable &&m) { value = std::move(m.value); print_move_created(this); }
+    std::string get_value() const { return std::to_string(value); }
+    ~Movable() { print_destroyed(this); }
+private:
+    int value;
+};
+
+class NCVirt {
+public:
+    virtual NonCopyable get_noncopyable(int a, int b) { return NonCopyable(a, b); }
+    virtual Movable get_movable(int a, int b) = 0;
+
+    std::string print_nc(int a, int b) { return get_noncopyable(a, b).get_value(); }
+    std::string print_movable(int a, int b) { return get_movable(a, b).get_value(); }
+};
+class NCVirtTrampoline : public NCVirt {
+#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+    NonCopyable get_noncopyable(int a, int b) override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(NonCopyable, NCVirt, get_noncopyable, a, b);
+    }
+#endif
+    Movable get_movable(int a, int b) override {
+        PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(Movable, NCVirt, get_movable, a, b);
+    }
+};
+
+int runExampleVirt(ExampleVirt *ex, int value) {
+    return ex->run(value);
+}
+
+bool runExampleVirtBool(ExampleVirt* ex) {
+    return ex->run_bool();
+}
+
+void runExampleVirtVirtual(ExampleVirt *ex) {
+    ex->pure_virtual();
+}
+
+
+// Inheriting virtual methods.  We do two versions here: the repeat-everything version and the
+// templated trampoline versions mentioned in docs/advanced.rst.
+//
+// These base classes are exactly the same, but we technically need distinct
+// classes for this example code because we need to be able to bind them
+// properly (pybind11, sensibly, doesn't allow us to bind the same C++ class to
+// multiple python classes).
+class A_Repeat {
+#define A_METHODS \
+public: \
+    virtual int unlucky_number() = 0; \
+    virtual std::string say_something(unsigned times) { \
+        std::string s = ""; \
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < times; ++i) \
+            s += "hi"; \
+        return s; \
+    } \
+    std::string say_everything() { \
+        return say_something(1) + " " + std::to_string(unlucky_number()); \
+    }
+A_METHODS
+};
+class B_Repeat : public A_Repeat {
+#define B_METHODS \
+public: \
+    int unlucky_number() override { return 13; } \
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { \
+        return "B says hi " + std::to_string(times) + " times"; \
+    } \
+    virtual double lucky_number() { return 7.0; }
+B_METHODS
+};
+class C_Repeat : public B_Repeat {
+#define C_METHODS \
+public: \
+    int unlucky_number() override { return 4444; } \
+    double lucky_number() override { return 888; }
+C_METHODS
+};
+class D_Repeat : public C_Repeat {
+#define D_METHODS // Nothing overridden.
+D_METHODS
+};
+
+// Base classes for templated inheritance trampolines.  Identical to the repeat-everything version:
+class A_Tpl { A_METHODS };
+class B_Tpl : public A_Tpl { B_METHODS };
+class C_Tpl : public B_Tpl { C_METHODS };
+class D_Tpl : public C_Tpl { D_METHODS };
+
+
+// Inheritance approach 1: each trampoline gets every virtual method (11 in total)
+class PyA_Repeat : public A_Repeat {
+public:
+    using A_Repeat::A_Repeat;
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, A_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, A_Repeat, say_something, times); }
+};
+class PyB_Repeat : public B_Repeat {
+public:
+    using B_Repeat::B_Repeat;
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, B_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, B_Repeat, say_something, times); }
+    double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, B_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
+};
+class PyC_Repeat : public C_Repeat {
+public:
+    using C_Repeat::C_Repeat;
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, C_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, C_Repeat, say_something, times); }
+    double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, C_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
+};
+class PyD_Repeat : public D_Repeat {
+public:
+    using D_Repeat::D_Repeat;
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, D_Repeat, unlucky_number, ); }
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, D_Repeat, say_something, times); }
+    double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, D_Repeat, lucky_number, ); }
+};
+
+// Inheritance approach 2: templated trampoline classes.
+//
+// Advantages:
+// - we have only 2 (template) class and 4 method declarations (one per virtual method, plus one for
+//   any override of a pure virtual method), versus 4 classes and 6 methods (MI) or 4 classes and 11
+//   methods (repeat).
+// - Compared to MI, we also don't have to change the non-trampoline inheritance to virtual, and can
+//   properly inherit constructors.
+//
+// Disadvantage:
+// - the compiler must still generate and compile 14 different methods (more, even, than the 11
+//   required for the repeat approach) instead of the 6 required for MI.  (If there was no pure
+//   method (or no pure method override), the number would drop down to the same 11 as the repeat
+//   approach).
+template <class Base = A_Tpl>
+class PyA_Tpl : public Base {
+public:
+    using Base::Base; // Inherit constructors
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(int, Base, unlucky_number, ); }
+    std::string say_something(unsigned times) override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(std::string, Base, say_something, times); }
+};
+template <class Base = B_Tpl>
+class PyB_Tpl : public PyA_Tpl<Base> {
+public:
+    using PyA_Tpl<Base>::PyA_Tpl; // Inherit constructors (via PyA_Tpl's inherited constructors)
+    int unlucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(int, Base, unlucky_number, ); }
+    double lucky_number() override { PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(double, Base, lucky_number, ); }
+};
+// Since C_Tpl and D_Tpl don't declare any new virtual methods, we don't actually need these (we can
+// use PyB_Tpl<C_Tpl> and PyB_Tpl<D_Tpl> for the trampoline classes instead):
+/*
+template <class Base = C_Tpl> class PyC_Tpl : public PyB_Tpl<Base> {
+public:
+    using PyB_Tpl<Base>::PyB_Tpl;
+};
+template <class Base = D_Tpl> class PyD_Tpl : public PyC_Tpl<Base> {
+public:
+    using PyC_Tpl<Base>::PyC_Tpl;
+};
+*/
+
+
+void initialize_inherited_virtuals(py::module &m) {
+    // Method 1: repeat
+    py::class_<A_Repeat, PyA_Repeat>(m, "A_Repeat")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("unlucky_number", &A_Repeat::unlucky_number)
+        .def("say_something", &A_Repeat::say_something)
+        .def("say_everything", &A_Repeat::say_everything);
+    py::class_<B_Repeat, A_Repeat, PyB_Repeat>(m, "B_Repeat")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("lucky_number", &B_Repeat::lucky_number);
+    py::class_<C_Repeat, B_Repeat, PyC_Repeat>(m, "C_Repeat")
+        .def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<D_Repeat, C_Repeat, PyD_Repeat>(m, "D_Repeat")
+        .def(py::init<>());
+
+    // Method 2: Templated trampolines
+    py::class_<A_Tpl, PyA_Tpl<>>(m, "A_Tpl")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("unlucky_number", &A_Tpl::unlucky_number)
+        .def("say_something", &A_Tpl::say_something)
+        .def("say_everything", &A_Tpl::say_everything);
+    py::class_<B_Tpl, A_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<>>(m, "B_Tpl")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("lucky_number", &B_Tpl::lucky_number);
+    py::class_<C_Tpl, B_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<C_Tpl>>(m, "C_Tpl")
+        .def(py::init<>());
+    py::class_<D_Tpl, C_Tpl, PyB_Tpl<D_Tpl>>(m, "D_Tpl")
+        .def(py::init<>());
+
+};
+
+
+test_initializer virtual_functions([](py::module &m) {
+    /* Important: indicate the trampoline class PyExampleVirt using the third
+       argument to py::class_. The second argument with the unique pointer
+       is simply the default holder type used by pybind11. */
+    py::class_<ExampleVirt, PyExampleVirt>(m, "ExampleVirt")
+        .def(py::init<int>())
+        /* Reference original class in function definitions */
+        .def("run", &ExampleVirt::run)
+        .def("run_bool", &ExampleVirt::run_bool)
+        .def("pure_virtual", &ExampleVirt::pure_virtual);
+
+    py::class_<NonCopyable>(m, "NonCopyable")
+        .def(py::init<int, int>());
+
+    py::class_<Movable>(m, "Movable")
+        .def(py::init<int, int>());
+
+#if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+    py::class_<NCVirt, NCVirtTrampoline>(m, "NCVirt")
+        .def(py::init<>())
+        .def("get_noncopyable", &NCVirt::get_noncopyable)
+        .def("get_movable", &NCVirt::get_movable)
+        .def("print_nc", &NCVirt::print_nc)
+        .def("print_movable", &NCVirt::print_movable);
+#endif
+
+    m.def("runExampleVirt", &runExampleVirt);
+    m.def("runExampleVirtBool", &runExampleVirtBool);
+    m.def("runExampleVirtVirtual", &runExampleVirtVirtual);
+
+    m.def("cstats_debug", &ConstructorStats::get<ExampleVirt>);
+    initialize_inherited_virtuals(m);
+});
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b11c699df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tests/test_virtual_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+import pytest
+import pybind11_tests
+from pybind11_tests import ConstructorStats
+
+
+def test_override(capture, msg):
+    from pybind11_tests import (ExampleVirt, runExampleVirt, runExampleVirtVirtual,
+                                runExampleVirtBool)
+
+    class ExtendedExampleVirt(ExampleVirt):
+        def __init__(self, state):
+            super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).__init__(state + 1)
+            self.data = "Hello world"
+
+        def run(self, value):
+            print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run(%i), calling parent..' % value)
+            return super(ExtendedExampleVirt, self).run(value + 1)
+
+        def run_bool(self):
+            print('ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()')
+            return False
+
+        def get_string1(self):
+            return "override1"
+
+        def pure_virtual(self):
+            print('ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): %s' % self.data)
+
+    class ExtendedExampleVirt2(ExtendedExampleVirt):
+        def __init__(self, state):
+            super(ExtendedExampleVirt2, self).__init__(state + 1)
+
+        def get_string2(self):
+            return "override2"
+
+    ex12 = ExampleVirt(10)
+    with capture:
+        assert runExampleVirt(ex12, 20) == 30
+    assert capture == """
+        Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=10, value=20, str1=default1, str2=default2)
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
+        runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12)
+    assert msg(excinfo.value) == 'Tried to call pure virtual function "ExampleVirt::pure_virtual"'
+
+    ex12p = ExtendedExampleVirt(10)
+    with capture:
+        assert runExampleVirt(ex12p, 20) == 32
+    assert capture == """
+        ExtendedExampleVirt::run(20), calling parent..
+        Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=11, value=21, str1=override1, str2=default2)
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+    with capture:
+        assert runExampleVirtBool(ex12p) is False
+    assert capture == "ExtendedExampleVirt::run_bool()"
+    with capture:
+        runExampleVirtVirtual(ex12p)
+    assert capture == "ExtendedExampleVirt::pure_virtual(): Hello world"
+
+    ex12p2 = ExtendedExampleVirt2(15)
+    with capture:
+        assert runExampleVirt(ex12p2, 50) == 68
+    assert capture == """
+        ExtendedExampleVirt::run(50), calling parent..
+        Original implementation of ExampleVirt::run(state=17, value=51, str1=override1, str2=override2)
+    """  # noqa: E501 line too long
+
+    cstats = ConstructorStats.get(ExampleVirt)
+    assert cstats.alive() == 3
+    del ex12, ex12p, ex12p2
+    assert cstats.alive() == 0
+    assert cstats.values() == ['10', '11', '17']
+    assert cstats.copy_constructions == 0
+    assert cstats.move_constructions >= 0
+
+
+def test_inheriting_repeat():
+    from pybind11_tests import A_Repeat, B_Repeat, C_Repeat, D_Repeat, A_Tpl, B_Tpl, C_Tpl, D_Tpl
+
+    class AR(A_Repeat):
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return 99
+
+    class AT(A_Tpl):
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return 999
+
+    obj = AR()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "hihihi"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 99
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "hi 99"
+
+    obj = AT()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "hihihi"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 999
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "hi 999"
+
+    for obj in [B_Repeat(), B_Tpl()]:
+        assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+        assert obj.unlucky_number() == 13
+        assert obj.lucky_number() == 7.0
+        assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 13"
+
+    for obj in [C_Repeat(), C_Tpl()]:
+        assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+        assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+        assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
+        assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    class CR(C_Repeat):
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return C_Repeat.lucky_number(self) + 1.25
+
+    obj = CR()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == 889.25
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    class CT(C_Tpl):
+        pass
+
+    obj = CT()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    class CCR(CR):
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return CR.lucky_number(self) * 10
+
+    obj = CCR()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == 8892.5
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    class CCT(CT):
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return CT.lucky_number(self) * 1000
+
+    obj = CCT()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == 888000.0
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    class DR(D_Repeat):
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return 123
+
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return 42.0
+
+    for obj in [D_Repeat(), D_Tpl()]:
+        assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+        assert obj.unlucky_number() == 4444
+        assert obj.lucky_number() == 888.0
+        assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 4444"
+
+    obj = DR()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "B says hi 3 times"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 123
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == 42.0
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "B says hi 1 times 123"
+
+    class DT(D_Tpl):
+        def say_something(self, times):
+            return "DT says:" + (' quack' * times)
+
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return 1234
+
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return -4.25
+
+    obj = DT()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "DT says: quack quack quack"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == 1234
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == -4.25
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "DT says: quack 1234"
+
+    class DT2(DT):
+        def say_something(self, times):
+            return "DT2: " + ('QUACK' * times)
+
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return -3
+
+    class BT(B_Tpl):
+        def say_something(self, times):
+            return "BT" * times
+
+        def unlucky_number(self):
+            return -7
+
+        def lucky_number(self):
+            return -1.375
+
+    obj = BT()
+    assert obj.say_something(3) == "BTBTBT"
+    assert obj.unlucky_number() == -7
+    assert obj.lucky_number() == -1.375
+    assert obj.say_everything() == "BT -7"
+
+
+# PyPy: Reference count > 1 causes call with noncopyable instance
+# to fail in ncv1.print_nc()
+@pytest.unsupported_on_pypy
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(pybind11_tests, 'NCVirt'),
+                    reason="NCVirt test broken on ICPC")
+def test_move_support():
+    from pybind11_tests import NCVirt, NonCopyable, Movable
+
+    class NCVirtExt(NCVirt):
+        def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
+            # Constructs and returns a new instance:
+            nc = NonCopyable(a * a, b * b)
+            return nc
+
+        def get_movable(self, a, b):
+            # Return a referenced copy
+            self.movable = Movable(a, b)
+            return self.movable
+
+    class NCVirtExt2(NCVirt):
+        def get_noncopyable(self, a, b):
+            # Keep a reference: this is going to throw an exception
+            self.nc = NonCopyable(a, b)
+            return self.nc
+
+        def get_movable(self, a, b):
+            # Return a new instance without storing it
+            return Movable(a, b)
+
+    ncv1 = NCVirtExt()
+    assert ncv1.print_nc(2, 3) == "36"
+    assert ncv1.print_movable(4, 5) == "9"
+    ncv2 = NCVirtExt2()
+    assert ncv2.print_movable(7, 7) == "14"
+    # Don't check the exception message here because it differs under debug/non-debug mode
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        ncv2.print_nc(9, 9)
+
+    nc_stats = ConstructorStats.get(NonCopyable)
+    mv_stats = ConstructorStats.get(Movable)
+    assert nc_stats.alive() == 1
+    assert mv_stats.alive() == 1
+    del ncv1, ncv2
+    assert nc_stats.alive() == 0
+    assert mv_stats.alive() == 0
+    assert nc_stats.values() == ['4', '9', '9', '9']
+    assert mv_stats.values() == ['4', '5', '7', '7']
+    assert nc_stats.copy_constructions == 0
+    assert mv_stats.copy_constructions == 1
+    assert nc_stats.move_constructions >= 0
+    assert mv_stats.move_constructions >= 0
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindEigen3.cmake b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindEigen3.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c546a05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindEigen3.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# - Try to find Eigen3 lib
+#
+# This module supports requiring a minimum version, e.g. you can do
+#   find_package(Eigen3 3.1.2)
+# to require version 3.1.2 or newer of Eigen3.
+#
+# Once done this will define
+#
+#  EIGEN3_FOUND - system has eigen lib with correct version
+#  EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR - the eigen include directory
+#  EIGEN3_VERSION - eigen version
+
+# Copyright (c) 2006, 2007 Montel Laurent, <montel@kde.org>
+# Copyright (c) 2008, 2009 Gael Guennebaud, <g.gael@free.fr>
+# Copyright (c) 2009 Benoit Jacob <jacob.benoit.1@gmail.com>
+# Redistribution and use is allowed according to the terms of the 2-clause BSD license.
+
+if(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION)
+  if(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MAJOR)
+    set(Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MAJOR 2)
+  endif(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MAJOR)
+  if(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MINOR)
+    set(Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MINOR 91)
+  endif(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MINOR)
+  if(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_PATCH)
+    set(Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_PATCH 0)
+  endif(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_PATCH)
+
+  set(Eigen3_FIND_VERSION "${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MAJOR}.${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_MINOR}.${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION_PATCH}")
+endif(NOT Eigen3_FIND_VERSION)
+
+macro(_eigen3_check_version)
+  file(READ "${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR}/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h" _eigen3_version_header)
+
+  string(REGEX MATCH "define[ \t]+EIGEN_WORLD_VERSION[ \t]+([0-9]+)" _eigen3_world_version_match "${_eigen3_version_header}")
+  set(EIGEN3_WORLD_VERSION "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+  string(REGEX MATCH "define[ \t]+EIGEN_MAJOR_VERSION[ \t]+([0-9]+)" _eigen3_major_version_match "${_eigen3_version_header}")
+  set(EIGEN3_MAJOR_VERSION "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+  string(REGEX MATCH "define[ \t]+EIGEN_MINOR_VERSION[ \t]+([0-9]+)" _eigen3_minor_version_match "${_eigen3_version_header}")
+  set(EIGEN3_MINOR_VERSION "${CMAKE_MATCH_1}")
+
+  set(EIGEN3_VERSION ${EIGEN3_WORLD_VERSION}.${EIGEN3_MAJOR_VERSION}.${EIGEN3_MINOR_VERSION})
+  if(${EIGEN3_VERSION} VERSION_LESS ${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION})
+    set(EIGEN3_VERSION_OK FALSE)
+  else(${EIGEN3_VERSION} VERSION_LESS ${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION})
+    set(EIGEN3_VERSION_OK TRUE)
+  endif(${EIGEN3_VERSION} VERSION_LESS ${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION})
+
+  if(NOT EIGEN3_VERSION_OK)
+
+    message(STATUS "Eigen3 version ${EIGEN3_VERSION} found in ${EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR}, "
+                   "but at least version ${Eigen3_FIND_VERSION} is required")
+  endif(NOT EIGEN3_VERSION_OK)
+endmacro(_eigen3_check_version)
+
+if (EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+  # in cache already
+  _eigen3_check_version()
+  set(EIGEN3_FOUND ${EIGEN3_VERSION_OK})
+
+else (EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+  find_path(EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR NAMES signature_of_eigen3_matrix_library
+      PATHS
+      ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include
+      ${KDE4_INCLUDE_DIR}
+      PATH_SUFFIXES eigen3 eigen
+    )
+
+  if(EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+    _eigen3_check_version()
+  endif(EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+  include(FindPackageHandleStandardArgs)
+  find_package_handle_standard_args(Eigen3 DEFAULT_MSG EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR EIGEN3_VERSION_OK)
+
+  mark_as_advanced(EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+endif(EIGEN3_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc44a9df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# - Find python libraries
+# This module finds the libraries corresponding to the Python interpeter
+# FindPythonInterp provides.
+# This code sets the following variables:
+#
+#  PYTHONLIBS_FOUND           - have the Python libs been found
+#  PYTHON_PREFIX              - path to the Python installation
+#  PYTHON_LIBRARIES           - path to the python library
+#  PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS        - path to where Python.h is found
+#  PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION    - lib extension, e.g. '.so' or '.pyd'
+#  PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX       - lib name prefix: usually an empty string
+#  PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES       - path to installation site-packages
+#  PYTHON_IS_DEBUG            - whether the Python interpreter is a debug build
+#
+# Thanks to talljimbo for the patch adding the 'LDVERSION' config
+# variable usage.
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Copyright 2001-2009 Kitware, Inc.
+# Copyright 2012 Continuum Analytics, Inc.
+#
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+#
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+#
+# * Neither the names of Kitware, Inc., the Insight Software Consortium,
+# nor the names of their contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+# products derived from this software without specific prior written
+# permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# # A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#=============================================================================
+
+if(PYTHONLIBS_FOUND)
+    return()
+endif()
+
+# Use the Python interpreter to find the libs.
+if(PythonLibsNew_FIND_REQUIRED)
+    find_package(PythonInterp ${PythonLibsNew_FIND_VERSION} REQUIRED)
+else()
+    find_package(PythonInterp ${PythonLibsNew_FIND_VERSION})
+endif()
+
+if(NOT PYTHONINTERP_FOUND)
+    set(PYTHONLIBS_FOUND FALSE)
+    return()
+endif()
+
+# According to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/646518/python-how-to-detect-debug-interpreter
+# testing whether sys has the gettotalrefcount function is a reliable, cross-platform
+# way to detect a CPython debug interpreter.
+#
+# The library suffix is from the config var LDVERSION sometimes, otherwise
+# VERSION. VERSION will typically be like "2.7" on unix, and "27" on windows.
+execute_process(COMMAND "${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}" "-c"
+    "from distutils import sysconfig as s;import sys;import struct;
+print('.'.join(str(v) for v in sys.version_info));
+print(sys.prefix);
+print(s.get_python_inc(plat_specific=True));
+print(s.get_python_lib(plat_specific=True));
+print(s.get_config_var('SO'));
+print(hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount')+0);
+print(struct.calcsize('@P'));
+print(s.get_config_var('LDVERSION') or s.get_config_var('VERSION'));
+print(s.get_config_var('LIBDIR') or '');
+print(s.get_config_var('MULTIARCH') or '');
+"
+    RESULT_VARIABLE _PYTHON_SUCCESS
+    OUTPUT_VARIABLE _PYTHON_VALUES
+    ERROR_VARIABLE _PYTHON_ERROR_VALUE)
+
+if(NOT _PYTHON_SUCCESS MATCHES 0)
+    if(PythonLibsNew_FIND_REQUIRED)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR
+            "Python config failure:\n${_PYTHON_ERROR_VALUE}")
+    endif()
+    set(PYTHONLIBS_FOUND FALSE)
+    return()
+endif()
+
+# Convert the process output into a list
+string(REGEX REPLACE ";" "\\\\;" _PYTHON_VALUES ${_PYTHON_VALUES})
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\n" ";" _PYTHON_VALUES ${_PYTHON_VALUES})
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 0 _PYTHON_VERSION_LIST)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 1 PYTHON_PREFIX)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 2 PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 3 PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 4 PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 5 PYTHON_IS_DEBUG)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 6 PYTHON_SIZEOF_VOID_P)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 7 PYTHON_LIBRARY_SUFFIX)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 8 PYTHON_LIBDIR)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VALUES 9 PYTHON_MULTIARCH)
+
+# Make sure the Python has the same pointer-size as the chosen compiler
+# Skip if CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P is not defined
+if(CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P AND (NOT "${PYTHON_SIZEOF_VOID_P}" STREQUAL "${CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P}"))
+    if(PythonLibsNew_FIND_REQUIRED)
+        math(EXPR _PYTHON_BITS "${PYTHON_SIZEOF_VOID_P} * 8")
+        math(EXPR _CMAKE_BITS "${CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P} * 8")
+        message(FATAL_ERROR
+            "Python config failure: Python is ${_PYTHON_BITS}-bit, "
+            "chosen compiler is  ${_CMAKE_BITS}-bit")
+    endif()
+    set(PYTHONLIBS_FOUND FALSE)
+    return()
+endif()
+
+# The built-in FindPython didn't always give the version numbers
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\\." ";" _PYTHON_VERSION_LIST ${_PYTHON_VERSION_LIST})
+list(GET _PYTHON_VERSION_LIST 0 PYTHON_VERSION_MAJOR)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VERSION_LIST 1 PYTHON_VERSION_MINOR)
+list(GET _PYTHON_VERSION_LIST 2 PYTHON_VERSION_PATCH)
+
+# Make sure all directory separators are '/'
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\\\\" "/" PYTHON_PREFIX ${PYTHON_PREFIX})
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\\\\" "/" PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR})
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\\\\" "/" PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES ${PYTHON_SITE_PACKAGES})
+
+if(CMAKE_HOST_WIN32)
+    set(PYTHON_LIBRARY
+        "${PYTHON_PREFIX}/libs/Python${PYTHON_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}.lib")
+
+    # when run in a venv, PYTHON_PREFIX points to it. But the libraries remain in the
+    # original python installation. They may be found relative to PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR.
+    if(NOT EXISTS "${PYTHON_LIBRARY}")
+        get_filename_component(_PYTHON_ROOT ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR} DIRECTORY)
+        set(PYTHON_LIBRARY
+            "${_PYTHON_ROOT}/libs/Python${PYTHON_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}.lib")
+    endif()
+
+    # raise an error if the python libs are still not found.
+    if(NOT EXISTS "${PYTHON_LIBRARY}")
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "Python libraries not found")
+    endif()
+
+else()
+    if(PYTHON_MULTIARCH)
+        set(_PYTHON_LIBS_SEARCH "${PYTHON_LIBDIR}/${PYTHON_MULTIARCH}" "${PYTHON_LIBDIR}")
+    else()
+        set(_PYTHON_LIBS_SEARCH "${PYTHON_LIBDIR}")
+    endif()
+    #message(STATUS "Searching for Python libs in ${_PYTHON_LIBS_SEARCH}")
+    # Probably this needs to be more involved. It would be nice if the config
+    # information the python interpreter itself gave us were more complete.
+    find_library(PYTHON_LIBRARY
+        NAMES "python${PYTHON_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
+        PATHS ${_PYTHON_LIBS_SEARCH}
+        NO_DEFAULT_PATH)
+
+    # If all else fails, just set the name/version and let the linker figure out the path.
+    if(NOT PYTHON_LIBRARY)
+        set(PYTHON_LIBRARY python${PYTHON_LIBRARY_SUFFIX})
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+MARK_AS_ADVANCED(
+  PYTHON_LIBRARY
+  PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR
+)
+
+# We use PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR, PYTHON_LIBRARY and PYTHON_DEBUG_LIBRARY for the
+# cache entries because they are meant to specify the location of a single
+# library. We now set the variables listed by the documentation for this
+# module.
+SET(PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS "${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR}")
+SET(PYTHON_LIBRARIES "${PYTHON_LIBRARY}")
+SET(PYTHON_DEBUG_LIBRARIES "${PYTHON_DEBUG_LIBRARY}")
+
+find_package_message(PYTHON
+    "Found PythonLibs: ${PYTHON_LIBRARY}"
+    "${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}${PYTHON_VERSION}")
+
+set(PYTHONLIBS_FOUND TRUE)
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/check-style.sh b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/check-style.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b87cb16e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/check-style.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# 
+# Script to check include/test code for common pybind11 code style errors.
+# 
+# This script currently checks for
+#
+# 1. use of tabs instead of spaces
+# 2. MSDOS-style CRLF endings
+# 3. trailing spaces
+# 4. missing space between keyword and parenthesis, e.g.: for(, if(, while(
+# 5. Missing space between right parenthesis and brace, e.g. 'for (...){'
+# 6. opening brace on its own line. It should always be on the same line as the
+#    if/while/for/do statment.
+# 
+# Invoke as: tools/check-style.sh
+#
+
+errors=0
+IFS=$'\n'
+found=
+# The mt=41 sets a red background for matched tabs:
+exec 3< <(GREP_COLORS='mt=41' grep $'\t' include/ tests/*.{cpp,py,h} docs/*.rst -rn --color=always)
+while read -u 3 f; do
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+        echo -e '\e[31m\e[01mError: found tabs instead of spaces in the following files:\e[0m'
+        found=1
+        errors=1
+    fi
+
+    echo "    $f"
+done
+
+found=
+# The mt=41 sets a red background for matched MS-DOS CRLF line endings
+exec 3< <(GREP_COLORS='mt=41' grep -IUlr $'\r' include/ tests/*.{cpp,py,h} docs/*.rst --color=always)
+while read -u 3 f; do
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+        echo -e '\e[31m\e[01mError: found CRLF characters in the following files:\e[0m'
+        found=1
+        errors=1
+    fi
+
+    echo "    $f"
+done
+
+found=
+# The mt=41 sets a red background for matched trailing spaces
+exec 3< <(GREP_COLORS='mt=41' grep '\s\+$' include/ tests/*.{cpp,py,h} docs/*.rst -rn --color=always)
+while read -u 3 f; do
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+        echo -e '\e[31m\e[01mError: found trailing spaces in the following files:\e[0m'
+        found=1
+        errors=1
+    fi
+
+    echo "    $f"
+done
+
+found=
+exec 3< <(grep '\<\(if\|for\|while\|catch\)(\|){' include/ tests/*.{cpp,py,h} -rn --color=always)
+while read -u 3 line; do
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+        echo -e '\e[31m\e[01mError: found the following coding style problems:\e[0m'
+        found=1
+        errors=1
+    fi
+
+    echo "    $line"
+done
+
+found=
+exec 3< <(GREP_COLORS='mt=41' grep '^\s*{\s*$' include/ docs/*.rst -rn --color=always)
+while read -u 3 f; do
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+        echo -e '\e[31m\e[01mError: braces should occur on the same line as the if/while/.. statement. Found issues in the following files: \e[0m'
+        found=1
+        errors=1
+    fi
+
+    echo "    $f"
+done
+
+exit $errors
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/libsize.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/libsize.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dcb8b0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/libsize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from __future__ import print_function, division
+import os
+import sys
+
+# Internal build script for generating debugging test .so size.
+# Usage:
+#     python libsize.py file.so save.txt -- displays the size of file.so and, if save.txt exists, compares it to the
+#                                           size in it, then overwrites save.txt with the new size for future runs.
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 3:
+    sys.exit("Invalid arguments: usage: python libsize.py file.so save.txt")
+
+lib = sys.argv[1]
+save = sys.argv[2]
+
+if not os.path.exists(lib):
+    sys.exit("Error: requested file ({}) does not exist".format(lib))
+
+libsize = os.path.getsize(lib)
+
+print("------", os.path.basename(lib), "file size:", libsize, end='')
+
+if os.path.exists(save):
+    with open(save) as sf:
+        oldsize = int(sf.readline())
+
+    if oldsize > 0:
+        change = libsize - oldsize
+        if change == 0:
+            print(" (no change)")
+        else:
+            print(" (change of {:+} bytes = {:+.2%})".format(change, change / oldsize))
+else:
+    print()
+
+with open(save, 'w') as sf:
+    sf.write(str(libsize))
+
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/mkdoc.py b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/mkdoc.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..400fb05da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/mkdoc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+#  Syntax: mkdoc.py [-I<path> ..] [.. a list of header files ..]
+#
+#  Extract documentation from C++ header files to use it in Python bindings
+#
+
+import os
+import sys
+import platform
+import re
+import textwrap
+
+from clang import cindex
+from clang.cindex import CursorKind
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from threading import Thread, Semaphore
+from multiprocessing import cpu_count
+
+RECURSE_LIST = [
+    CursorKind.TRANSLATION_UNIT,
+    CursorKind.NAMESPACE,
+    CursorKind.CLASS_DECL,
+    CursorKind.STRUCT_DECL,
+    CursorKind.ENUM_DECL,
+    CursorKind.CLASS_TEMPLATE
+]
+
+PRINT_LIST = [
+    CursorKind.CLASS_DECL,
+    CursorKind.STRUCT_DECL,
+    CursorKind.ENUM_DECL,
+    CursorKind.ENUM_CONSTANT_DECL,
+    CursorKind.CLASS_TEMPLATE,
+    CursorKind.FUNCTION_DECL,
+    CursorKind.FUNCTION_TEMPLATE,
+    CursorKind.CONVERSION_FUNCTION,
+    CursorKind.CXX_METHOD,
+    CursorKind.CONSTRUCTOR,
+    CursorKind.FIELD_DECL
+]
+
+CPP_OPERATORS = {
+    '<=': 'le', '>=': 'ge', '==': 'eq', '!=': 'ne', '[]': 'array',
+    '+=': 'iadd', '-=': 'isub', '*=': 'imul', '/=': 'idiv', '%=':
+    'imod', '&=': 'iand', '|=': 'ior', '^=': 'ixor', '<<=': 'ilshift',
+    '>>=': 'irshift', '++': 'inc', '--': 'dec', '<<': 'lshift', '>>':
+    'rshift', '&&': 'land', '||': 'lor', '!': 'lnot', '~': 'bnot',
+    '&': 'band', '|': 'bor', '+': 'add', '-': 'sub', '*': 'mul', '/':
+    'div', '%': 'mod', '<': 'lt', '>': 'gt', '=': 'assign', '()': 'call'
+}
+
+CPP_OPERATORS = OrderedDict(
+    sorted(CPP_OPERATORS.items(), key=lambda t: -len(t[0])))
+
+job_count = cpu_count()
+job_semaphore = Semaphore(job_count)
+
+registered_names = dict()
+
+
+def d(s):
+    return s.decode('utf8')
+
+
+def sanitize_name(name):
+    global registered_names
+    name = re.sub(r'type-parameter-0-([0-9]+)', r'T\1', name)
+    for k, v in CPP_OPERATORS.items():
+        name = name.replace('operator%s' % k, 'operator_%s' % v)
+    name = re.sub('<.*>', '', name)
+    name = ''.join([ch if ch.isalnum() else '_' for ch in name])
+    name = re.sub('_$', '', re.sub('_+', '_', name))
+    if name in registered_names:
+        registered_names[name] += 1
+        name += '_' + str(registered_names[name])
+    else:
+        registered_names[name] = 1
+    return '__doc_' + name
+
+
+def process_comment(comment):
+    result = ''
+
+    # Remove C++ comment syntax
+    leading_spaces = float('inf')
+    for s in comment.expandtabs(tabsize=4).splitlines():
+        s = s.strip()
+        if s.startswith('/*'):
+            s = s[2:].lstrip('*')
+        elif s.endswith('*/'):
+            s = s[:-2].rstrip('*')
+        elif s.startswith('///'):
+            s = s[3:]
+        if s.startswith('*'):
+            s = s[1:]
+        if len(s) > 0:
+            leading_spaces = min(leading_spaces, len(s) - len(s.lstrip()))
+        result += s + '\n'
+
+    if leading_spaces != float('inf'):
+        result2 = ""
+        for s in result.splitlines():
+            result2 += s[leading_spaces:] + '\n'
+        result = result2
+
+    # Doxygen tags
+    cpp_group = '([\w:]+)'
+    param_group = '([\[\w:\]]+)'
+
+    s = result
+    s = re.sub(r'\\c\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'``\1``', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\a\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'*\1*', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\e\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'*\1*', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\em\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'*\1*', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\b\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'**\1**', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\ingroup\s+%s' % cpp_group, r'', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\param%s?\s+%s' % (param_group, cpp_group),
+               r'\n\n$Parameter ``\2``:\n\n', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\tparam%s?\s+%s' % (param_group, cpp_group),
+               r'\n\n$Template parameter ``\2``:\n\n', s)
+
+    for in_, out_ in {
+        'return': 'Returns',
+        'author': 'Author',
+        'authors': 'Authors',
+        'copyright': 'Copyright',
+        'date': 'Date',
+        'remark': 'Remark',
+        'sa': 'See also',
+        'see': 'See also',
+        'extends': 'Extends',
+        'throw': 'Throws',
+        'throws': 'Throws'
+    }.items():
+        s = re.sub(r'\\%s\s*' % in_, r'\n\n$%s:\n\n' % out_, s)
+
+    s = re.sub(r'\\details\s*', r'\n\n', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\brief\s*', r'', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\short\s*', r'', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\ref\s*', r'', s)
+
+    s = re.sub(r'\\code\s?(.*?)\s?\\endcode',
+               r"```\n\1\n```\n", s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+
+    # HTML/TeX tags
+    s = re.sub(r'<tt>(.*?)</tt>', r'``\1``', s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    s = re.sub(r'<pre>(.*?)</pre>', r"```\n\1\n```\n", s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    s = re.sub(r'<em>(.*?)</em>', r'*\1*', s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    s = re.sub(r'<b>(.*?)</b>', r'**\1**', s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    s = re.sub(r'\\f\$(.*?)\\f\$', r'$\1$', s, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    s = re.sub(r'<li>', r'\n\n* ', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'</?ul>', r'', s)
+    s = re.sub(r'</li>', r'\n\n', s)
+
+    s = s.replace('``true``', '``True``')
+    s = s.replace('``false``', '``False``')
+
+    # Re-flow text
+    wrapper = textwrap.TextWrapper()
+    wrapper.expand_tabs = True
+    wrapper.replace_whitespace = True
+    wrapper.drop_whitespace = True
+    wrapper.width = 70
+    wrapper.initial_indent = wrapper.subsequent_indent = ''
+
+    result = ''
+    in_code_segment = False
+    for x in re.split(r'(```)', s):
+        if x == '```':
+            if not in_code_segment:
+                result += '```\n'
+            else:
+                result += '\n```\n\n'
+            in_code_segment = not in_code_segment
+        elif in_code_segment:
+            result += x.strip()
+        else:
+            for y in re.split(r'(?: *\n *){2,}', x):
+                wrapped = wrapper.fill(re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', y).strip())
+                if len(wrapped) > 0 and wrapped[0] == '$':
+                    result += wrapped[1:] + '\n'
+                    wrapper.initial_indent = \
+                        wrapper.subsequent_indent = ' ' * 4
+                else:
+                    if len(wrapped) > 0:
+                        result += wrapped + '\n\n'
+                    wrapper.initial_indent = wrapper.subsequent_indent = ''
+    return result.rstrip().lstrip('\n')
+
+
+def extract(filename, node, prefix, output):
+    num_extracted = 0
+    if not (node.location.file is None or
+            os.path.samefile(d(node.location.file.name), filename)):
+        return 0
+    if node.kind in RECURSE_LIST:
+        sub_prefix = prefix
+        if node.kind != CursorKind.TRANSLATION_UNIT:
+            if len(sub_prefix) > 0:
+                sub_prefix += '_'
+            sub_prefix += d(node.spelling)
+        for i in node.get_children():
+            num_extracted += extract(filename, i, sub_prefix, output)
+        if num_extracted == 0:
+            return 0
+    if node.kind in PRINT_LIST:
+        comment = d(node.raw_comment) if node.raw_comment is not None else ''
+        comment = process_comment(comment)
+        sub_prefix = prefix
+        if len(sub_prefix) > 0:
+            sub_prefix += '_'
+        if len(node.spelling) > 0:
+            name = sanitize_name(sub_prefix + d(node.spelling))
+            output.append('\nstatic const char *%s =%sR"doc(%s)doc";' %
+                (name, '\n' if '\n' in comment else ' ', comment))
+            num_extracted += 1
+    return num_extracted
+
+
+class ExtractionThread(Thread):
+    def __init__(self, filename, parameters, output):
+        Thread.__init__(self)
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.output = output
+        job_semaphore.acquire()
+
+    def run(self):
+        print('Processing "%s" ..' % self.filename, file=sys.stderr)
+        try:
+            index = cindex.Index(
+                cindex.conf.lib.clang_createIndex(False, True))
+            tu = index.parse(self.filename, self.parameters)
+            extract(self.filename, tu.cursor, '', self.output)
+        finally:
+            job_semaphore.release()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parameters = ['-x', 'c++', '-std=c++11']
+    filenames = []
+
+    if platform.system() == 'Darwin':
+        dev_path = '/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/'
+        lib_dir = dev_path + 'Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/lib/'
+        sdk_dir = dev_path + 'Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs'
+        libclang = lib_dir + 'libclang.dylib'
+
+        if os.path.exists(libclang):
+            cindex.Config.set_library_path(os.path.dirname(libclang))
+
+        if os.path.exists(sdk_dir):
+            sysroot_dir = os.path.join(sdk_dir, next(os.walk(sdk_dir))[1][0])
+            parameters.append('-isysroot')
+            parameters.append(sysroot_dir)
+
+    for item in sys.argv[1:]:
+        if item.startswith('-'):
+            parameters.append(item)
+        else:
+            filenames.append(item)
+
+    if len(filenames) == 0:
+        print('Syntax: %s [.. a list of header files ..]' % sys.argv[0])
+        exit(-1)
+
+    print('''/*
+  This file contains docstrings for the Python bindings.
+  Do not edit! These were automatically extracted by mkdoc.py
+ */
+
+#define __EXPAND(x)                                      x
+#define __COUNT(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, COUNT, ...)  COUNT
+#define __VA_SIZE(...)                                   __EXPAND(__COUNT(__VA_ARGS__, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1))
+#define __CAT1(a, b)                                     a ## b
+#define __CAT2(a, b)                                     __CAT1(a, b)
+#define __DOC1(n1)                                       __doc_##n1
+#define __DOC2(n1, n2)                                   __doc_##n1##_##n2
+#define __DOC3(n1, n2, n3)                               __doc_##n1##_##n2##_##n3
+#define __DOC4(n1, n2, n3, n4)                           __doc_##n1##_##n2##_##n3##_##n4
+#define __DOC5(n1, n2, n3, n4, n5)                       __doc_##n1##_##n2##_##n3##_##n4##_##n5
+#define __DOC6(n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6)                   __doc_##n1##_##n2##_##n3##_##n4##_##n5##_##n6
+#define __DOC7(n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7)               __doc_##n1##_##n2##_##n3##_##n4##_##n5##_##n6##_##n7
+#define DOC(...)                                         __EXPAND(__EXPAND(__CAT2(__DOC, __VA_SIZE(__VA_ARGS__)))(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#if defined(__GNUG__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
+#endif
+''')
+
+    output = []
+    for filename in filenames:
+        thr = ExtractionThread(filename, parameters, output)
+        thr.start()
+
+    print('Waiting for jobs to finish ..', file=sys.stderr)
+    for i in range(job_count):
+        job_semaphore.acquire()
+
+    output.sort()
+    for l in output:
+        print(l)
+
+    print('''
+#if defined(__GNUG__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+''')
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae6d2daee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Config.cmake.in
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# pybind11Config.cmake
+# --------------------
+#
+# PYBIND11 cmake module.
+# This module sets the following variables in your project::
+#
+#   pybind11_FOUND - true if pybind11 and all required components found on the system
+#   pybind11_VERSION - pybind11 version in format Major.Minor.Release
+#   pybind11_INCLUDE_DIRS - Directories where pybind11 and python headers are located.
+#   pybind11_INCLUDE_DIR - Directory where pybind11 headers are located.
+#   pybind11_DEFINITIONS - Definitions necessary to use pybind11, namely USING_pybind11.
+#   pybind11_LIBRARIES - compile flags and python libraries (as needed) to link against.
+#   pybind11_LIBRARY - empty.
+#   CMAKE_MODULE_PATH - appends location of accompanying FindPythonLibsNew.cmake and
+#                       pybind11Tools.cmake modules.
+#
+#
+# Available components: None
+#
+#
+# Exported targets::
+#
+# If pybind11 is found, this module defines the following :prop_tgt:`IMPORTED`
+# target. Python headers, libraries (as needed by platform), and C++ standard
+# are attached to the target. Set PythonLibsNew variables to influence
+# python detection and PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD (-std=c++11 or -std=c++14) to
+# influence standard setting. ::
+#
+#   pybind11::module - the main pybind11 interface library for extension modules (i.e., headers)
+#
+#   find_package(pybind11 CONFIG REQUIRED)
+#   message(STATUS "Found pybind11: ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIR} (found version ${pybind11_VERSION} & Py${PYTHON_VERSION_STRING})")
+#   add_library(mylib MODULE main.cpp)
+#   target_link_libraries(mylib pybind11::module)
+#
+# Suggested usage::
+#
+# find_package with version info is not recommended except for release versions. ::
+#
+#   find_package(pybind11 CONFIG)
+#   find_package(pybind11 2.0 EXACT CONFIG REQUIRED)
+#
+#
+# The following variables can be set to guide the search for this package::
+#
+#   pybind11_DIR - CMake variable, set to directory containing this Config file
+#   CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH - CMake variable, set to root directory of this package
+#   PATH - environment variable, set to bin directory of this package
+#   CMAKE_DISABLE_FIND_PACKAGE_pybind11 - CMake variable, disables
+#     find_package(pybind11) when not REQUIRED, perhaps to force internal build
+
+@PACKAGE_INIT@
+
+set(PN pybind11)
+
+# location of pybind11/pybind11.h
+set(${PN}_INCLUDE_DIR "${PACKAGE_PREFIX_DIR}/@CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR@")
+
+set(${PN}_LIBRARY "")
+set(${PN}_DEFINITIONS USING_${PN})
+
+check_required_components(${PN})
+
+# make detectable the FindPythonLibsNew.cmake module
+list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR})
+
+include(pybind11Tools)
+
+if(NOT (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.0))
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Don't include targets if this file is being picked up by another
+# project which has already built this as a subproject
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+if(NOT TARGET ${PN}::module)
+    include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/${PN}Targets.cmake")
+
+    find_package(PythonLibsNew ${PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION} MODULE REQUIRED)
+    set_property(TARGET ${PN}::module APPEND PROPERTY INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+    if(WIN32 OR CYGWIN)
+      set_property(TARGET ${PN}::module APPEND PROPERTY INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
+    endif()
+
+    select_cxx_standard()
+    set_property(TARGET ${PN}::module APPEND PROPERTY INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS "${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD}")
+
+    get_property(_iid TARGET ${PN}::module PROPERTY INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES)
+    get_property(_ill TARGET ${PN}::module PROPERTY INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES)
+    get_property(_ico TARGET ${PN}::module PROPERTY INTERFACE_COMPILE_OPTIONS)
+    set(${PN}_INCLUDE_DIRS ${_iid})
+    set(${PN}_LIBRARIES ${_ico} ${_ill})
+endif()
+endif()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Tools.cmake b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Tools.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fbffeeff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11/tools/pybind11Tools.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# tools/pybind11Tools.cmake -- Build system for the pybind11 modules
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>
+#
+# All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+# BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+
+# Add a CMake parameter for choosing a desired Python version
+if(NOT PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION)
+  set(PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION "" CACHE STRING "Python version to use for compiling modules")
+endif()
+
+set(Python_ADDITIONAL_VERSIONS 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4)
+find_package(PythonLibsNew ${PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION} REQUIRED)
+
+include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+include(CMakeParseArguments)
+
+function(select_cxx_standard)
+  if(NOT MSVC AND NOT PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD)
+    check_cxx_compiler_flag("-std=c++14" HAS_CPP14_FLAG)
+    check_cxx_compiler_flag("-std=c++11" HAS_CPP11_FLAG)
+
+    if (HAS_CPP14_FLAG)
+      set(PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD -std=c++14)
+    elseif (HAS_CPP11_FLAG)
+      set(PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD -std=c++11)
+    else()
+      message(FATAL_ERROR "Unsupported compiler -- pybind11 requires C++11 support!")
+    endif()
+
+    set(PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD ${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD} CACHE STRING
+        "C++ standard flag, e.g. -std=c++11 or -std=c++14. Defaults to latest available." FORCE)
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+# Checks whether the given CXX/linker flags can compile and link a cxx file.  cxxflags and
+# linkerflags are lists of flags to use.  The result variable is a unique variable name for each set
+# of flags: the compilation result will be cached base on the result variable.  If the flags work,
+# sets them in cxxflags_out/linkerflags_out internal cache variables (in addition to ${result}).
+function(_pybind11_return_if_cxx_and_linker_flags_work result cxxflags linkerflags cxxflags_out linkerflags_out)
+  set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_LIBRARIES ${linkerflags})
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag("${cxxflags}" ${result})
+  if (${result})
+    set(${cxxflags_out} "${cxxflags}" CACHE INTERNAL "" FORCE)
+    set(${linkerflags_out} "${linkerflags}" CACHE INTERNAL "" FORCE)
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+# Internal: find the appropriate link time optimization flags for this compiler
+function(_pybind11_add_lto_flags target_name prefer_thin_lto)
+  if (NOT DEFINED PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS)
+    set(PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS "" CACHE INTERNAL "")
+    set(PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS "" CACHE INTERNAL "")
+
+    if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU|Clang")
+      set(cxx_append "")
+      set(linker_append "")
+      if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang" AND NOT APPLE)
+        # Clang Gold plugin does not support -Os; append -O3 to MinSizeRel builds to override it
+        set(linker_append ";$<$<CONFIG:MinSizeRel>:-O3>")
+      elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
+        set(cxx_append ";-fno-fat-lto-objects")
+      endif()
+
+      if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang" AND prefer_thin_lto)
+        _pybind11_return_if_cxx_and_linker_flags_work(HAS_FLTO_THIN
+          "-flto=thin${cxx_append}" "-flto=thin${linker_append}"
+          PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS)
+      endif()
+
+      if (NOT HAS_FLTO_THIN)
+        _pybind11_return_if_cxx_and_linker_flags_work(HAS_FLTO
+          "-flto${cxx_append}" "-flto${linker_append}"
+          PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS)
+      endif()
+    elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Intel")
+      # Intel equivalent to LTO is called IPO
+      _pybind11_return_if_cxx_and_linker_flags_work(HAS_INTEL_IPO
+      "-ipo" "-ipo" PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS)
+    elseif(MSVC)
+      # cmake only interprets libraries as linker flags when they start with a - (otherwise it
+      # converts /LTCG to \LTCG as if it was a Windows path).  Luckily MSVC supports passing flags
+      # with - instead of /, even if it is a bit non-standard:
+      _pybind11_return_if_cxx_and_linker_flags_work(HAS_MSVC_GL_LTCG
+        "/GL" "-LTCG" PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS)
+    endif()
+
+    if (PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS)
+      message(STATUS "LTO enabled")
+    else()
+      message(STATUS "LTO disabled (not supported by the compiler and/or linker)")
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  # Enable LTO flags if found, except for Debug builds
+  if (PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS)
+    target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE "$<$<NOT:$<CONFIG:Debug>>:${PYBIND11_LTO_CXX_FLAGS}>")
+  endif()
+  if (PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS)
+    target_link_libraries(${target_name} PRIVATE "$<$<NOT:$<CONFIG:Debug>>:${PYBIND11_LTO_LINKER_FLAGS}>")
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
+# Build a Python extension module:
+# pybind11_add_module(<name> [MODULE | SHARED] [EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL]
+#                     [NO_EXTRAS] [THIN_LTO] source1 [source2 ...])
+#
+function(pybind11_add_module target_name)
+  set(options MODULE SHARED EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL NO_EXTRAS THIN_LTO)
+  cmake_parse_arguments(ARG "${options}" "" "" ${ARGN})
+
+  if(ARG_MODULE AND ARG_SHARED)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Can't be both MODULE and SHARED")
+  elseif(ARG_SHARED)
+    set(lib_type SHARED)
+  else()
+    set(lib_type MODULE)
+  endif()
+
+  if(ARG_EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+    set(exclude_from_all EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+  endif()
+
+  add_library(${target_name} ${lib_type} ${exclude_from_all} ${ARG_UNPARSED_ARGUMENTS})
+
+  target_include_directories(${target_name}
+    PRIVATE ${PYBIND11_INCLUDE_DIR}  # from project CMakeLists.txt
+    PRIVATE ${pybind11_INCLUDE_DIR}  # from pybind11Config
+    PRIVATE ${PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+
+  # The prefix and extension are provided by FindPythonLibsNew.cmake
+  set_target_properties(${target_name} PROPERTIES PREFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_PREFIX}")
+  set_target_properties(${target_name} PROPERTIES SUFFIX "${PYTHON_MODULE_EXTENSION}")
+
+  if(WIN32 OR CYGWIN)
+    # Link against the Python shared library on Windows
+    target_link_libraries(${target_name} PRIVATE ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
+  elseif(APPLE)
+    # It's quite common to have multiple copies of the same Python version
+    # installed on one's system. E.g.: one copy from the OS and another copy
+    # that's statically linked into an application like Blender or Maya.
+    # If we link our plugin library against the OS Python here and import it
+    # into Blender or Maya later on, this will cause segfaults when multiple
+    # conflicting Python instances are active at the same time (even when they
+    # are of the same version).
+
+    # Windows is not affected by this issue since it handles DLL imports
+    # differently. The solution for Linux and Mac OS is simple: we just don't
+    # link against the Python library. The resulting shared library will have
+    # missing symbols, but that's perfectly fine -- they will be resolved at
+    # import time.
+
+    target_link_libraries(${target_name} PRIVATE "-undefined dynamic_lookup")
+
+    if(ARG_SHARED)
+      # Suppress CMake >= 3.0 warning for shared libraries
+      set_target_properties(${target_name} PROPERTIES MACOSX_RPATH ON)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  select_cxx_standard()
+  if(NOT MSVC)
+    # Make sure C++11/14 are enabled
+    target_compile_options(${target_name} PUBLIC ${PYBIND11_CPP_STANDARD})
+  endif()
+
+  if(ARG_NO_EXTRAS)
+    return()
+  endif()
+
+  _pybind11_add_lto_flags(${target_name} ${ARG_THIN_LTO})
+
+  if (NOT MSVC AND NOT ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} MATCHES Debug)
+    # Set the default symbol visibility to hidden (very important to obtain small binaries)
+    target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE "-fvisibility=hidden")
+
+    # Strip unnecessary sections of the binary on Linux/Mac OS
+    if(CMAKE_STRIP)
+      if(APPLE)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET ${target_name} POST_BUILD
+                           COMMAND ${CMAKE_STRIP} -x $<TARGET_FILE:${target_name}>)
+      else()
+        add_custom_command(TARGET ${target_name} POST_BUILD
+                           COMMAND ${CMAKE_STRIP} $<TARGET_FILE:${target_name}>)
+      endif()
+    endif()
+  endif()
+
+  if(MSVC)
+    # /MP enables multithreaded builds (relevant when there are many files), /bigobj is
+    # needed for bigger binding projects due to the limit to 64k addressable sections
+    target_compile_options(${target_name} PRIVATE /MP /bigobj)
+  endif()
+endfunction()
diff --git a/thirdparty/pybind11/update.sh b/thirdparty/pybind11/update.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..16077dd96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/pybind11/update.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+set -x
+shopt -s dotglob
+
+readonly name="pybind11"
+readonly ownership="PyBind11 Upstream <robot@adios2>"
+readonly subtree="thirdparty/pybind11/pybind11"
+readonly repo="https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git"
+readonly tag="v2.1.1"
+readonly shortlog="true"
+readonly paths="
+"
+
+extract_source () {
+    git_archive
+}
+
+. "${BASH_SOURCE%/*}/../update-common.sh"
-- 
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