Conversion through CSAS6.

Criticality Safety Overview.rst

+Criticality Safety Overview
+===========================
+
+**Introduction by B. T. Rearden**
+
+SCALE provides a suite of computational tools for criticality safety
+analysis that is primarily based on the KENO Monte Carlo code for
+eigenvalue neutronics calculations :cite:`goluoglu_monte_2011`. Two variants of KENO provide
+identical solution capabilities with different geometry packages. KENO
+V.a uses a simple and efficient geometry package sufficient for modeling
+many systems of interest to criticality safety and reactor physics
+analysts. KENO-VI uses the SCALE Generalized Geometry Package, which
+provides a quadratic-based geometry system with much greater flexibility
+in problem modeling but with slower runtimes. Both versions of KENO
+perform eigenvalue calculations for neutron transport primarily to
+calculate multiplication factors (*k\ eff*) and flux distributions of
+fissile systems in both continuous energy and multigroup modes. They are
+typically accessed through the integrated SCALE sequences described
+below. KENO’s grid geometry capability extends region-based features for
+accumulating data for source or biasing parameter specifications, as
+well as for tallying results from a calculation for visualization or
+communication of data into or out of a calculation. Criticality safety
+analysts may also be interested in the sensitivity and uncertainty
+analysis techniques that can be applied for code and data validation as
+described elsewhere in this document.
+
+**Criticality Safety Analysis Sequences**
+
+The Criticality Safety Analysis Sequences (CSAS) with KENO V.a (CSAS5)
+and KENO-VI (CSAS6**)** provide a reliable, efficient means of
+performing *k\ eff* calculations for systems routinely encountered in
+engineering practice. The CSAS sequences implement XSProc to process
+material input and provide a temperature and resonance-corrected cross
+section library based on the physical characteristics of the problem
+being analyzed. If a continuous energy cross section library is
+specified, no resonance processing is needed, and the continuous energy
+cross sections are used directly in KENO, with temperature corrections
+provided as the cross sections are loaded.
+
+A search capability is available with CSAS5 to find desired values of
+*k\ eff* as a function of dimensions or densities. The two basic search
+options offered are (1) an optimum search seeking a maximum or minimum
+value of *k\ eff* and (2) a critical search seeking a fixed value of
+*k\ eff*.
+
+For continuous energy calculations, reaction rate tallies can be
+requested within the CSAS input, and for multigroup calculations,
+reaction rate calculations are performed using the KENO Module for
+Activity-Reaction Rate Tabulation (KMART) post-processing tools. A
+conversion tool is provided to up-convert KENO V.a input to KENO-VI
+either as a direct KENO input (K5toK6) or, more commonly, as a CSAS
+sequence (C5toC6).
+
+**STARBUCS: Burnup-Credit Analysis Sequence**
+
+The Standardized Analysis of Reactivity for Burnup Credit using SCALE
+(STARBUCS) :cite:`gauld_starbucs_2001,radulescu_enhancements_2009` is a control module to perform
+criticality calculations for spent fuel systems employing burnup credit.
+STARBUCS automates the criticality safety analysis of spent fuel
+configurations by coupling the depletion and criticality aspects of the
+analysis, thereby eliminating the need to manually process the spent
+fuel nuclide compositions into a format compatible with criticality
+safety codes.
+
+STARBUCS performs a depletion analysis calculation for each spatially
+varying burnup region (if an axial or horizontal burnup profile is
+specified) of a spent fuel assembly using the ORIGEN-ARP methodology of
+SCALE. If a multigroup calculation is to be performed in KENO, the spent
+fuel compositions are then used to generate resonance self-shielded
+cross sections for each burnup-dependent fuel region. Finally, a
+KENO criticality calculation is performed to determine the neutron
+multiplication factor for the system.
+
+The STARBUCS input format has been designed around the existing
+depletion analysis and criticality safety sequences of SCALE. Only a
+minimal amount of input beyond that typically required for a fresh-fuel
+calculation is needed to perform a burnup-credit calculation.
+
+STARBUCS was developed to facilitate studies of major burnup-credit
+phenomena, such as those identified in the US Nuclear Regulatory
+Commission’s *Interim Staff Guidance 8*, :cite:`us_nuclear_regulatory_commission_burnup_2012` but it is restricted to
+modeling one assembly type with the same starting enrichment loaded
+throughout the transportation or storage model. Greater flexibility is
+available by computing individual assembly burnup compositions with the
+ORIGAMI code and then creating a KENO model to implement these
+compositions.
+
+For burnup loading curve iterative calculations, STARBUCS employs the
+search algorithm from CSAS5 to determine initial fuel enrichments that
+satisfy a convergence criterion for the calculated *k\ eff* value of the
+spent fuel configuration.
+
+**Sourcerer: Hybrid Method for Starting Source Distribution**
+
+As the fidelity of criticality models continues to increase, especially
+for storage and transportation systems, the ability of the Monte Carlo
+codes to consistently provide a converged fission source can be
+challenging. Studies have shown that using a starting fission
+distribution similar to the true fission distribution can reduce the
+number of skipped generations required for fission source convergence,
+and it can significantly improve the reliability of the final *k\ eff*
+result :cite:`ibrahim_acceleration_2011`. The Sourcerer sequence applies the
+Denovo :cite:`evans_denovo_2010` discrete ordinates code to generate a starting fission
+source distribution in a KENO Monte Carlo calculation. The discrete
+ordinates calculation is performed on a user-defined Cartesian grid
+geometry where macroscopic material definitions are automatically
+created from the Monte Carlo model and multigroup group cross sections
+are appropriately generated.
+
+For many criticality safety applications, the additional step of
+performing a deterministic calculation to initialize the starting
+fission source distribution is not necessary. However, for challenging
+criticality safety analyses such as as-loaded spent nuclear fuel
+transportation packages with a mixed loading of low- and high-burnup
+fuel, even a low-fidelity deterministic solution for the fission source
+produces more reliable results than the typical starting distributions
+of uniform or cosine functions over the fissionable regions, as
+demonstrated in a recent study :cite:`ibrahim_hybrid_2013`.
+
+**Criticality Accident Alarm System Analysis with KENO and MAVRIC**
+
+Criticality accident alarm systems (CAAS) safety analyses modeling
+presents challenges because the analysis consists of a criticality
+problem and a deep-penetration shielding problem :cite:`peplow_criticality_2009`. Modern codes are
+typically optimized to handle one of these types of problems, but not
+both. The two problems also differ in size—the criticality problem
+depends on materials relatively close to the fissionable materials,
+whereas the shielding problem can cover a much larger range.
+
+CAAS analysis can be performed using the CSAS6 criticality sequence and
+the MAVRIC shielding sequence. First, the fission distribution (in space
+and energy) is determined via CSAS6. This information is collected on a
+grid geometry that overlies the physical geometry model and is saved as
+a Monaco mesh source file. The mesh source is then used as the source
+term in MAVRIC. The absolute source strength is set by the user to the
+total number of fissions (based on the total power released) during the
+criticality excursion. MAVRIC can be optimized to calculate a specific
+detector response at one location or to calculate multiple
+responses/locations with roughly the same relative uncertainty.
+
+.. bibliography:: bibs/CriticalitySafety.bib

Monaco.rst

@@ -726,14 +726,11 @@ Other Blocks (any order, following the blocks listed above):
 
 -  Definitions – defines locations, response functions, grid geometries, cylindrical mesh geometries, energy bin boundaries, time bin boundaries and various distributions used by other blocks
 
--  Source – (required) description of multiple sources; with the spatial, energy, and directional distributions and particle type
-      for each
+-  Source – (required) description of multiple sources; with the spatial, energy, and directional distributions and particle type for each
 
--  Tallies – description of what to calculate: point detector tallies,
-      region tallies, or mesh tallies
+-  Tallies – description of what to calculate: point detector tallies, region tallies, or mesh tallies
 
--  Parameters – how to perform the simulation (random number seed, how
-      many histories, etc.)
+-  Parameters – how to perform the simulation (random number seed, how many histories, etc.)
 
 -  Biasing – data for reducing the variance of the simulation
 

_build/html/CAAScapability.html

@@ -111,6 +111,14 @@
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixb.html">MAVRIC Appendix B: MAVRIC Utilities</a></li>
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixc.html">MAVRIC Appendix C: Advanced Features</a></li>
 </ul>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Monte Carlo Transport</span></p>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Monaco.html">Monaco: A Fixed-Source Monte Carlo Transport Code for Shielding Applications</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Criticality Safety</span></p>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Criticality%20Safety%20Overview.html">Criticality Safety Overview</a></li>
+</ul>
 
             
           
@@ -181,7 +189,7 @@
 <h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <p>Modeling criticality accident alarm systems (CAAS) presents challenges
 since the analysis consists of both a criticality problem and a
-deep-penetration shielding problem <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#peplow-criticality-2009" id="id1">[PPJ09]</a><a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#peplow-criticality-2010" id="id2">[PLMP10]</a>. Modern codes
+deep-penetration shielding problem <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="Criticality%20Safety%20Overview.html#peplow-criticality-2009" id="id1">[PPJ09]</a><a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#peplow-criticality-2010" id="id2">[PLMP10]</a>. Modern codes
 are typically optimized to handle one of those types of problems but
 usually not both. The two problems also differ in scale—the criticality
 problem depends on materials relatively close to the fissionable

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+  <div class="section" id="criticality-safety-overview">
+<h1>Criticality Safety Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#criticality-safety-overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><strong>Introduction by B. T. Rearden</strong></p>
+<p>SCALE provides a suite of computational tools for criticality safety
+analysis that is primarily based on the KENO Monte Carlo code for
+eigenvalue neutronics calculations <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#goluoglu-monte-2011" id="id1">[GPJD+11]</a>. Two variants of KENO provide
+identical solution capabilities with different geometry packages. KENO
+V.a uses a simple and efficient geometry package sufficient for modeling
+many systems of interest to criticality safety and reactor physics
+analysts. KENO-VI uses the SCALE Generalized Geometry Package, which
+provides a quadratic-based geometry system with much greater flexibility
+in problem modeling but with slower runtimes. Both versions of KENO
+perform eigenvalue calculations for neutron transport primarily to
+calculate multiplication factors (<em>keff</em>) and flux distributions of
+fissile systems in both continuous energy and multigroup modes. They are
+typically accessed through the integrated SCALE sequences described
+below. KENO’s grid geometry capability extends region-based features for
+accumulating data for source or biasing parameter specifications, as
+well as for tallying results from a calculation for visualization or
+communication of data into or out of a calculation. Criticality safety
+analysts may also be interested in the sensitivity and uncertainty
+analysis techniques that can be applied for code and data validation as
+described elsewhere in this document.</p>
+<p><strong>Criticality Safety Analysis Sequences</strong></p>
+<p>The Criticality Safety Analysis Sequences (CSAS) with KENO V.a (CSAS5)
+and KENO-VI (CSAS6**)** provide a reliable, efficient means of
+performing <em>keff</em> calculations for systems routinely encountered in
+engineering practice. The CSAS sequences implement XSProc to process
+material input and provide a temperature and resonance-corrected cross
+section library based on the physical characteristics of the problem
+being analyzed. If a continuous energy cross section library is
+specified, no resonance processing is needed, and the continuous energy
+cross sections are used directly in KENO, with temperature corrections
+provided as the cross sections are loaded.</p>
+<p>A search capability is available with CSAS5 to find desired values of
+<em>keff</em> as a function of dimensions or densities. The two basic search
+options offered are (1) an optimum search seeking a maximum or minimum
+value of <em>keff</em> and (2) a critical search seeking a fixed value of
+<em>keff</em>.</p>
+<p>For continuous energy calculations, reaction rate tallies can be
+requested within the CSAS input, and for multigroup calculations,
+reaction rate calculations are performed using the KENO Module for
+Activity-Reaction Rate Tabulation (KMART) post-processing tools. A
+conversion tool is provided to up-convert KENO V.a input to KENO-VI
+either as a direct KENO input (K5toK6) or, more commonly, as a CSAS
+sequence (C5toC6).</p>
+<p><strong>STARBUCS: Burnup-Credit Analysis Sequence</strong></p>
+<p>The Standardized Analysis of Reactivity for Burnup Credit using SCALE
+(STARBUCS) <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#gauld-starbucs-2001" id="id2">[GB01]</a><a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#radulescu-enhancements-2009" id="id3">[RG09]</a> is a control module to perform
+criticality calculations for spent fuel systems employing burnup credit.
+STARBUCS automates the criticality safety analysis of spent fuel
+configurations by coupling the depletion and criticality aspects of the
+analysis, thereby eliminating the need to manually process the spent
+fuel nuclide compositions into a format compatible with criticality
+safety codes.</p>
+<p>STARBUCS performs a depletion analysis calculation for each spatially
+varying burnup region (if an axial or horizontal burnup profile is
+specified) of a spent fuel assembly using the ORIGEN-ARP methodology of
+SCALE. If a multigroup calculation is to be performed in KENO, the spent
+fuel compositions are then used to generate resonance self-shielded
+cross sections for each burnup-dependent fuel region. Finally, a
+KENO criticality calculation is performed to determine the neutron
+multiplication factor for the system.</p>
+<p>The STARBUCS input format has been designed around the existing
+depletion analysis and criticality safety sequences of SCALE. Only a
+minimal amount of input beyond that typically required for a fresh-fuel
+calculation is needed to perform a burnup-credit calculation.</p>
+<p>STARBUCS was developed to facilitate studies of major burnup-credit
+phenomena, such as those identified in the US Nuclear Regulatory
+Commission’s <em>Interim Staff Guidance 8</em>, <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#us-nuclear-regulatory-commission-burnup-2012" id="id4">[Com12]</a> but it is restricted to
+modeling one assembly type with the same starting enrichment loaded
+throughout the transportation or storage model. Greater flexibility is
+available by computing individual assembly burnup compositions with the
+ORIGAMI code and then creating a KENO model to implement these
+compositions.</p>
+<p>For burnup loading curve iterative calculations, STARBUCS employs the
+search algorithm from CSAS5 to determine initial fuel enrichments that
+satisfy a convergence criterion for the calculated <em>keff</em> value of the
+spent fuel configuration.</p>
+<p><strong>Sourcerer: Hybrid Method for Starting Source Distribution</strong></p>
+<p>As the fidelity of criticality models continues to increase, especially
+for storage and transportation systems, the ability of the Monte Carlo
+codes to consistently provide a converged fission source can be
+challenging. Studies have shown that using a starting fission
+distribution similar to the true fission distribution can reduce the
+number of skipped generations required for fission source convergence,
+and it can significantly improve the reliability of the final <em>keff</em>
+result <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#ibrahim-acceleration-2011" id="id5">[IPW+11]</a>. The Sourcerer sequence applies the
+Denovo <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#evans-denovo-2010" id="id6">[ESSC10]</a> discrete ordinates code to generate a starting fission
+source distribution in a KENO Monte Carlo calculation. The discrete
+ordinates calculation is performed on a user-defined Cartesian grid
+geometry where macroscopic material definitions are automatically
+created from the Monte Carlo model and multigroup group cross sections
+are appropriately generated.</p>
+<p>For many criticality safety applications, the additional step of
+performing a deterministic calculation to initialize the starting
+fission source distribution is not necessary. However, for challenging
+criticality safety analyses such as as-loaded spent nuclear fuel
+transportation packages with a mixed loading of low- and high-burnup
+fuel, even a low-fidelity deterministic solution for the fission source
+produces more reliable results than the typical starting distributions
+of uniform or cosine functions over the fissionable regions, as
+demonstrated in a recent study <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#ibrahim-hybrid-2013" id="id7">[Ibr13]</a>.</p>
+<p><strong>Criticality Accident Alarm System Analysis with KENO and MAVRIC</strong></p>
+<p>Criticality accident alarm systems (CAAS) safety analyses modeling
+presents challenges because the analysis consists of a criticality
+problem and a deep-penetration shielding problem <a class="bibtex reference internal" href="#peplow-criticality-2009" id="id8">[PPJ09]</a>. Modern codes are
+typically optimized to handle one of these types of problems, but not
+both. The two problems also differ in size—the criticality problem
+depends on materials relatively close to the fissionable materials,
+whereas the shielding problem can cover a much larger range.</p>
+<p>CAAS analysis can be performed using the CSAS6 criticality sequence and
+the MAVRIC shielding sequence. First, the fission distribution (in space
+and energy) is determined via CSAS6. This information is collected on a
+grid geometry that overlies the physical geometry model and is saved as
+a Monaco mesh source file. The mesh source is then used as the source
+term in MAVRIC. The absolute source strength is set by the user to the
+total number of fissions (based on the total power released) during the
+criticality excursion. MAVRIC can be optimized to calculate a specific
+detector response at one location or to calculate multiple
+responses/locations with roughly the same relative uncertainty.</p>
+<p id="bibtex-bibliography-Criticality Safety Overview-0"><dl class="citation">
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="us-nuclear-regulatory-commission-burnup-2012"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">Com12</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Burnup Credit in the Criticality Safety Analyses of PWR Spent Fuel in Transportation and Storage Casks, Interim Staff Guidance—8, Rev. 3. Technical Report, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 2012.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="evans-denovo-2010"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id6">ESSC10</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Thomas M. Evans, Alissa S. Stafford, Rachel N. Slaybaugh, and Kevin T. Clarno. Denovo: A new three-dimensional parallel discrete ordinates code in SCALE. <em>Nuclear technology</em>, 171(2):171–200, 2010. Publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="gauld-starbucs-2001"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">GB01</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Ian C. Gauld and Stephen M. Bowman. STARBUCS: A Prototypic SCALE Control Module for Automated Criticality Safety Analyses Using Burnup Credit. Technical Report, Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Nuclear …, 2001.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="goluoglu-monte-2011"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">GPJD+11</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Sedat Goluoglu, Lester M. Petrie Jr, Michael E. Dunn, Daniel F. Hollenbach, and Bradley T. Rearden. Monte Carlo criticality methods and analysis capabilities in SCALE. <em>Nuclear Technology</em>, 174(2):214–235, 2011. Publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="ibrahim-hybrid-2013"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7">Ibr13</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>A. Ibrahim. Hybrid Technique in SCALE for Fission Source Convergence Applied to Used Fuel Nuclear Fuel Analysis. <em>Proc. ANS NCSD 2013</em>, 2013.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="ibrahim-acceleration-2011"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">IPW+11</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Ahmad M. Ibrahim, Douglas E. Peplow, John C. Wagner, Scott W. Mosher, and Thomas M. Evans. Acceleration of Monte Carlo Criticality Calculations Using Deterministic-Based Starting Sources. <em>Transactions of the American Nuclear Society</em>, 105:539–541, 2011. Publisher: American Nuclear Society, Inc.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="peplow-criticality-2009"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">PPJ09</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Douglas E. Peplow and Lester M. Petrie Jr. Criticality Accident Alarm System Modeling with SCALE. Technical Report AC05-00OR22725, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, May 2009. URL: <a class="reference external" href="http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:40080894">http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:40080894</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt class="bibtex label" id="radulescu-enhancements-2009"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">RG09</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>Georgeta Radulescu and Ian C. Gauld. Enhancements to the Burnup Credit Criticality Safety Analysis Sequence in SCALE. In <em>Proc. 2009 Nuclear Criticality Safety Division Topical Meeting on Realism, Robustness and the Nuclear Renaissance</em>, 13–17. 2009.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
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_build/html/MAVRIC.html

@@ -171,6 +171,14 @@
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixb.html">MAVRIC Appendix B: MAVRIC Utilities</a></li>
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixc.html">MAVRIC Appendix C: Advanced Features</a></li>
 </ul>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Monte Carlo Transport</span></p>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Monaco.html">Monaco: A Fixed-Source Monte Carlo Transport Code for Shielding Applications</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Criticality Safety</span></p>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Criticality%20Safety%20Overview.html">Criticality Safety Overview</a></li>
+</ul>
 
             
           

_build/html/Monaco.html

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     
     <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
     <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Criticality Safety Overview" href="Criticality%20Safety%20Overview.html" />
     <link rel="prev" title="MAVRIC Appendix C: Advanced Features" href="appendixc.html" /> 
 </head>
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixb.html">MAVRIC Appendix B: MAVRIC Utilities</a></li>
 <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appendixc.html">MAVRIC Appendix C: Advanced Features</a></li>
 </ul>
-<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Placeholder Section</span></p>
+<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Monte Carlo Transport</span></p>
 <ul class="current">
 <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Monaco: A Fixed-Source Monte Carlo Transport Code for Shielding Applications</a><ul>
 <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference int